Volume 40 Issue 1
Jan.  2023
Turn off MathJax
Article Contents

YU Bao. Characteristics and impact factors of self-pruning in natural Larix gmelinii forest[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2023, 40(1): 209-216. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20220220
Citation: YU Bao. Characteristics and impact factors of self-pruning in natural Larix gmelinii forest[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2023, 40(1): 209-216. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20220220

Characteristics and impact factors of self-pruning in natural Larix gmelinii forest

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20220220
  • Received Date: 2022-03-16
  • Accepted Date: 2022-09-14
  • Rev Recd Date: 2022-09-10
  • Available Online: 2023-01-18
  • Publish Date: 2023-01-17
  •   Objective  This paper, with an analysis of the natural pruning laws of natural forests, is aimed to clarify the indicators and main influencing factors of natural pruning so as to provide a basis for forest tending, optimizing stand structure and promoting natural pruning.   Method  First, with measured data collected of a total of 1 279 standing trees in 32 plots in the middle and young Xing’an larch (Larix gmelinii) natural forest, a correlation analysis with forest trees and stand factors was conducted to explore the natural pruning laws of forest stand with different structures using the height under live branches, the proportion of the height under live branches in tree height, the height under dead branches, the proportion of the height under dead branches in tree height, the difference between the height under live branches and the height under dead branches as natural pruning indicators. Then, on this basis, the stepwise regression analysis was carried out to determine the main factors that were likely to affect the natural pruning.   Result  The average value for the height under live branches, the proportion of the height under live branches in tree height, the height under dead branches, the proportion of the height under dead branches in tree height, and the difference between the height under live branches and the height under dead branches in Xing’an larch natural forest were: 4.8 m , 46.4%, 2.8 m, 25.2%, 1.4 m. The natural pruning indicators of the forest stands with different densities and aggregation coefficients were extremely significantly different (P<0.01). The factors affecting natural pruning include tree diameter at breast height (DBH), tree height, tree crown width, tree age, stand average DBH, stand average tree height, stand density, and aggregation coefficient. Except for the proportion of the height under dead branches in tree height, the other four natural pruning indicators were all affected by several factors, without a significant consistency in the indicators affected by each factor and among them, the forest stand density and aggregation coefficient, which were significantly and negatively correlated with the three indicators of the height under dead branches, the proportion of the height under dead branches in tree height, and the difference between the height under live branches and the height under dead branches, whereas the other factors were extremely positively correlated with the natural pruning indicators, showing extremely significant (P<0.01) or significant (P<0.05) positive correlation. Stepwise regression analysis indicated that tree height, tree age, stand average tree height and stand average DBH were the main affecting factors in natural pruning of which, the height under live branches was mainly affected by the tree height and age, the proportion of the height under live branches in tree height was mainly affected by the tree age, while the height under dead branches was mainly affected by the stand average tree height. The difference between the height under live branches and the height under dead branches were mainly affected by the stand average DBH and the tree height.   Conclusion  The four factors, including the tree height and age, stand average tree height and stand average DBH, are the main influencing factors in natural pruning. The four indicators such as the height under live branches, the proportion of the height under live branches in tree height, the height under dead branches, and the difference between the height under live branches and the height under dead branches can be used to better characterize natural pruning. Among them, the height under live branches and the proportion of the height under live branches in tree height are mainly affected by forest tree factors, and the height under dead branches, the difference between the height under dead branches and the height under live branches are mainly affected by forest stand factors. If the forest stand growth is better, it can promote natural pruning, but has no effect on the shedding rate of dead branches. The increase of stand density and aggregation coefficient not only promotes natural pruning, but also accelerates the shedding of dead branches. [Ch, 5 tab. 26 ref.]
  • [1] LI Rui, ZOU Xingchen, CHENG Chang, SHI Zhengyang, PENG Xiaojing, LIU Jingwen, LIU Qianqian, HE Kangning.  The impact of stand structure and soil nutrients on herbaceous diversity in natural secondary Betula platyphylla forests in eastern Qinghai Province . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2024, 41(6): 1-10. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240383
