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中草药(Chinese herb medicine)包括中药和草药,是一个组合名词[1],中药源于草药,草药是中药的补充。中医理论认为中草药是人类在自然界中发现并直接供药用的植物、动物、矿物以及基本不改变其理化属性的简单加工品。相比西药,中草药毒副作用小,不易产生抗药性,环保性好;其中某些药物成分不仅抗菌抗病毒,还具有免疫促进作用,能够显著地增强动物的抗病能力,改善动物的免疫机能[2]。随着水产养殖环境的不断恶化以及各类病害的频繁发生,越来越多的环保监测不合格水产养殖企业面临停业整顿或关闭;农业部公布的禁用渔药品种逐年增多[3],化学药物和抗生素的禁用范围也逐年扩大。水产动物病毒疫苗的匮乏和中草药在治疗病毒性、自身免疫性和营养代谢性疾病上的作用,促使绿色安全的中草药成为当前鱼药研究和开发的重点。中草药饲料添加剂的研究起步较晚,在水产动物病害日益增多、环境保护和食品安全压力不断加大的今天,中草药在水产养殖疾病防治方面所起的作用日益凸显;传统的复方中草药制剂成份复杂,成本较高,作用机制不够清楚,难以满足现代水产养殖业的需要,由此单一中草药及其提取物在水产动物免疫中的应用研究成为当前水产动物中草药免疫的主要方向。
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