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水是陆生昆虫赖以生存和繁衍的重要资源,昆虫体内营养物质、代谢物质的传输及合成,以及各种生化反应的正常进行都需要水环境[1-2]。然而,在炎热干燥的环境中,一些陆生昆虫因其相对较大的体表面积面临着大量失水的威胁[3-5]。昆虫往往通过选择湿润阴凉的环境躲避以减少水分损失[4],或寻找水源通过吸食行为来补充水分[6-7]。观察发现:炎热环境中大量蝶、蛾类鳞翅目Lepidoptera昆虫常聚集于湿泥沙、浅水、动物粪便或腐烂尸体上吸食,如沙加缅都格纹蛱蝶Euphydryas editha bayensis,蓝蛱蝶Phaedusa bensoni及黑脉金斑蝶Danaus plexippus等蝶类均有群集吸水的习性[8-9]。学者将此现象称为“趋泥”(mud-puddling)行为,并推论补充水分可能是激发昆虫趋泥行为的重要原因[10-11]。黄脊竹蝗Ceracris kiangsu属于直翅目Orthoptera网翅蝗科Arcypteridae竹蝗亚科Ceracrinae竹蝗属Ceracris,是中国南方最为重要的森林害虫之一[12]。观察发现黄脊竹蝗成虫在夏天嗜食人尿,具有明显的趋尿行为[13-14],黄脊竹蝗成虫对氯化钠、碳酸氢铵等物质有明显的趋性[15-16],利用毒尿或毒饵诱杀黄脊竹蝗已成为控制竹蝗重要的技术手段[14, 17]。研究发现,高温条件下黄脊竹蝗对水分有明显的偏好,在干滤纸和湿滤纸间明显偏好湿滤纸[5],水在黄脊竹蝗趋泥行为中发挥着重要作用[14, 16]。但黄脊竹蝗趋泥行为的发生与环境温度、湿度、体内含水率关系如何,一天中人尿对黄脊竹蝗的引诱作用何时最强等一系列问题均未有过研究。本研究利用自制的录像系统研究了黄脊竹蝗趋尿行为与环境温度、湿度、体内含水率的关系,同时测定了不同时段发酵人尿对黄脊竹蝗的诱杀作用,旨在明确环境温湿度对黄脊竹蝗“趋尿行为”的影响,为揭示水在昆虫趋泥行为中的作用提供依据,也为黄脊竹蝗人尿诱杀技术的林间应用提供支撑。
Ambient temperature and humidity along with urine-puddling for Ceracris kiangsu, the yellow-spined bamboo locust
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摘要: 为深入理解水分在昆虫趋泥行为中的作用,测定了在一天中林间温湿度的变化情况,分析了环境温湿度对黄脊竹蝗Ceracris kiangsu体内含水率及趋尿行为的影响。结果表明:雌、雄虫体内在一天内含水率的变化情况基本一致,呈现“W”型的变化趋势,与环境温度呈负相关(r=-0.85,P=0.079),与湿度无相关关系(r=-0.43,P=0.779);在中午高温低湿时段(12:00-14:00),黄脊竹蝗对人尿的访问量最大,达到(428.00 ± 44.24)次,(140.00 ± 20.64)头,且黄脊竹蝗成虫首次访问诱饵的时间也最短,仅为(410.8 ± 52.6)s。林间诱杀结果与行为观测基本一致,中午高温时段诱杀量最大,达到(140.00 ± 20.64)头。不同时段诱集的成虫性比结果表明:发生趋尿行为的黄脊竹蝗雌虫比例显著高于雄虫(P < 0.01)。环境温湿度对黄脊竹蝗的趋尿行为影响显著,利用毒饵诱杀技术进行黄脊竹蝗防控时,选择在炎热干燥的气候条件及环境条件下实施更为有效。Abstract: To better understand the role of water uptake in the urine-puddling behavior of an important bamboo pest, Ceracris kiangsu (Orthoptera: Oedipodidae), the yellow-spined bamboo locust, in southern China, ambient temperature and humidity at different times of the day were examined and analyzed for their effects on water content of the body in adults and on the urine-puddling behavior. Puddling behavior of the yellow-spined bamboo locust was observed with a camera recording system, and C. kiangsu adults were trapped by toxic bais with human urine fermented for 30 d mixed with 18% bisultap in bamboo forest. Simultaneously, ambient temperature and humidity were monitored at the same experimental sites in Hunan province. Results showed that the change of water content in the body for females and males was similar, and was influenced obviously by ambient temperature and humidity. Observations showed that the most visits [ (428.00 ± 44.24) bouts] over a whole day were observed from 12:30-14:00 with onset time of the first visit to the bait being the shortest [ (410.8 ± 52.6) s]. Trap experiments showed that 140.00 ± 20.64 were killed from 12:30-14:00, more than any other period (One-way ANOVA analysis, P < 0.05). Also the sex-ratio of adults trapped by the bait indicated that the urine-puddling behavior mainly occurred with female C. kiangsu adults (t test, P < 0.05). Implications were that ambient temperature and humidity strongly affected the urine-puddling behavior of C. kiangsu adults, and the methods of trapping adults with toxic bait were effective in a hot and dry weather.
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https://zlxb.zafu.edu.cn/article/doi/10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2017.04.017