Response of masson pine container seedlings from different families to substrate proportion and control released fertilizer

ZHANG Dongbei; WANG Xiuhua; ZHOU Shengcai; WU Xiaolin; CHU Xiuli; ZHOU Zhichun

doi:10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2019.05.026

Volume 36 Issue 5

Sep. 2019

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ZHANG Dongbei, WANG Xiuhua, ZHOU Shengcai, WU Xiaolin, CHU Xiuli, ZHOU Zhichun. Response of masson pine container seedlings from different families to substrate proportion and control released fertilizer[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2019, 36(5): 1044-1050. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2019.05.026

Citation:

ZHANG Dongbei, WANG Xiuhua, ZHOU Shengcai, WU Xiaolin, CHU Xiuli, ZHOU Zhichun. Response of masson pine container seedlings from different families to substrate proportion and control released fertilizer[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2019, 36(5): 1044-1050. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2019.05.026

Response of masson pine container seedlings from different families to substrate proportion and control released fertilizer

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2019.05.026

1.
Qingyuan County Experimental Forest Farm, Qingyuan 323800, Zhejiang, China
2.
Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, Zhejiang, China

Received Date: 2018-09-27
Rev Recd Date: 2019-01-11
Publish Date: 2019-10-20

Abstract

To determine the suitable substrate proportion (SP) and control released fertilizer (CRF)loading level for container seedlings from different families. SP and CRF, two key factors for container seedling cultivation, were tested. This research used mass on pine container seedlings from different families as objects. A two factor test for SP and CRF loading and for different levels of each factor was carried out with factorial test. SP was given four levels and CRF was three levels, so there were twelve treatments totally. And each treatment was replicated three times. The effects of SP and CRF loading levels and their interactions on growth, N and P absorption, and seedling use were analyzed with a single factor analysis and a correlation analysis. Then, suitable SP and CRF loadings for quality container seedlings were selected. Results showed no obvious effects from SP on three seedling families; whereas, CRF loading was significant according to the single factor analysis. The interaction of SP and CRF in the two factor analysis of different seedling families varied. Family 32 displayed a noticeable response with the best treatment group being a volume ratio of peat to chaff in the substrate of 5:5 and a CRF loading of 3.5 kg·m^-3 with both growth as well as N and P use being better compared to other groups. Neither family 35 or 36 showed significant differences between treatment groups, but both gave an significant response to CRF loading with family 35 having a loading of 2.5 kg·m^-3 and family 36 of 3.5 kg·m^-3, individually. According to the two factor analysis of family and CRF loading and the correlation analysis between growth and nutrition use indexes, the effect of CRF on seedlings was more obvious than family. Therefore, for quality seedlings, attention should be placed on 1) not only growth traits, but also on ensuring a proper substrate nutrition level for seedling requirements, and 2) different cultivation measures to be used for seedlings of different genetic background because of their different growth traits.
- silviculture,
- masson pine(Pinus massoniana),
- family,
- container seedling,
- substrate,
- control released fertilizer

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沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院沈阳 110142

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马尾松Pinus massoniana是中国亚热带地区特有的乡土树种，自然分布广，适应性强，生长迅速，广泛用于制浆造纸、建筑和松香制造等^[1-2]。不仅是营建针阔混交林的首选树种，因其树体高大、冠层稀疏，其林分还是早期喜阴珍贵树种的天堂^[3]。马尾松为传统造林树种，过去采用裸根苗造林，造林后易成林。随着生产力的发展，容器苗逐步代替裸根苗。浙江等南方省份逐渐将来源广的谷壳和具有保水透气质量轻等优点的泥炭引入容器育苗基质^[4-6]，控释肥的兴起更是推进了其在容器育苗中的应用^[7-8]。然而，相关应用研究多集中于珍贵阔叶树种^[9-10]，对马尾松容器苗育苗基质配比^[11-12]及控释肥加载量的确定多凭生产经验。马尾松为针叶树种，对水分和养分的需求可能并不如珍贵阔叶树种大，基质中较多泥炭和控释肥的添加造成育苗成本偏高及资源浪费，因此，需明确基质中泥炭比例及控释肥加载量。已有研究表明，不同基因苗木对施肥的生长反应差异较大^[13-15]。本研究以马尾松不同家系容器苗为对象，研究其在不同基质配比、控释肥加载量及其互作下生长及养分吸收利用差异，以期为不同来源马尾松优质容器苗培育提供实践指导和科学理论依据。