    [2] LIANG Chuxin, FAN Tao, CHEN Peiyun.  Stoichiometric characteristics and influencing factors of soil C, N and P in Pinus yunnanensis forests under different restoration modes on rocky desertification slope land in eastern Yunnan . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2023, 40(3): 511-519. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20220417
    [3] DU Fangfang, TONG Genping, GUO Rui, JIANG Niwen, YE Zhengqian, FU Weijun.  Spatial heterogeneity of soil nutrients and the influencing factors in Zhejiang subtropical nature reserve . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2023, 40(1): 145-154. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20220213
    [4] WU Danting, WU Chuping, SHENG Weixing, JIAO Jiejie, JIANG Bo, ZHU Jinru, YUAN Weigao.  Interspecific association dynamics of Nanmu natural forest in Jiande, Zhejiang Province . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2021, 38(4): 671-681. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20200565
    [5] WANG Lei, CUI Ming, LIU Yuguo, ZHOU Mengling, WU Jianhong, ZHOU Taolong.  Relationship between stand growth and impact factors in karst area . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2020, 37(6): 1036-1044. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20190762
    [6] ZHANG Huafeng, CHEN Siyu, LIU Gang, WANG Yixiang.  Effects of sanitation cutting pine wilt diseased trees on the stand structure of pure Pinus massoniana plantation . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2020, 37(4): 745-751. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20190487
    [7] YU Bao.  Characteristics and impact factors of space utilization of young and middle-aged natural Larix gmelinii forests . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2020, 37(3): 407-415. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20190382
    [8] YU Bao.  Classification and management technology of trees in overcut forests of Larix gmelinii . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2017, 34(2): 349-354. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2017.02.020
    [9] WANG Yang, MIN Shuifa, JIANG Xiongbo, ZHENG Deguo, SONG Congwen, ZHANG Dingqing, FU Qiusheng, CHEN Wenxue.  Selection criteria for superior Toona ciliata trees in natural forests of Hubei . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2016, 33(5): 841-848. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2016.05.016
    [10] YU Bao, ZHANG Qiuliang, WANG Liming, SA Rula.  Distribution pattern for regeneration of a middle to young cut-over Larix gmelinii forest . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2015, 32(3): 346-352. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2015.03.003
    [11] WANG Dongliang, JIN Hexian, FAN Likun, TANG Yuli.  Distribution and influencing factors of three-dimensional green biomass for artificial greenbelts in sanatoriums . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2013, 30(4): 529-535. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2013.04.011
    [12] ZHANG Zhen, ZHANG Han-guo, ZHANG Lei, ZHU Hang-yong, LI Xue-feng.  Diversity analysis with RAPD for natural and breeding populations of Larix gmelinii . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2012, 29(1): 130-136. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2012.01.022
    [13] WANG Qun, ZHANG Jin-chi, TIAN Yue-liang, YE Li-xin, LIU Sheng-long.  Stand spatial structure of a natural mixed forest in the Fengyang Mountains of Zhejiang . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2012, 29(6): 875-882. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2012.06.011
    [14] YU Bao, ZHANG Qiu-liang, WANG Li-ming, WU Jisiguleng.  Characteristics of biomass and productivity in Larix gmelinii natural forests with different stand structures . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2011, 28(1): 52-58. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2011.01.009
    [15] JIANG Hai-yan, YAN Wei.  Distribution of soil microorganism in Larix gmelinii forests of the Great Xing’an Mountains,Inner Mongolia . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2010, 27(2): 228-232. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2010.02.011
    [16] GONG Zhi-wen, KANG Xin-gang, GU Li, ZHAO Jun-hui, ZHENG Yan-feng, YANG Hua.  Research methods on natural forest stand structure:a review . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2009, 26(3): 434-443.
    [17] LIU Chun-hua.  Community characteristics and growth of natural forest and plantation of Cyclobalanopsis chungii LIU Chun-hua . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2005, 22(1): 56-60.
    [18] PENG Jian-song, CHAI Yong, MENG Guang-tao, FANG Xiang-jing, LI Gui-xiang, HE Li-ping.  Gap characteristics in the natural forests of Pinus yunnanensis alone the Jinshajiang Basin in Yunnan Province . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2005, 22(1): 50-55.
    [19] CHEN Shuang-lin, WU Bo-lin, WU Ming, ZHANGDe-ming, CAO Yong-hui, YANG Qing-ping.  A study of the interannual succession rule and influential factors of young stands structures of Phyllostachys pubescens . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2004, 21(4): 393-397.
