Fiber morphology, microfibril angle and crystallinity of American red oak introduced

LI Congcong; PAN Biao; WANG Hui; HUANG Libin

doi:10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2020.01.021

Volume 37 Issue 1

Feb. 2020

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LI Congcong, PAN Biao, WANG Hui, HUANG Libin. Fiber morphology, microfibril angle and crystallinity of American red oak introduced[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2020, 37(1): 158-164. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2020.01.021

Citation:

LI Congcong, PAN Biao, WANG Hui, HUANG Libin. Fiber morphology, microfibril angle and crystallinity of American red oak introduced[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2020, 37(1): 158-164. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2020.01.021

Fiber morphology, microfibril angle and crystallinity of American red oak introduced

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2020.01.021

1.
College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, China
2.
Jiangsu Academy of Forestry, Nanjing 211153, Jiangsu, China

Received Date: 2019-03-14
Rev Recd Date: 2019-06-20
Publish Date: 2020-02-20

Abstract

Objective Measuring and analyzingthe fiber morphology, microfibril angle and crystallinity can provide a theoretical basis for its quality prediction and utilization. Method Taking 14-year-old Quercus nuttallii, Q. nigra and Q. shumardii as the research object, with the maceration method and X-ray diffractometer (XRD) employed, a study is conducted of their fiber morphology, microfibril angle and crystallinity with a regression and variance analysis made of the data. Result (1) The fiber lengths of the three species of oak are 1 172.14, 1 178.68 and 1 162.45 μm, the fiber widths of the three species of oak are 15.86, 16.56 and 16.91 μm with no significant differences among species (P>0.05). The double-wall thickness of three species of oak are 10.23, 11.19 and 10.96 μm, and the wall thickness-lumen diameter ratios of the three species of oak are 1.85, 2.10 and 1.91 with significant differences among species (P < 0.05). The microfibril angles of three species of oak are 33.79°, 30.48° and 34.10° and the crystallinities of the three oak species are 51.35%, 53.30% and 52.97% with extremely significant differences among species (P < 0.01). (2) The fiber length, the fiber width, the double-wall thickness, the wall thickness-lumen diameter ratio and the crystallinity of three species of oak displayed an ascending trend from pith to bark. The microfibril angle displayed a descending trend from pith to bark with some fluctuations between the rings. Conclusion The radial change of the fiber morphology, the microfibril angle and the crystallinity of 14-years-old Q. nuttallii, Q. nigra and Q. shumardii was not stable but stayed in the juvenile stage. Also, the fiber length, fiber width, double wall thickness and microfibril angle demonstrate favorable fitting with growth rings.
- wood science and technology,
- American red oak,
- fiber morphology,
- microfibril angle,
- crystallinity

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沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院沈阳 110142

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木材作为环境友好型的绿色原材料，是国民经济发展的基础材料。为坚持生态发展战略，中国林业相关部门启动了一批重点生态工程，在天然林保护的同时，大力发展人工林种植。随着国内民众生态意识的增强和国家森林保护力度的加大，木材刚性需求增加，木材的对外依赖度达到了近50%。据测算，到2020年，中国木材年需求量将达到8亿m³，对大径材和珍贵树种用材需求也会大幅增加^[1]。引进国外优良树种是提高林业生产力、填补国内名特优新经济林、满足人们对林产品需求的有效途径，对于在短期内实现有效供给、缓解木材及林产品的供需矛盾，实现可持续发展，具有十分重要的意义。中国土壤气候条件与北美相似，引种美国红橡树种具有得天独厚的优势。引种树种能在短时间内增加当地的植物种类，树种的合理布局和应用，对弥补优质用材资源不足有重要意义。橡树又称栎树，是壳斗科Fagaceae栎属Quercus树种的统称，用途广泛，材质优异，是优质商品材和燃料的重要来源^[2]。中国自1998年开展北美栎树种质资源引种与栽培研究，对引种试验、引种树苗抗逆性^[3]研究较多，为栎类树种引进开发利用提供了理论基础。纤维形态特征与木材生长状况以及强度、密度以及物理、力学性质有密切关系，可用来进行木材的材性预测。微纤丝角在一定程度上可以反映木材的物理和力学性质，如木材的尺寸稳定性、干缩湿胀及弹性模量、强度和蠕变特性等，是评价木材品质性能和良种选育的重要依据^[4]。木材的结晶度与木材密度、强度、尺寸稳定性存在着正相关关系^[5]，研究结晶度有助于了解木材解剖结构与其性质之间联系。本研究以纳塔栎Quercus nuttallii、水栎Quercus nigra和舒玛栎Quercus shumardii为对象，比较了3种美国红橡纤维形态、微纤丝角和结晶度的异同，以期为引种栎木的科学利用提供理论依据，为更大范围引种栽培提供理论基础。

1. 材料与方法

1.1. 实验材料

根据GB/T 1927-2009《木材物理力学试材采集方法》采集试样^[6]。选取14年生纳塔栎、水栎、舒玛栎各4株；其中纳塔栎、水栎采自江苏省林业科学研究院句容苗圃（年平均气温为15.2 ℃，年降水量为1 058.8 mm）。纳塔栎平均树高为8.48 m，平均胸径为19.28 cm；水栎平均树高为10.68 m，平均胸径为15.38 cm；舒玛栎采自于南京彩树种植有限公司江宁区种植基地（年平均气温为15.4 ℃，年降水量为1 200.0 mm），平均树高为11.70 m，平均胸径为15.20 cm。