1. 材料与方法

1.1. 试验地概况

试验在浙江省庆元县实验林场育苗基地开展，27°37′20″N，119°03′26″E，平均海拔为450 m，属亚热带季风气候，年均气温为17.6 ℃，7月平均气温为26.9 ℃，极端最高气温为41.1 ℃，年均降水量为1 721.3 mm，无霜期约255 d。整个试验在苗圃具有喷雾遮阳设施的钢构大棚下进行，棚高2.2 m，棚顶覆盖1层50%透光率的遮阳网。

1.2. 试验材料

供试马尾松3个家系种子产自浙江兰溪市苗圃马尾松种子园，3个家系均为双亲控制授粉后代^[16]，分别为32号[1145（广西）×1139（广西）]、35号[6627（江西）×5907（浙江）]和36号[6627（江西）×1003（广东）]家系。育苗轻基质为东北泥炭和当地主要农作物废弃物稻谷谷壳，泥炭纤维质量分数为200 g·kg^-1，粗灰分158.0 g·kg^-1，有机质720.9 g·kg^-1，总腐植酸381.8 g·kg^-1，pH 6.0，全氮14.2 g·kg^-1，全磷0.7 g·kg^-1，全钾2.7 g·kg^-1，干密度0.3 kg·m^-3。控释肥为美国辛普劳公司生产的爱贝施（Apex），其全氮质量分数为180 g·kg^-1，有效磷为80 g·kg^-1，全钾为80 g·kg^-1，肥效9个月。育苗容器为4.5 cm × 10 cm规格的无纺布网袋。

1.3. 试验设计

设置了基质配比和控释肥加载量2因素析因设计试验，其中基质配的泥炭和谷壳按体积比设置4个处理（S₁：4:6；S₂：5:5；S₃：6:4和S₄：7:3）^{[4, 9, 17]}，控释肥加载量设置3个水平（F₁：1.5 kg·m^-3；F₂：2.5 kg·m^-3；F₃：3.5 kg·m^-3）^{[4, 9]}，共12个处理。基质和控释肥经人工数次混合后再用2D₁50型搅拌机充分搅拌均匀，过孔径1 cm筛，最终加工成网袋肠容器。将网袋肠整捆放入水池4~6 h浸湿消毒后，按规格（4.5 cm × 10.0 cm）人工切割网袋容器，再将其放入育苗盘中，每育苗盘放置81个网袋容器，每处理2个育苗盘，即每处理162袋。马尾松种子经水选，大小均一、无病虫害，再用清水浸泡24 h后捞出阴干，于2017年3月下旬进行点播育苗。育苗期间及时喷水及控水，保持基质潮湿，每周调换各处理苗盘位置，以消除边缘效应。其他管理措施同常规容器育苗。

1.4. 测定分析方法

2017年10月底，各处理随机选择30株生长正常的容器苗，测苗高和地径，并随机取10株容器苗进行生物量及养分含量测定。植株分成根、茎、叶3部分，分别置于105 ℃烘箱中杀青30 min，再在68 ℃下烘至恒量，测定各器官干质量并计算总生物量等指标。称取各部位干样，采用H₂SO₄-H₂O₂法消煮，分别采用凯氏定氮法和ICP-OES（Vista-Mpx, Varian^®, 美国）测定氮和磷^[18]。苗木氮和磷计算参照参考文献[5]。高径比为苗高（cm）与地径（cm）的比值，根冠比则为地上部分干质量（g）与根系干质量（g）的比值；养分利用指数（I_NU）采用每单元叶片养分所占苗木生物量来衡量^[19]。

1.5. 数据处理

采用Excel 2007进行数据的处理及相关图形制作，利用SPSS 20.0程序进行方差分析，Duncan’s检验（α=0.05）和一般线性模型多因素分析。当基质配比与控释肥加载量间交互效应显著时，进行两因素处理组合方差分析，反之，进行单因素方差分析。

3. 结论与讨论

本研究结果显示：所设置基质配比对马尾松3个家系生长及氮和磷吸收利用的影响均不显著。本研究是基于已有研究及生产实践，以较佳基质成分体积配比[V（泥炭）:V（谷壳）=6:4]^{[6, 11]}为参考设置基质配比，结果显示：基质配比间容器苗生长差异较小，表明此配比范围内基质保水透气等特性均较适宜。生产上配备马尾松容器苗培育基质时，可在一定适宜范围内，结合育苗成本等生产实际进行调配。

控释肥是容器苗生长的主要养分来源，其加载水平将影响容器苗养分吸收，进而影响其生长及生物量积累^[20-22]。本研究3个家系表型生长及养分吸收均显著受控释肥加载量的影响，随加载量的增加容器苗生长均得以显著改进。加载量为3.5 kg·m^-3时，各家系容器苗氮和磷质量及利用指数亦达最大值，36号家系的氮和磷质量及利用指数显著大于其他加载量，但32和35号家系在加载量3.5和2.5 kg·m^-3处理下差异不显著。所以，施肥量须控制在一定范围内，过量加载则易引起肥害^[4-5]。此外，各家系容器苗养分吸收随加载量的变化表明，不同遗传背景引起了容器苗对加载量的不同响应^[1]。

