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中国常见白蚁Termitida主要有台湾乳白蚁Coptotermes formosanus,黄胸散白蚁Reticulitermes flaviceps,黑胸散白蚁Reticulitermes chinensis,黑翅土白蚁Odontotermes formosanus,截头堆砂白蚁Cryptotermes domestictis等。这些白蚁广泛分布于温带和热带,以木质纤维素为食,主要危害树木、各类木制品和纸张、布匹等含纤维素的物质,对园林植被、建筑物和堤坝造成严重危害[1]。浙江地区雨水充足,气候温暖湿润,非常适宜白蚁生存繁衍,其中台湾乳白蚁、黄胸散白蚁、黑翅土白蚁、黄翅大白蚁Macrotermes barneyi等对人类生活影响较大[2]。药剂防治作为传统的白蚁灭治方法,因对环境影响较大,近年来已逐渐转变为环境友好的监测控制技术;使用药物也由持久性有机污染物氯丹和灭蚁灵转变为对环境危害较小的拟除虫菊酯类和昆虫生长调节剂等药剂[3-4]。监测控制技术以食物诱集为前提,通过投放饵剂达到整巢灭治白蚁的目的;该技术降低了药剂的使用量,减少了药物的使用面积,减轻对环境的污染,同时具有控制时间长、针对性强的优点,在白蚁防治中得到广泛应用[4-5]。监测控制技术所用饵剂由引诱白蚁的饵料和有效灭治白蚁的药剂组成。以白蚁喜食的木材(松木、桉树皮等)、纤维素粉、小米粉、甘蔗等作为引诱剂,可对白蚁产生较好的诱集作用[6-9]。在灭治药剂的选择上,要求无明显的驱避作用且在白蚁回避浓度以下,同时要求药性缓慢,药剂逐步传递到群体内,从而灭治整个巢群。常用药剂有神经毒类如氟虫腈,代谢抑制物类如氟虫胺和氟蚁腙,几丁质合成抑制剂类如氟铃脲、多氟脲等;不同药剂的灭治效果会因地域和白蚁种类的不同而有较大差异[10]。饵剂中添加氨基酸、糖、二氧化碳、木薯等可增加白蚁的喜食性,加强药效[11-13],但在实际应用中,饵剂可能会出现药效缓慢、衰减、易霉变、被其他地下昆虫(如金环马陆Spirobolus bungii)取食等问题,同时饵剂的投放位点、数量、大小和对饵剂的检查和更换时间也会影响诱杀效果[8, 14]。因此,研制白蚁喜食而又持久耐用的饵料和有效灭治白蚁的药剂是监测与诱杀白蚁的关键。为得到引诱效果持久、不易霉变、使用方便的白蚁监控饵料,本研究比较了台湾乳白蚁对不同饵料的取食选择性,为研制诱集效果好、灭治药效强的新型白蚁饵剂提供基础。
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试验7 d后,测定台湾乳白蚁对松木块、纯纤饵料、松纤饵料和桉纤饵料的取食选择性(表 1)。结果表明,台湾乳白蚁对纯纤饵料的取食量显著多于松纤饵料和松木块(P<0.05),与桉纤饵料相比无显著差异(P>0.05)。试验7 d中,各处理饵料和木块均未出现霉变,且均未有白蚁死亡;与松木块相比,台湾乳白蚁更喜取食纯纤饵料。
表 1 台湾乳白蚁对4种饵料的取食量比较
Table 1. The comparison of the food consumption of Coptotermes formosanus feeding with 4 kinds of baits
饵料类型 取食量/(mg•头-1) 纯纤饵料 1.18±0.09 a 桉纤饵料 1.04±0.17 ab 松纤饵料 0.70±0.14 b 松木 0.24±0.02 c 说明:表中数据为平均数±标准误。数据后不同字母表示差异显著(P < 0.05)。 -
将3种纤维素饵剂用于台湾乳白蚁的室内药效试验(表 2)。结果表明,在第1天,3个饵剂造成的白蚁死亡率均较小;第2天,台湾乳白蚁取食桉纤饵剂后的死亡率显著大于松纤饵剂(P<0.05);到第3天,3个饵剂下的白蚁均出现大量死亡(死亡率>50%),其中取食纯纤饵剂的死亡率显著大于松纤饵剂(P<0.05);到第5天,所有试验组白蚁死亡率均达到或接近100%。
表 2 3种纤维素饵剂对台湾乳白蚁的逐日累计校正死亡率
Table 2. Corrected mortalities of 3 cellulose baits against workers of C. formosanus by contact toxicity
饵剂类型 死亡率/% 第1天 第2天 第3天 第4天 第5天 纯纤饵剂 6.40±1.33 ab 54.40±3.66 ab 64.18±2.83 a 95.20±2.06 a 100.00±0.00 a 桉纤饵剂 10.00±1.10 a 57.20±3.72 a 60.61±2.36 ab 90.00±6.32 a 100.00±0.00 a 松纤饵剂 5.20±1.62 b 43.00±4.07 b 54.38±1.30 b 87.60±4.07 a 97.20±1.96 a 说明:表中数据为平均数±标准误。数据后不同字母表示差异显著(P < 0.05)。 对埋设1个月后的饵剂重复室内药效试验(表 3)。结果表明:第1天,3个饵剂造成的的白蚁死亡率均小于10%,第3天起,3个饵剂下的白蚁均出现大量死亡(死亡率>50%),第1~3天,台湾乳白蚁取食纯纤饵剂后的死亡率显著大于松纤饵剂(P<0.05);到第5天,3个饵剂下的白蚁死亡率均接近100%。与未埋设的饵剂相比,室外埋设1个月的饵剂对台湾乳白蚁同样有较好的灭治效果。