    [20] LIN Jin-guo, XU Chun-jin, CHEN Ci-lu, ZHANG Wen-fu.  Comparative study on physical and mechanical properties of Castanopsis kawakamii wood from plantation and natural forest . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 1999, 16(4): 397-400.
  • [1]
    YU Bao. Research status and trend on pruning technology of forest tree [J]. Forestry Science &Technology, 2019, 44(5): 54 − 57.
    [2]
    MAKELLA A. A carbon balance model of growth and self-pruning in trees based on structural relationships [J]. Forest Science, 1997, 43(1): 7 − 23.
    [3]
    KINT V, HEIN S, CAMPIOLI M, et al. Modelling self-pruning and branch attributes for young Quercus robur L. and Fagus sylvatica L. trees [J]. Forest Ecology and Management, 2010, 260(11): 2023 − 2034.
    [4]
    SUN Honggang, ZHANG Jianguo, DUAN Aiguo. Study on the self-pruning of Chinese fir plantation [J]. Forest Research, 2014, 27(5): 626 − 630.
    [5]
    ZHU Wei. Research on the rclative model of stand density and height under branches in Pinus massoniana plantation [J]. Forest Science and Technology, 1999, 3(2): 8 − 10.
    [6]
    DUAN Guangshuang, LI Xuedong, FENG Yan, et al. Generalized nonlinear mixed-effects crown base height model of Larix principis-rupprechtii natural secondary forests [J]. Journal of Nanjing Forestry University (Natural Sciences Edition), 2018, 42(2): 170 − 176.
    [7]
    LIU Shifang. Studies on variations in the canopy-layer of prince ruppreeht’s larch forest [J]. Journal of Northwest Forestry College, 1994, 9(1): 22 − 26.
    [8]
    MA Liqiang, YU Bao, WANG Liming, et al. Single tree height growth models of Larix gmelinii natural forest [J]. Journal of Nanjing Forestry University (Natural Sciences Edition), 2013, 37(2): 169 − 172.
    [9]
    NEWTON M, LACHENBRUCH B, ROBBINS J M, et al. Branch diameter and longevity linked to plantation spacing and rectangularity in young Douglas-fir [J]. Forest Ecology and Management, 2011, 266: 75 − 82.
    [10]
    WANG Chunsheng, ZENG Jie. Research advances in forest tree pruning [J]. World Forestry Research, 2016, 29(3): 65 − 70.
    [11]
    HEIN S, MÄKINEN H, YUE Chaofang, et al. Modelling branch characteristics of Norway spruce from wide spacings in Germany [J]. Forest Ecology and Management, 2007, 242(2/3): 155 − 164.
    [12]
    NEILSEN W A, PINKARD E A. Effects of green pruning on growth of Pinus radiata [J]. Canadian Journal of Forest Reserarch, 2003, 33(11): 2067 − 2073.
    [13]
    ALCORN P J, BAUHUS J, THOMAS D S, et al. Photosynthetic response to green crown pruning in young plantation-grown Eucalyptus pilularis and E. cloeziana [J]. Forest Ecology and Management, 2008, 255(11): 3827 − 3838.
    [14]
    MEDHURST J L, PINKARAD E A, BEADLE C L, et al. Photosynthetic capacity increases in Acacia melanoxylon following form pruning in a two-species plantation [J]. Forest Ecology and Management, 2006, 233(2/3): 250 − 259.
    [15]
    REN Shiqi, CHEN Jianbo, ZHOU Wei, et al. Effects of pruning on the growth and photosynthetic physiology of Eucalyptus urophylla × E. grandis [J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2013, 32(11): 2978 − 2984.
    [16]
    ALCORN P J, BAUHUS J, SMITH R G B, et al. Growth response following green crown pruning in plantation-grown Eucalyptus pilularis and Eucalyptus cloeziana [J]. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 2008, 38(4): 770 − 781.
    [17]
    GUO Minghui. The effect of silvicultural measures on radial growth properties of Pinus koralensis pantations [J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2003, 39(5): 100 − 104.
    [18]
    CHEN Senkun, YIN Weilun, LIU Xiaodong, et al. Short effects of pruning on growth of poplar (Populus × euramericana cv. ‘7476’) [J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2008, 44(7): 130 − 135.
    [19]
    RITCHIE M W, HANN D W. Equations for Predicting Height to Crown Base for Fourteen Tree Species in Southwest Oregon[D]. Corvallis: Oregon State University, 1987.
    [20]
    RIJAL B, WEISKITTEL A R, KERSHAW J A. Development of height to crown base models for thirteen tree species of the North American Acadian region [J]. Forestry Chronicle, 2012, 88(1): 60 − 73.
    [21]
    FU Liyong, ZHANG Huiru, SHARMA R P, et al. A generalized nonlinear mixed-effects height to crown base model for Mongolian oak in northeast China [J]. Forest Ecology and Management, 2017, 384(1): 34 − 43.
    [22]
    YU Bao, WU Jisiguleng, WANG Baitian, et al. Analysis of crown growth characteristics in Larix gmelinii natural forest [J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2010, 46(5): 41 − 48.
    [23]
    YU Bao, ZANG Qiuliang, WANG Liming. Comprehensive characteristics of the vertical structure middle young over cutting forest in Larix gmelinii [J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2015, 51(1): 132 − 139.
    [24]
    HASENAUER H, MONSERUD R A. A crown ratio model for Austrian forests [J]. Forest Ecology and Management, 1996, 84(1): 49 − 60.
    [25]
    CUI Zeyu, ZHANG Huaiqing, ZUO Yuanqing, et al. The distribution of under branch heights in various directions of the three-dimensional Chinese fir model [J]. Journal of Nanjing Forestry University (Natural Sciences Edition), 2022, 46(1): 81 − 87.
    [26]
    ZHU Nianfu, ZHANG Huaiqing, CUI Zeyu, et al. Visual simulation of Chinese fir under branch height in consideration of spatial structure [J]. Journal of Nanjing Forestry University (Natural Sciences Edition), 2022, 46(1): 51 − 57.
  • 加载中
通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
  • 1. 

    沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

  1. 本站搜索
  2. 百度学术搜索
  3. 万方数据库搜索
  4. CNKI搜索

Tables(5)

Article views(369) PDF downloads(55) Cited by()

Related
Proportional views

Characteristics and impact factors of self-pruning in natural Larix gmelinii forest

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20220220

Abstract:   Objective  This paper, with an analysis of the natural pruning laws of natural forests, is aimed to clarify the indicators and main influencing factors of natural pruning so as to provide a basis for forest tending, optimizing stand structure and promoting natural pruning.   Method  First, with measured data collected of a total of 1 279 standing trees in 32 plots in the middle and young Xing’an larch (Larix gmelinii) natural forest, a correlation analysis with forest trees and stand factors was conducted to explore the natural pruning laws of forest stand with different structures using the height under live branches, the proportion of the height under live branches in tree height, the height under dead branches, the proportion of the height under dead branches in tree height, the difference between the height under live branches and the height under dead branches as natural pruning indicators. Then, on this basis, the stepwise regression analysis was carried out to determine the main factors that were likely to affect the natural pruning.   Result  The average value for the height under live branches, the proportion of the height under live branches in tree height, the height under dead branches, the proportion of the height under dead branches in tree height, and the difference between the height under live branches and the height under dead branches in Xing’an larch natural forest were: 4.8 m , 46.4%, 2.8 m, 25.2%, 1.4 m. The natural pruning indicators of the forest stands with different densities and aggregation coefficients were extremely significantly different (P<0.01). The factors affecting natural pruning include tree diameter at breast height (DBH), tree height, tree crown width, tree age, stand average DBH, stand average tree height, stand density, and aggregation coefficient. Except for the proportion of the height under dead branches in tree height, the other four natural pruning indicators were all affected by several factors, without a significant consistency in the indicators affected by each factor and among them, the forest stand density and aggregation coefficient, which were significantly and negatively correlated with the three indicators of the height under dead branches, the proportion of the height under dead branches in tree height, and the difference between the height under live branches and the height under dead branches, whereas the other factors were extremely positively correlated with the natural pruning indicators, showing extremely significant (P<0.01) or significant (P<0.05) positive correlation. Stepwise regression analysis indicated that tree height, tree age, stand average tree height and stand average DBH were the main affecting factors in natural pruning of which, the height under live branches was mainly affected by the tree height and age, the proportion of the height under live branches in tree height was mainly affected by the tree age, while the height under dead branches was mainly affected by the stand average tree height. The difference between the height under live branches and the height under dead branches were mainly affected by the stand average DBH and the tree height.   Conclusion  The four factors, including the tree height and age, stand average tree height and stand average DBH, are the main influencing factors in natural pruning. The four indicators such as the height under live branches, the proportion of the height under live branches in tree height, the height under dead branches, and the difference between the height under live branches and the height under dead branches can be used to better characterize natural pruning. Among them, the height under live branches and the proportion of the height under live branches in tree height are mainly affected by forest tree factors, and the height under dead branches, the difference between the height under dead branches and the height under live branches are mainly affected by forest stand factors. If the forest stand growth is better, it can promote natural pruning, but has no effect on the shedding rate of dead branches. The increase of stand density and aggregation coefficient not only promotes natural pruning, but also accelerates the shedding of dead branches. [Ch, 5 tab. 26 ref.]

