Combustibility of fresh leaves of 17 species of garden bamboo in Kunming

WANG Kunlun; JIANG Ting; HOU Xiaofei; MA Ruijie; WANG Qiuhua; LI Shiyou

doi:10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20190612

Volume 37 Issue 5

Oct. 2020

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WANG Kunlun, JIANG Ting, HOU Xiaofei, MA Ruijie, WANG Qiuhua, LI Shiyou. Combustibility of fresh leaves of 17 species of garden bamboo in Kunming[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2020, 37(5): 963-970. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20190612

Citation:

WANG Kunlun, JIANG Ting, HOU Xiaofei, MA Ruijie, WANG Qiuhua, LI Shiyou. Combustibility of fresh leaves of 17 species of garden bamboo in Kunming[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2020, 37(5): 963-970. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20190612

Combustibility of fresh leaves of 17 species of garden bamboo in Kunming

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20190612

WANG Kunlun^{1, 2
,},
JIANG Ting^{1, 2},
HOU Xiaofei³,
MA Ruijie⁴,
WANG Qiuhua^{1, 2},
LI Shiyou^{1, 2
,
,}

1.
Fire Research Institute, School of Civil Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, Yunnan, China
2.
Yunnan Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, Yunnan, China
3.
Longcaoping Forestry Bureau of Shaanxi Province, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
4.
Forestry and Grassland Bureau of Jiangchuan County, Jiangchuan 652600, Yunnan, China

Received Date: 2019-10-21
Rev Recd Date: 2020-05-22

Available Online: 2020-10-10

Publish Date: 2020-08-20

Abstract

Objective Comparing the combustibility of fresh bamboo leaves in gardens, in order to protect bamboo forest. Method Taking 5 common flammable woody plants as control, the moisture content, mass per unit area, absolute line rate, absolute area loss rate, absolute mass loss rate, relative line rate, relative area loss rate and relative mass loss rate of 17 species’ fresh bamboo leaves in Kunming were measured and calculated. The combustibility of bamboo leaves was evaluated by factor analysis and systematic clustering. Result All the fresh bamboo leaves of 17 species were inflammable, and the order of combustibility from large to small was as follows: Neosinocalamus affinis, Bambusa ventricosa, Fargesia yuanjiangensis, Schizostachyum funghomii, B. sinospinosa, B. textilis, B. multiplex, Dendrocalamus semiscandens, Chimonocalamus pallens, Phyllostachys nigra var. henonis, B. distegia, Ph. nigra, D. bambusoides, D. hamiltonii, D. giganteus, B. intermedia, B. surrecta. Conclusion 10 of them were highly flammable and 7 were relatively flammable. [Ch, 1 fig. 6 tab. 25 ref.]
- forest protection,
- bamboo,
- fresh leaves,
- combustibility,
- Kunming area

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除黑龙江、吉林、内蒙古和新疆4省(区)外，中国其余省(区、市)都有竹类生长和分布。据第8次(2009−2013年)森林资源清查，中国竹林面积达601 万hm²，占中国森林面积的3%，占世界竹林面积约20%^[1]。在廊道旁、公园、古寺庙、风景区等地方种植竹子以增加景观优质性，是园林配置的一部分。竹林分布广，面积大，因此需要考虑竹林保护与防火等问题。有些竹种具有一定的防火能力，被作为防火植物使用，如毛竹Phyllostachys edulis、雷竹Ph. praecox等^[2-3]。对于竹子的燃烧性能方面国内外研究较少，但是在森林可燃物的燃烧性和抗火性方面，国内外都进行了大量研究^[4-9]。李树华等^[10]认为：在火灾危险带种植刚竹Ph. sulphurea等植物可以减缓火势蔓延。钟安建等^[11]对南昌城区15种园林树种的抗火性进行研究，认为珊瑚树Viburnum odoratissimum抗火性能最强，桂花Osmanthus fragrans抗火性能最差。金钱荣等^[12]将木荷Schima superba选为防火功能较强的行道绿化树种。李世友等^[13]对20种园林绿化植物的鲜枝叶进行燃烧试验及燃烧性排序。何忠华等^[14]对12种园林树种的抗火性进行了综合评价，认为乐昌含笑Michelia chapensis抗火性最强。森林植物叶燃烧性研究方法可以为竹叶研究提供借鉴。张雨瑶等^[15]对11种园林木本植物的新叶片和2种对比植物老活叶片进行了垂直燃烧实验，认为鹅掌楸Liriodendron chinense等燃烧性较强。氧指数试验法主要用于测定聚合材料的阻燃性能，如对于各种纺织品^[16]、玻璃纤维增强塑料^[17]、聚氯乙烯(PVC)管^[18]、橡胶^[19]等阻燃性能的测定，在森林可燃物研究方面的应用较少。本研究对17种园林竹鲜叶进行燃烧性比较，旨在分析园林竹鲜叶的易燃性差异，为竹林保护与防火提供依据。