表 3 3种纤维素饵剂(埋设1个月后)对台湾乳白蚁的逐日累计校正死亡率
Table 3. Corrected mortalities of three cellulose baits (buried for one month) against workers of C. formosanus by contact toxicity
饵剂类型 死亡率/% 第1天 第2天 第3天 第4天 第5天 纯纤饵剂 9.00±2.41 a 53.95±4.03 a 64.67±3.62 a 91.60±3.54 a 96.60±2.36 a 桉纤饵剂 5.20±l.62 ab 42.0l±4.08 ab 52.12±3.73 b 80.80±6.02 a 92.40±0.98 a 松纤饵剂 3.20±0.80 b 38.27±4.07 b 51.13±2.98 b 82.00±4.98 a 96.80±3.20 a 说明:表中数据为平均数±标准误。数据后不同字母表示差异显著(P < 0.05)。 -
试验于2015年3月将纤维素装置埋于园林绿地和房屋建筑周边,2015年10月取出,期间定期观察霉变情况、对白蚁的引诱效果和非靶标生物的进入情况。结果显示,在园林绿地内埋设的55个纤维素装置,均观察到黑翅土白蚁和黄翅大白蚁的取食痕迹,仅1处发现有金环马陆,未发现其他非靶标生物,观察期间未发现有饵料霉变现象;在房屋建筑周边埋设的22个纤维素装置,发现有2处被黄胸散白蚁取食,4处被金环马陆取食,未发现其他非靶标生物,观察期间未发现有饵料霉变现象。
Trapping termites with cellulose bait
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摘要: 为得到引诱效果持久、不易霉变的白蚁Termitida饵料,比较了纯纤饵料、松纤饵料、桉纤饵料和松木块对台湾乳白蚁Coptotermes formosanus取食选择性的影响。以虫螨腈为药剂,比较了经室外埋设1个月和未经室外埋设对不同饵剂药效的影响。制成的纤维素装置埋设于园林绿地和房屋建筑周围8个月,观察对白蚁的长期引诱效果。研究发现:台湾乳白蚁对纯纤饵料的取食量显著多于松木和松纤饵料(P < 0.05),与桉纤饵料无显著差异;室外埋设处理未影响虫螨腈对台湾乳白蚁的诱杀效果;长期野外埋设,纤维素装置未发生霉变,对黄胸散白蚁Reticulitermes flaviceps,黑翅土白蚁Odontotermes formosanus和黄翅大白蚁Macrotermes barneyi等均有较好的引诱作用。结果表明纤维素饵料对白蚁有较好的适口性,存放时间较长,对多种白蚁有较好的引诱作用,适用于白蚁的长期监测控制。Abstract: To obtain efficient termite bait having long-term use without mildew, this experiment compared the feeding preferences of Coptotermes formosanus for cellulose bait, pine-cellulose bait, eucalyptus bark-cellulose bait and pine. The effects of cellulose bait, pine-cellulose bait, and eucalyptus bark-cellulose bait, all treated for one month outdoors, as well as the above three untreated cellulose baits, against C. formosanus with chlorfenapyr were determined. From March to October in 2015, 55 cellulose baits replications were buried around the landscape and buildings to observe the attractant effects on termites every month. Results of the laboratory experiment indicated that food consumption of C. formosanus for cellulose bait was significantly greater than pine and pine-cellulose bait (P < 0.05), and no significant differences were noted with eucalyptus