YU Bao. Characteristics and impact factors of self-pruning in natural Larix gmelinii forest[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2023, 40(1): 209-216. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20220220
Citation: YU Bao. Characteristics and impact factors of self-pruning in natural Larix gmelinii forest[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2023, 40(1): 209-216. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20220220
  • 自然整枝规律是人工整枝的理论基础和重要依据,也是林木适应生长环境的具体反映,与林木特性、林木生长状况、林分密度有关[1]。在合理的林分密度和经营措施下,林木具有较强的自然整枝能力。自然整枝能力强弱直接影响木材质量,决定无节材的出材量,是林分结构合理与否的表现。当前,自然整枝的研究主要围绕杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata、夏栎Quercus robur、山毛榉Fagus sylvatica、欧洲赤松Pinus sylvestris、马尾松Pinus massoniana等人工速生树种和用材林[25],而对天然林自然整枝规律的研究较少,需要扩大研究范围。天然林年龄、密度、空间格局较人工林复杂得多,自然整枝规律有诸多影响因素,需要深入研究。目前,天然林自然整枝的研究主要围绕华北落叶松Larix principis-rupprechtii [67]等少数树种,并且多数研究采用的指标为活枝下高[6]和树冠比率(树冠长度/树高)[4]等,而基于死枝下高相关指标的研究还鲜见报道。死枝下高是表征自然整枝好与差的重要因素之一,自然整枝不仅关系到活枝下高变化规律,也涉及到死枝的形成规律和脱落速度[8]等。

    从人工整枝相关研究中不难发现,保持合理的林分密度[9]、枝条数量[1013]、修枝强度[1418]、树冠结构[1921]、叶面积对林分生长、林分结构、林分质量非常重要。但目前在森林抚育经营中普遍存在过度突出人工整枝而忽略森林自然整枝能力的现象。除了对木材有特殊规格和质量要求之外,一般的森林经营管理可遵循自然修复理念,充分利用自然力量来解决林木整枝问题。因此,如何提升森林自然整枝能力,减少人工投入问题是当前面临的重要课题。鉴于此,本研究以中幼龄兴安落叶松Larix gmelinii天然林为研究对象,采用死枝下高、活枝下高与死枝下高差等指标分析林木和林分因子同自然整枝的关系,揭示影响自然整枝的主要因子。

    • 研究地点位于内蒙古大兴安岭森林生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站(50°49′~50°51′N,121°30′~121°31′E),该区海拔为800~1 100 m,属寒温带湿润气候区,年均气温为−5.4 ℃,最低气温为−50.0 ℃,≥10 ℃年积温为1 403 ℃。年降水量为450~550 mm,其中60%的降水集中在7—8月,全年无霜期为80 d。林下土壤为棕色针叶林土、灰色森林土和黑钙土,土层厚度为20~40 cm,基岩以花岗岩与玄武岩为主。森林属于寒温带针叶林,代表性乔木有兴安落叶松、白桦Betula platyphylla、山杨Populus davidiana等;灌木有杜鹃Rhododendron dahuricum等;草本植物有红花鹿蹄草Pyrola incarnate、舞鹤草Maianthemum bifolium等。