基质配比和控释肥加载量对容器苗品质的影响并不孤立，其交互作用亦显著影响容器苗品质^{[4, 6, 9]}。本研究中，不同家系容器苗的基质配比和缓释肥加载量互作效应存在差异，32号家系容器苗的苗高、地径和生物量以及氮和磷质量分数、单株氮磷含量和氮磷利用指数均表现出明显的双因素交互效应，而母本均来自江西的35和36号家系容器苗则相反，该现象也表明了母本基因效应的显著性。基于此，培育32号家系容器苗需同时考虑基质配比和控释肥加载量。通过综合比对，基质配比以泥炭:谷壳体积比为5:5，控释肥加载量为3.5 kg·m^-3和基质配比泥炭:谷壳体积比为6:4，控释肥加载量3.5 kg·m^-3组合表现较优；在本试验基质配比范围内，35和36号家系只需合适控释肥的加载量，分别为2.5和3.5 kg·m^-3。家系和控释肥交互作用下，各家系容器苗仅磷利用指数存在显著差异，此结果可能与其长期生长的土壤环境即中国南方土壤有效磷含量较低有关^[1]。通常情况下，植物生长的遗传效应大于施肥等环境效应^[1]，然而，本研究结果显示：3个家系容器苗的控释肥效应大于家系效应。造成该现象的原因可能为马尾松容器苗早期生长更受制于环境养分等情况，遗传效应则在后期的生长中有更明显的优势。该现象亦表明苗期基质养分供应水平对优质容器苗培育至关重要。

Reference (22)

因子	指标	F			指标	F
因子	指标	32号	35号	36号	指标	32号	35号	36号
基质配比	苗高	2.571	1.611	2.620	地径	0.404	0.740	0.417
加载量	苗高	33.454^**	23.444^**	21.202^**	地径	16.308^**	28.582^**	12.236^**
基质配比×加载量	苗高	2.653^*	1.153	0.254	地径	1.246	0.319	0.869
基质配比	生物量	0.432	0.329	0.158	叶干质量	0.220	0.416	0.101
加载量	生物量	32.586^**	17.990^**	15.400^**	叶干质量	15.137^**	14.287^**	9.467^**
基质配比×加载量	生物量	3.340^*	1.365	0.450	叶干质量	1.769	1.560	0.438
基质配比	高径比	1.013	1.444	1.319	根冠比	0.253	0.272	0.739
加载量	高径比	0.398	0.169	1.000	根冠比	0.052	0.139	0.928
基质配比×加载量	高径比	1.772	0.661	0.935	根冠比	0.596	1.939	1.489
说明：^*表示因子对相应指标在置信度0.01水平显著；^表示因子对相应指标在置信度0.05水平显著

因子	指标	F			指标	F
因子	指标	32号	35号	36号	指标	32号	35号	36号
基质配比	氮质量分数	1.081	1.021	2.692	磷质量分数	0.593	1.466	1.200
加载量	氮质量分数	6.086^**	2.619	1.097	磷质量分数	1.741	0.121	6.353^**
基质配比×加载量	氮质量分数	0.808	0.267	0.592	磷质量分数	0.690	0.370	0.830
基质配比	氮质量	0.283	0.277	0.271	磷质量	0.414	0.323	0.019
加载量	氮质量	11.747^**	4.881^*	6.264^**	磷质量	14.478^**	10.748^**	14.195^**
基质配比×加载量	氮质量	1.197	0.585	0.646	磷质量	1.262	0.832	0.351
基质配比	氮利用指数	1.096	1.131	1.470	磷利用指数	0.050	1.424	1.595
加载量	氮利用指数	30.688^**	12.090^**	14.583^**	磷利用指数	34.779^**	8.466^**	5.764^**
基质配比×加载量	氮利用指数	3.613^*	0.754	0.367	磷利用指数	5.353^**	0.869	0.905
说明：^*表示因子对相应指标在置信度0.01水平显著；^表示因子对相应指标在置信度0.05水平显著