1. 材料与方法

1.1. 样品采集

以17种园林竹为研究对象(括号中数字为样品代号)，车筒竹Bambusa sinospinosa (1)、慈竹Neosinocalamus affinis (2)、灰金竹Phyllostachys nigra var. henonis (3)、灰香竹Chimonocalamus pallens (4)、料慈竹B. distegia (5)、龙竹Dendrocalamus giganteus (6)、绵竹B. intermedia (7)、青皮竹B. textilis (8)、沙罗单竹Schizostachyum funghomii (9)、秀叶箭竹Fargesia yuanjiangensis (10)、小佛肚竹B. ventricosa (11)、孝顺竹B. multiplex (12)、野龙竹D. semiscandens (13)、椅子竹D. bambusoides (14)、油竹B. surrecta (15)、云南甜龙竹D. hamiltonii (16)、紫竹Ph. nigra (17)。以5种常见易燃园林绿化用木本植物的老叶作对比，即阴香Cinnamomum burmanni (18)、桂花Osmanthus fragrans (19)、滇润楠Machilus yunnanensis (20)、蓝桉Eucalyptus globulus (21)、云南樟C. glanduliferum (22)。所有植物均栽植于西南林业大学校园内。由于新叶含水率呈动态变化，而老叶含水率相对稳定且易燃，故选老叶为实验样品。取叶时，选多株、不同枝条上外形和大小相似、质量相近的多片竹叶，于防火期采集健康的完整分枝，立刻带回实验室。

1.2. 实验方法

采集同枝条上的老叶，分为2组，分别进行燃烧实验和含水率测定。燃烧实验前测定鲜叶质量、叶脉长度并在白纸上勾绘出鲜叶外形，实验在高浓度医用氧条件下进行，点火气体为丙烷气。将竹叶叶尖朝上、叶柄朝下放入试件夹中，点火器火焰长度为10~15 mm，从上朝下点火，用秒表记录竹叶燃烧时间。每种鲜叶重复6次实验。含水率(H)测定采用105 ℃烘干恒量法，取相对含水率。实验采用JF-3型氧指数测定仪进行。

1.3. 数据获取及计算方法

叶片单位面积质量(W)、绝对线速率(V₁)、绝对面积损失速率(V₂)、绝对质量损失速率(V₃)、相对线速率(V₄)、相对面积损失速率(V₅)和相对质量损失速率(V₆)参照李世友等^[6]、张雨瑶等^[15]、郑永波等^[20]和苏文静等^[21]方法进行。

1.4. 数据处理

运用SPSS 18.0软件，以平均V₁、V₂、V₃、V₄、V₅、V₆等6个指标进行因子分析，得到22种植物鲜叶的燃烧性能得分并排序。根据燃烧性能得分，应用聚类分析法划分等级。采用因子分析法对数据进行标准化处理，通过KMO值和Bartlett球体检验提取公因子，利用旋转法使因子变量更具有可解释性，计算因子变量得分。