1.2. 实验方法

1.2.1. 木材纤维形态测定

将样木自胸高处圆盘锯解，立即沿南北向自髓心向外逐年切取样块并依次编号，由于第1，2年轮宽度较窄，合并为1个样品。将各标号木块切成火柴棍大小，每个年轮制4组平行样。用富兰克林离析法^[7]离析细胞，制成临时切片，置于普通光学显微镜下；随机测量50个细胞长度、宽度和腔径，计算双壁厚、壁腔比。结果取平均数。

1.2.2. 木材微纤丝角测定

将3种样木按1.2.1制成厚度约为2 mm的试样，采用Ultima Ⅳ组合型多功能水平X-射线衍射仪（XRD）按Cave 0.6T法^[8]测量试材微纤丝角。结果取平均数。

1.2.3. 木材结晶度测定

将3种样木按1.2.1制成火柴棍大小试样，磨成80~100目木粉，室温下压成薄片后测定木材结晶度，同时分析木材2θ衍射强度曲线。计算结果取平均数。木材纤维的衍射强度在2θ＝22°是极大值，其积分强度用I₀₀₂表示；在2θ＝18°附近出现波谷，是木材纤维中无定形区衍射的散射强度，其积分强度用I_am表示。相对结晶度（I_Cr）公式^[9]如下：I_Cr＝100×（I₀₀₂-I_am）/I₀₀₂。

1.2.4. 数据处理

试验数据采用Excel 2013进行方差分析及回归分析，Origin软件作图。

3. 结论

对纳塔栎、水栎和舒玛栎纤维形态测量得知：3种引种栎木纤维长度为1 010.34~1 292.56 μm，纤维宽度为为14.14~18.51 μm，纤维长度、宽度种间不具有显著差异（P＞0.05），其径向变化均为从髓心至树皮方向呈上升趋势，但径向变化尚未趋于稳定；3种栎木纤维双壁厚为8.77~12.34 μm，壁腔比为1.55~2.44，纤维双壁厚、壁腔比种间具有显著差异（P＜0.05），其径向变化均为从髓心至树皮方向略微上升，在一定范围内存在波动。

3种栎木中舒玛栎微纤丝角最大（34.10°），纳塔栎（33.79°）和水栎（30.48°）略小，微纤丝角种间具有极显著差异（P＜0.01）。径向变化为微纤丝角随着生长轮增加而降低；结晶度大小依次为水栎（53.30%）、舒玛栎（52.97%）和纳塔栎（51.35%），结晶度种间具有极显著差异（P＜0.01），径向变化为结晶度随生长轮增加总体呈平缓上升趋势。

对生长轮与各指标进行拟合分析发现：3种栎木纤维长度与生长轮关系用2次曲线拟合效果理想，相关系数均在0.900以上。纤维宽度与生长轮关系：舒玛栎用3次曲线拟合效果理想，相关系数在0.900以上。双壁厚与生长轮的关系：舒玛栎用2次曲线拟合效果理想，相关系数在0.900以上。微纤丝角与生长轮的关系：水栎用2次曲线拟合效果较好，相关系数在0.700以上。

由此认为：14年生引种美国红橡仍处于幼龄期，纤维形态、微纤丝角与结晶度径向变化趋势尚未趋于稳定。

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树种	纤维长度				纤维宽度				双壁厚				壁腔比
树种	变化范围/μm	平均值/μm	变异系数/%	P	变化范围/μm	平均值/μm	变异系数/%	P	变化范围/μm	平均值/μm	变异系数/%	P	变化范围/μm	平均值/μm	变异系数/%	P
纳塔栎	1 032.46~1 255.46	1 172.14±86.88	7.41		14.14~17.69	15.86 ± 1.11	7.02		8.77~11.67	10.23 ± 0.91	8.89		1.55~2.32	1.85 ± 0.26	13.97
水栎	1 018.04~1 281.27	1 178.68 ± 95.54	8.11	0.941 560	15.53~17.34	16.56 ± 0.70	4.24	0.062 224	10.65~12.15	11.19 ± 0.54	4.85	0.028 812^*	1.68~2.44	2.10 ± 0.23	10.97	0.035 464^*
舒玛栎	1010.34~1 292.56	1 162.45 ± 112.67	9.69		15.43~18.51	16.91 ± 1.20	7.08		舒玛栎	9.40~12.34	10.96 ± 1.03	9.37		1.67~2.15	1.91 ± 0.16	8.22
说明:P为各指标平均值的种间差异显著性分析；表示0.05水平上具有显著性差异

拟合类型	样木	回归方程	R²
纤维长度与生长轮	纳塔栎	y=-2.004 3x²+48.641 0x+964.540 0	0.943
	水栎	y=-4.235 4x²+76.000 0x+917.510 0	0.933
	舒玛栎	y=-1.673 2x²+54.666 0x+926.210 0	0.962
纤维宽度与生长轮	纳塔栎	y=-0.004 0x³+0.040 0x²+0.330 0x+13.710 0	0.689
	水栎	y=0.889 0x³—0.190 0x²+1.280 0x+14.310 0	0.656
	舒玛栎	y=-0.010 0x³+0.220 0x²-0.590 0x+15.832 0	0.960
双壁厚与生长轮	纳塔栎	y=-0.120 0x²+0.400 0x+8.340 0	0.884
	水栎	y=-0.116 0x³+0.790 0x²-1.630 0x+l 1.580 0	0.922
	舒玛栎	y=-0.020 0x²+0.510 0x+8.780 0	0.972
微纤丝角与生长轮	纳塔栎	y=-2.529 0lnx+38.007 0	0.481
	水栎	y=-0.143 9x²+1.356 4x+28.960 0	0.748
	舒玛栎	y=-0.110 0x²+0.988 3x+32.896 0	0.337

Fiber morphology, microfibril angle and crystallinity of American red oak introduced

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2020.01.021