家系	处理	w_氮/（mg·g^-1）	w_磷/（mg·g^-1）	m_氮/（mg·株^-1）	m_磷/（mg·株^-1）	氮利用指数/g	磷利用指数/g
32号	S₁F₁	9.67 ± 1.26 ab	2.20 ± 0.29	16.83 ± 2.10 c	3.87 ± 0.87 d	1.47 ± 0.30 def	7.56 ± 1.03 ef
	S₁F₂	8.42 ± 0.80 b	2.07 ± 0.11	18.93 ± 0.32 abc	4.68 ± 0.44 bcd	2.15 ± 0.46 bcd	10.05 ± 1.69 bcd
	S₁F₃	9.08 ± 1.13 ab	2.32 ± 0.25	26.77 ± 8.14 a	6.85 ± 2.10 ab	2.49 ± 0.40 bc	11.09 ± 1.54 ab
	S₂F₁	10.49 ± 0.23 a	2.44 ± 0.18	15.89 ± 1.17 c	3.72 ± 0.53 d	1.15 ± 0.16 f	5.81 ± 0.27 f
	S₂F₂	8.59 ± 0.88 b	2.07 ± 0.30	19.57 ± 2.77 abc	4.73 ± 0.88 bcd	2.11 ± 0.17 bcd	10.10 ± 0.77 bcd
	S₂F₃	8.41 ± 0.43 b	2.25 ± 0.19	24.86 ± 2.98 ab	6.66 ± 1.03 abc	2.68 ± 0.21 ab	12.38 ± 0.58 a
	S₃F₁	9.20 ± 1.13 ab	2.09 ± 0.05	14.37 ± 1.10 c	3.28 ± 0.21 d	1.38 ± 0.21 ef	7.70 ± 0.64 ef
	S₃F₂	8.34 ± 0.14 b	2.24 ± 0.17	18.42 ± 2.99 bc	4.96 ± 1.08 bcd	2.09 ± 0.41 bcd	8.88 ± 0.94 cde
	S₃F₃	7.96 ± 1.36 b	2.34 ± 0.17	26.30 ± 5.76 a	7.72 ± 0.99 a	3.26 ± 0.46 a	12.32 ± 1.74 a
	S₄F₁	8.98 ± 0.86 ab	2.18 ± 0.18	17.89 ± 3.37 bc	4.38 ± 1.03 cd	1.82 ± 0.44 cde	8.64 ± 1.40 de
	S₄F₂	8.50 ± 0.39 b	1.97 ± 0.18	20.25 ± 2.26 abc	4.70 ± 0.58 bcd	2.16 ± 0.17 bcd	10.98 ± 1.24 abc
	S₄F₃	8.75 ± 0.78 b	2.17 ± 0.55	19.19 ± 7.30 abc	4.95 ± 2.83 bcd	2.00 ± 0.59 cde	9.01 ± 0.55 bcde
	F	1.842	0.855	2.866^*	3.434^**	7.849^**	9.257^**
35号	F₁	10.05 ± 1.97 a	2.20 ± 0.22	17.22 ± 1.43 b	3.82 ± 0.35 b	1.52 ± 0.46 b	7.81 ± 1.97 b
	F₂	9.23 ± 1.43 ab	2.26 ± 0.33	21.74 ± 4.49 a	5.30 ± 0.98 a	2.11 ± 0.36 a	10.04 ± 1.58 a
	F₃	8.54 ± 0.98 b	2.24 ± 0.22	20.72 ± 3.66 a	5.49 ± 1.21 a	2.38 ± 0.47 a	10.30 ± 1.31 a
	F	3.015	0.13	5.684^**	11.837^**	12.499^**	8.342^**
36号	F₁	9.13 ± 1.04	2.00 ± 0.16 b	15.97 ± 3.10 b	3.50 ± 0.58 c	1.60 ± 0.33 c	8.58 ± 1.43 b
	F₂	8.85 ± 0.89	2.20 ± 0.22 a	18.51 ± 3.73 b	4.62 ± 1.02 b	1.91 ± 0.28 b	8.90 ± 1.00 b
	F₃	8.61 ± 0.74	2.23 ± 0.12 a	21.61 ± 4.01 a	5.59 ± 0.91 a	2.354248	10.15 ± 1.19 a
	F	1.016	6.435^**	7.204^**	17.903^**	15.722^**	5.559^**
说明：^*表示因子对相应指标在置信度0.01水平显著；^表示因子对相应指标在置信度0.05水平显著

因子	苗高	地径	生物量	氮含量	磷含量	氮质量分数	磷质量分数	氮利用指数	磷利用指数
家系	43.343^**	4.812^*	2.088	1.285	1.941	1.558	1.332	0.619	0.472
控释肥	62.766^**	55.353^**	57.813^**	21.557^**	40.077^**	7.846^**	1.796	47.169^**	29.817^**
家系×控释肥	1.555	1.254	2.347	2.273	1.872	0.914	2.051	1.101	2.843^*
说明：^*表示因子对相应指标在置信度0.01水平显著；^表示因子对相应指标在置信度0.05水平显著

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Response of masson pine container seedlings from different families to substrate proportion and control released fertilizer

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2019.05.026