3. 结论与讨论

对17种园林竹和5种易燃木本植物鲜叶燃烧性6个指标的因子分析可知：各植物得分差距较大，最高分与最低分之间相差2.417，说明22种植物鲜叶的燃烧性差距较大。与5种园林木本植物相比，竹叶均为易燃叶。料慈竹、椅子竹、云南甜龙竹、龙竹、紫竹、绵竹和油竹的鲜叶燃烧性能相对较低，尤其是油竹，比桂花、阴香和滇润楠还难燃。绝对线速率(V₁)、相对线速率(V₄)、相对面积损失速率(V₅)和相对质量损失速率(V₆)对其燃烧性影响较大。基于17种竹的燃烧性能得分，SPSS聚类分析将其划为易燃和较易燃2个等级，其中易燃竹种10种，较易燃竹种7种。

鲜叶的燃烧性受自身理化性质和生态学、生物学特性等多因素的综合影响。昆明地区旱季降雨稀少，园林竹浇水较为频繁，浇水周期、浇水量和浇水次数对竹叶的含水率造成一定影响。施肥也会影响竹子生理性能。研究表明施氮肥会提高大豆Glycine max的脂肪含量^[22-23]；不同磷含量培养液处理下植株幼苗的株高、茎叶生物量和总生物量差异极其显著^[24]；不同磷源处理下云南松Pinus yunnanensis幼苗体内磷含量明显不同^[25]。施肥对植物化学成份的影响一定程度上也影响其燃烧性。本研究中的竹叶样品采自竹下较低部位；竹子受自身生长因素及光照等外部因素影响，不同空间部位的竹叶生长发育不均衡，也会导致竹叶不同的理化性质和生态学特性。以后的研究中，要尽量减少人工经营措施对实验取样的干扰，并且考虑不同空间部位对竹叶的作用，使样品更具有代表性。本研究根据竹叶的燃烧速率来分析燃烧性，而没有分析理化性质、生态学特性等对燃烧性的影响。因此，以上鲜叶的燃烧性排序及分类是在特定条件下得出的，能否适用于其他条件还需要进一步验证。

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代号	H/%	W/(g·m⁻²)	绝对燃烧速率			相对燃烧速率
代号	H/%	W/(g·m⁻²)	V₁/(cm·s⁻¹)	V₂/(cm²·s⁻¹)	V₃/(g·s⁻¹)	V₄/(%·s⁻¹)	V₅/(%·s⁻¹)	V₆/(%·s⁻¹)
1	40.51	146	1.079	0.863	0.012	8.667	8.667	8.667
2	56.99	56	1.349	2.087	0.012	8.566	8.566	8.566
3	51.86	104	0.552	0.541	0.005	6.882	6.882	6.882
4	55.12	104	0.697	0.402	0.004	6.954	6.954	6.954
5	43.84	116	0.642	1.283	0.014	3.140	3.140	3.140
6	58.91	96	0.421	1.320	0.012	2.140	2.140	2.140
7	53.07	92	0.425	0.644	0.006	3.450	3.450	3.450
8	56.73	58	0.981	1.316	0.008	6.820	6.820	6.820
9	42.93	66	1.245	1.486	0.010	7.600	7.600	7.600
10	44.08	53	1.194	1.058	0.006	9.450	9.450	9.450
11	44.27	87	1.171	1.885	0.016	7.583	7.583	7.583
12	46.07	70	0.849	1.040	0.007	7.040	7.040	7.040
13	56.83	70	0.858	2.177	0.016	4.200	4.200	4.200
14	58.97	72	0.520	0.737	0.005	4.700	4.700	4.700
15	55.34	102	0.216	0.345	0.004	1.500	1.500	1.500
16	58.79	84	0.546	1.579	0.013	2.660	2.660	2.660
17	43.15	94	0.521	0.604	0.006	5.140	5.140	5.140
18	52.36	190	0.330	0.977	0.018	2.967	2.967	2.967
19	47.55	322	0.316	0.747	0.037	4.200	3.020	4.400
20	49.12	230	0.173	0.486	0.011	1.767	1.767	1.767
21	46.93	483	0.146	0.228	0.011	0.883	0.883	0.883
22	52.21	185	0.118	0.544	0.010	0.983	1.000	0.983