bark-cellulose bait (P>0.05). After one month, the cellulose bait, pine-cellulose bait and eucalyptus bark-cellulose baits all with chlorfenapyr buried around the landscapes and buildings had no effect on toxicity of C. formosanus. During the eight months of the field experiment, no mildew was found on the cellulose bait, and the cellulose bait showed considerable attractant effects on termites in Reticulitermes flaviceps, Odontotermes formosanus, and Macrotermes barneyi. Thus, cellulose was more palatable to termites, had long-term resistance to mildew, and had efficient attraction to several genera of termites over a long time period making it very suitable for long-term control of termites.
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Key words:
- forest protection /
- Coptotermes formosanus /
- cellulose bait /
- trapping effects
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表 1 台湾乳白蚁对4种饵料的取食量比较
Table 1. The comparison of the food consumption of Coptotermes formosanus feeding with 4 kinds of baits
饵料类型 取食量/(mg•头-1) 纯纤饵料 1.18±0.09 a 桉纤饵料 1.04±0.17 ab 松纤饵料 0.70±0.14 b 松木 0.24±0.02 c 说明:表中数据为平均数±标准误。数据后不同字母表示差异显著(P < 0.05)。 表 2 3种纤维素饵剂对台湾乳白蚁的逐日累计校正死亡率
Table 2. Corrected mortalities of 3 cellulose baits against workers of C. formosanus by contact toxicity
饵剂类型 死亡率/% 第1天 第2天 第3天 第4天 第5天 纯纤饵剂 6.40±1.33 ab 54.40±3.66 ab 64.18±2.83 a 95.20±2.06 a 100.00±0.00 a 桉纤饵剂 10.00±1.10 a 57.20±3.72 a 60.61±2.36 ab 90.00±6.32 a 100.00±0.00 a 松纤饵剂 5.20±1.62 b 43.00±4.07 b 54.38±1.30 b 87.60±4.07 a 97.20±1.96 a 说明:表中数据为平均数±标准误。数据后不同字母表示差异显著(P < 0.05)。 表 3 3种纤维素饵剂(埋设1个月后)对台湾乳白蚁的逐日累计校正死亡率
Table 3. Corrected mortalities of three cellulose baits (buried for one month) against workers of C. formosanus by contact toxicity
饵剂类型 死亡率/% 第1天 第2天 第3天 第4天 第5天 纯纤饵剂 9.00±2.41 a 53.95±4.03 a 64.67±3.62 a 91.60±3.54 a 96.60±2.36 a 桉纤饵剂 5.20±l.62 ab 42.0l±4.08 ab 52.12±3.73 b 80.80±6.02 a 92.40±0.98 a 松纤饵剂 3.20±0.80 b 38.27±4.07 b 51.13±2.98 b 82.00±4.98 a 96.80±3.20 a 说明:表中数据为平均数±标准误。数据后不同字母表示差异显著(P < 0.05)。 -
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https://zlxb.zafu.edu.cn/article/doi/10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2018.01.024