Effect of NaCl stress on the morphology and related physiological indexes of <i>Magnolia biondii</i> seedlings

SHEN Xuyue; ZHANG Lang; CHEN Rongrong; SHEN Yamei; JIN Hexian

doi:10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20200449

Volume 38 Issue 2

Apr. 2021

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Article Navigation > Journal of Zhejiang A&F University > 2021 > 38(2): 289-295

SHEN Xuyue, ZHANG Lang, CHEN Rongrong, SHEN Yamei, JIN Hexian. Effect of NaCl stress on the morphology and related physiological indexes of Magnolia biondii seedlings[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2021, 38(2): 289-295. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20200449

Citation:

SHEN Xuyue, ZHANG Lang, CHEN Rongrong, SHEN Yamei, JIN Hexian. Effect of NaCl stress on the morphology and related physiological indexes of Magnolia biondii seedlings[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2021, 38(2): 289-295. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20200449

Effect of NaCl stress on the morphology and related physiological indexes of Magnolia biondii seedlings

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20200449

1.
School of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, Zhejiang, China
2.
Shanghai Academy of Landscape Architecture Science and Planning, Shanghai 200232, China

Received Date: 2020-07-17
Rev Recd Date: 2020-11-03

Available Online: 2020-11-30

Publish Date: 2021-04-01

Abstract

Objective With an investigation conducted of the effects of NaCl stress on the morphology and related physiological indexes of Magnolia biondii seedlings and the physiological indexes indicating the NaCl stress screened, this paper is aimed to provide a theoretical basis for the evaluation of the salt tolerance of Magnoliaceae and the selection of high-quality germplasm resources. Method Firstly, the hydroponic culture experiment was done with M. biondii 1-year-old seedlings with the effects of NaCl stress under 200 mmol·L⁻¹ on relative electrical conductivity, MDA contents, chlorophyll contents, osmotic substances and antioxidant enzyme activities in leaves tested, after which the principal component analysis was conducted to screen key physiological indexes. Result With the increase of treatment time, the soluble sugar content, relative electric conductivity, MDA content and SOD activity increased. The soluble protein content, Pro content, chlorophyll content and POD activity first increased and then decreased. The three indicative physiological indexes screened by principal component analysis were MDA content, soluble sugar content and SOD activity. Conclusion The MDA content, soluble sugar content and SOD activity underwent significant changes under NaCl stress, and they could be used as key physiological indexes in the evaluation of the salt tolerance of Magnoliaceae such as M. biondii. [Ch, 4 fig. 2 tab. 19 ref.]
- botany,
- Magnolia biondii,
- NaCl stress,
- physiology responses,
- principal component analysis,
- indicative indexes

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沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院沈阳 110142

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土壤盐碱化是当今世界性的资源和生态问题^[1]，是限制农林业发展的主要因素之一^[2]。中国现有盐碱土面积3 600 万hm²，主要分为滨海盐碱土区、黄淮海平原盐碱土区、西北半干旱盐碱土区和干旱盐碱土区以及东北盐碱土区^[3]，其中滨海盐碱土区是中国重要的盐碱地土地类型，涵盖大部分沿海地区，分布范围较广^[4]。滨海盐碱地土壤含盐量过高，盐分组成以氯化物为主^[5]，能够适应生存的植物种类较少，常选用木麻黄Casuarina equisetifolia、乌桕Sapium sebiferum等耐盐人工植被^[6]和柽柳属Tamarix先锋树种^[7]绿化造林，而深根、肉质根系、喜酸性土壤的木兰科Magnoliaceae植物较少应用。望春玉兰Magnolia biondii系木兰科木兰属Magnolia多年生落叶乔木，为木兰科植物中典型的春花乔木，园林绿化效果好，应用前景广阔。目前，对望春玉兰的研究主要侧重于抗寒性^[8]、花色^[9]及其花蕾“辛夷”的应用研究^[10]上，而其耐盐性方面研究极少。为明确木兰科植物在滨海盐碱土种植的可能性，根据预试验的结果，选择望春玉兰为对象，采用水培法研究了氯化钠胁迫对1年生实生苗形态和生理指标的影响，并探讨了对氯化钠胁迫具有指示性的生理指标，为木兰科植物的耐盐性评价及耐盐树种或品种的筛选提供理论依据。