代号	V₁	V₂	V₃	V₄	V₅	V₆
1	1.108 53	−0.270 53	0.134 17	1.396 29	1.403 15	1.393 99
2	1.809 85	1.895 67	0.134 17	1.359 08	1.366 27	1.356 76
3	−0.260 34	−0.840 40	−0.849 73	0.738 69	0.751 40	0.735 89
4	0.116 30	−1.086 40	−0.990 29	0.765 21	0.777 69	0.762 44
5	−0.026 57	0.472 77	0.415 28	−0.639 89	−0.614 88	−0.643 72
6	−0.600 61	0.538 25	0.134 17	−1.008 29	−0.980 00	−1.012 41
7	−0.590 22	−0.658 11	−0.709 17	−0.525 68	−0.501 69	−0.529 43
8	0.853 98	0.531 17	−0.428 06	0.715 85	0.728 77	0.713 03
9	1.539 71	0.832 03	−0.146 95	1.003 20	1.013 56	1.000 61
10	1.407 24	0.074 57	−0.709 17	1.684 76	1.689 04	1.682 67
11	1.347 50	1.538 17	0.696 40	0.996 94	1.007 35	0.994 34
12	0.511 11	0.042 72	−0.568 62	0.796 90	0.809 09	0.794 14
13	0.534 49	2.054 95	0.696 40	−0.249 38	−0.227 85	−0.252 92
14	−0.343 46	−0.493 52	−0.849 73	−0.065 17	−0.045 29	−0.068 58
15	−1.133 09	−1.187 28	−0.990 29	−1.244 07	−1.213 68	−1.248 36
16	−0.275 92	0.996 62	0.274 72	−0.816 72	−0.790 14	−0.820 69
17	−0.340 86	−0.728 90	−0.709 17	0.096 92	0.115 36	0.093 65
18	−0.836 98	−0.068 78	0.977 51	−0.703 62	−0.678 05	−0.707 50
19	−0.873 34	−0.475 83	3.648 09	−0.249 38	−0.658 70	−0.179 18
20	−1.244 78	−0.937 74	−0.006 39	−1.145 71	−1.116 19	−1.149 92
21	−1.314 91	−1.394 34	−0.006 39	−1.471 38	−1.438 96	−1.475 84
22	−1.387 64	−0.835 09	−0.146 95	−1.434 54	−1.396 24	−1.438 97

成分	初始特征值			提取载荷平方和			旋转载荷平方和
成分	总计	方差百分比/%	累积/%	总计	方差百分比/%	累积/%	总计	方差百分比/%	累积/%
1	4.114	68.567	68.567	4.114	68.567	68.567	4.084	68.070	68.070
2	1.263	21.056	89.623	1.263	21.056	89.623	1.293	21.553	89.623
3	0.591	9.843	99.466
4	0.031	0.515	99.981
5	0.001	0.019	100.000
6	1.887×10⁻⁸	3.145×10⁻⁷	100.000

评价指标	主成分		评价指标	主成分
评价指标	1	2	评价指标	1	2
V₁	0.949	0.227	V₄	0.981	−0.014
V₂	0.480	0.718	V₅	0.990	−0.600
V₃	−0.224	0.850	V₆	0.979	−0.007

评价指标	主成分		评价指标	主成分
评价指标	1	2	评价指标	1	2
V₁	0.224	0.125	V₄	0.245	−0.066
V₂	0.079	0.538	V₅	0.250	−0.102
V₃	−0.103	0.680	V₆	0.244	−0.060