1. 材料与方法

1.1. 材料

以望春玉兰1年生实生苗为材料，于2019年4月定植于上口径6 cm、下口径5 cm、高8 cm的塑料盆中，栽培基质为泥炭土、珍珠岩、蛭石(体积比1∶1∶1)，每盆1株。定植后的苗木置于浙江农林大学平山基地温室中，进行常规管理。待幼苗高生长约10 cm时，挑选生长一致的幼苗转移至浙江农林大学风景园林与建筑学院智能温室中，温室培养条件为光照强度2 200~3 000 lx，光照14 h·d⁻¹，白天温度28 ℃，夜间温度25 ℃，空气相对湿度68%~75%。幼苗经去土洗净根系后置于上口径6 cm、下口径6 cm、高14 cm的玻璃培养瓶中，每瓶1株，采用1/2 Hoagland营养液进行水培，水培过程中隔3 d更换1次1/2 Hoagland营养液，不通气。

1.2. 方法

1.2.1. 试验设计

待幼苗恢复正常生长后，选取叶片数为7~8片的幼苗，于2019年7月开始进行盐胁迫处理。根据预试验结果，选取盐胁迫下苗木有明显胁迫反应，又不至于生长明显受到抑制的临界浓度作为试验浓度，设置0(对照组)和200 mmol·L⁻¹(试验组)2个氯化钠浓度处理，每处理5株，重复3次。在处理期间以设定的氯化钠浓度隔3 d更换1次培养液，于盐胁迫后的第1、3、5、7、9天清晨，采集各处理植株从下至上的第3位至第7位叶片，每处理5株植株的叶片混合后进行相应生理指标测定。

1.2.2. 盐胁迫伤害调查

分别于盐胁迫后第1、3、5、7、9天观察植株叶片的受害程度，将盐害症状分为5个级别。①0级：叶片颜色和生长正常；②1级：少量叶尖、叶缘变黄；③2级：部分叶尖变黄萎蔫，少量叶片脱落；④3级：大部分叶片变黄，萎蔫干枯，有明显落叶；⑤4级：叶片脱落较(极)严重。

1.2.3. 叶片生理指标测定

生理指标的测定参照李合生^[11]的方法，叶绿素采用乙醇提取法测定，质膜相对透性采用电导率法测定，丙二醛采用硫代巴比妥酸法测定，可溶性糖采用蒽酮比色法测定，可溶性蛋白质采用考马斯亮蓝G-250染色法测定，脯氨酸采用酸性茚三酮法测定，超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性采用氮蓝四唑法测定，过氧化物酶(POD)活性采用愈创木酚法测定。

1.3. 数据处理

采用Excel 2010处理数据、绘图，利用SPSS 22.0进行单因素方差分析、相关性分析和主成分分析。

3. 讨论

盐胁迫环境中盐分离子的浓度过高会导致植物根系吸收水分困难，引发渗透胁迫^[14]。植物通过可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖和脯氨酸等小分子有机物的合成和积累以降低水势，维持水分平衡。本研究中，望春玉兰叶片的可溶性糖质量分数随盐胁迫时间的延长呈逐渐上升的趋势，而可溶性蛋白质和脯氨酸质量分数总体呈先上升后下降的趋势，但始终高于对照。不同植物选择的主要有机渗透调节物质存在差异^[15]，本研究表明：盐胁迫后期望春玉兰主要是通过提高可溶性糖质量分数进行渗透调节的。

当盐胁迫超出细胞渗透调节作用的上限时，细胞膜会受到损伤。本研究中，随着胁迫时间的延长，望春玉兰叶片的叶绿素质量分数先升高后降低，说明胁迫初期植物通过促进自身叶绿素的合成以适应盐胁迫环境，但在长时间的盐胁迫下，过量的盐进入植物细胞，使叶绿素分解^[16]，这可能与细胞渗透调节能力下降有关。而叶片的相对电导率和丙二醛质量摩尔浓度均呈上升趋势，在胁迫结束时均较对照有显著的提高。说明在盐胁迫条件下，植物体膜结构不断膜脂过氧化，加剧细胞膜受损伤的程度。

盐胁迫下植物体内氧化还原体系的平衡被破坏，诱导产生对植物的生理功能具有破坏作用的活性氧，植物体通过提高超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶等活性氧清除剂的活性以维持植物体内活性氧代谢平衡，维护膜结构完整性。本研究中，望春玉兰叶片的超氧化物歧化酶活性随胁迫时间的延长呈逐渐上升的趋势，过氧化物酶活性呈先升高后下降的趋势。表明在胁迫前期2种酶共同参与清除活性氧，缓解氧化伤害的活动，而到胁迫后期植物体主要通过增加超氧化物歧化酶活性以增强细胞内活性氧的清除能力，保护膜系统。

盐胁迫对植物叶片生理指标的伤害表现在形态上为叶形叶色的变化。在胁迫的第1天，望春玉兰正常生长，各项生理指标均呈上升趋势；在胁迫的第3天后，望春玉兰叶片开始变黄；在胁迫的第9天，即胁迫结束时，叶片开始脱落，此时叶绿素、可溶性蛋白质、脯氨酸、过氧化物酶较前期均有所下降。

植物的耐盐性是复杂的生理生化过程，其耐盐机制涉及多种生理生化的协调作用^[17-19]。本研究主成分分析得出：盐胁迫下望春玉兰的丙二醛质量摩尔浓度、可溶性糖质量分数和超氧化物歧化酶活性具有绝对值较大的负荷系数。说明这3个指标可能是望春玉兰受到盐胁迫时起关键作用的生理指标，这3个指标在盐胁迫下的生理表现也一致。

由于植物耐盐性受多基因控制，不同生长发育阶段及生态环境条件下，基因表达存在差异，耐盐性强弱表现也不同。而本研究采用水培法对1年生幼苗进行盐胁迫处理，所用望春玉兰植株偏小，未进行不同大小植株的比较，因此结果不能完全代替成株期的抗盐性情况。且本研究选用的氯化钠浓度为望春玉兰的耐盐临界浓度，与各地滨海盐渍土的实际含盐量存在一定的差异。因此，还需在植物的各个生长阶段采用大田试验进一步验证，以获得更加客观的耐盐性评价结果。

4. 结论

望春玉兰体内的各项生理指标对盐胁迫均有一定的响应。盐胁迫下望春玉兰幼苗的相对电导率和丙二醛质量摩尔浓度持续增加，可溶性蛋白质、脯氨酸、叶绿素质量分数与过氧化物酶活性在短期胁迫下能有所上升以减缓盐害，而可溶性糖质量分数和超氧化物歧化酶活性在长时间的胁迫下仍能保持较高水平以进行渗透保护和清除活性氧等活动，从而减弱细胞膜损伤程度。对耐盐性生理指标的主成分分析发现：丙二醛质量摩尔浓度、可溶性糖质量分数、超氧化物歧化酶活性对望春玉兰的指示性最强，可以作为望春玉兰等木兰科植物盐胁迫耐性强弱的主要生理指标。

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	相对电导率	丙二醛	叶绿素	可溶性糖	可溶性蛋白	脯氨酸	SOD	POD
相对电导率	1
丙二醛	0.868	1
叶绿素	−0.071	0.297	1
可溶性糖	0.906*	0.966**	0.100	1
可溶性蛋白	0.260	0.139	−0.090	0.002	1
脯氨酸	0.006	0.255	0.484	0.305	−0.873	1
SOD	0.502	0.818	0.460	0.680	0.356	0.047	1
POD	0.019	0.407	0.982**	0.238	−0.205	0.610	0.512	1
说明：表示差异显著(P＜0.05)，*表示差异极显著(P＜0.01)

指标	主成分1	主成分2	指标	主成分1	主成分2
相对电导率	0.721	0.549	脯氨酸	0.425	−0.793
丙二醛	0.958	0.260	超氧化物歧化酶	0.837	0.207
叶绿素	0.549	−0.616	过氧化物酶	0.651	−0.640
可溶性糖	0.882	0.292	特征值	3.821	2.491
可溶性蛋白	0.023	0.759	贡献率/%	47.758	31.134