    • 设置32块样地(表1),进行胸径(DBH)≥5 cm的林木每木检尺,测量胸径、树高、冠幅、枝下高(死枝和活枝)等指标。在每木检尺的基础上,每块样地选择优势木、平均木、被压木各1株[22],进行树干解析测定年龄。将样地按5 m×5 m进行网格化设置若干个小样方,测定林木相对位置。用方差/均值比率法[23],求算林木聚集系数,检验林木分布格局。公式及判别标准:V/$ \overline X $$ V = \displaystyle \sum\limits_{i = 1}^n {{{{{\left( {{X_i} - \overline X} \right)}^2}} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{{{\left( {{X_i} - \bar X} \right)}^2}} {\left( {n - 1} \right)}}} \right. } {\left( {n - 1} \right)}}} $$ \overline X =\displaystyle \sum\limits_{i = 1}^n {{{{X_i}} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{{X_i}} n}} \right. } n}} $。其中:V为样本方差;$ \overline X $为样本均值;n为样方数;Xi为第i样方样本数。当0≤V/$ \overline X $<0.5时,林木为均匀分布;当0.5≤V/$ \overline X $<1.5时,林木为随机分布;当V/$ \overline X $≥1.5时,林木为聚集分布。

      样地
      编号
      样地面
      积/m2
      平均胸
      径/cm
      平均树
      高/m
      林分密度/
      (株·hm−2)
      树种组成空间格局样地
      编号
      样地面
      积/m2
      平均胸
      径/cm
      平均树
      高/m
      林分密度/
      (株·hm−2)
      树种组成空间格局
      1 1 256 8.2 7.8 2 792 8落1桦1杨 聚集分布 17 1 256 13.6 12.4 983 9落1桦 均匀分布
      2 1 256 14.4 9.6 315 7落3杨 聚集分布 18 1 256 26.9 23.5 550 10落 聚集分布
      3 1 256 10.9 10.1 708 8落2桦 随机分布 19 1 256 12.1 12.2 1 258 10落 随机分布
      4 1 256 12.5 9.4 1 533 9落1桦 聚集分布 20 1 256 7.9 6.4 1 180 10落-桦 随机分布
      5 1 256 9.3 9.2 1 062 8落2桦 聚集分布 21 1 256 7.4 9.3 1 966 6落4桦 随机分布
      6 1 256 15.9 8.9 865 10落 随机分布 22 1 256 10.1 8.7 2 359 8落2桦 聚集分布
      7 1 256 8.7 8.1 1 494 8落2桦 随机分布 23 1 256 10.0 10.1 1 573 6落4桦 随机分布
      8 1 256 10.8 9.0 1 533 6落4桦 随机分布 24 1 256 11.3 9.5 2 320 10落 随机分布
      9 1 256 12.9 9.8 1 691 9落1桦 随机分布 25 1 600 9.6 10.7 2 775 7落3桦+杨 聚集分布
      10 1 256 7.7 7.7 3 106 6落4桦 聚集分布 26 1 600 12.0 10.9 1 750 6落3桦1杨 聚集分布
      11 1 256 10.0 10.4 1 101 7落3桦 随机分布 27 1 600 12.8 12.1 1 425 7落3桦+杨 随机分布
      12 1 256 6.1 6.8 3 263 7落3桦+杨 聚集分布 28 900 12.2 10.3 1 367 8落2桦 随机分布
      13 1 256 8.9 8.0 2 398 10落+桦 随机分布 29 900 11.8 10.5 2 067 8落1桦1杨 聚集分布
      14 1 256 10.5 10.1 1 533 9落1桦 随机分布 30 900 12.7 11.1 1 722 7落3桦-杨 聚集分布
      15 1 256 9.2 11.8 2 241 10落 随机分布 31 900 11.4 10.2 2 233 7落3桦 聚集分布
      16 1 256 12.8 9.7 2 045 9落1桦-杨 聚集分布 32 1 200 15.5 10.0 892 9落1桦-杨 随机分布
        说明:落表示兴安落叶松;桦表示白桦;杨表示山杨;树种组成中的数字为树种组成系数,表示各树种的胸高断面积占林分总胸高断面积的比例,用十分法表示。+表示该树种胸高断面积占林分总胸高断面积的2%~5%,−表示该树种胸高断面积少于林分总胸高断面积的2%

      Table 1.  Survey of sample plots

    • 以活枝下高、活枝下高占树高比例、死枝下高、死枝下高占树高比例、活枝下高与死枝下高差等5个指标作为自然整枝强度指标。其中:活枝下高和死枝下高是指树冠4个方向中分别从第1个活枝[24]和第1个死枝到地面的高度。用Excel进行数据计算及处理,SPSS 24.0进行数据统计分析。依据Pearson相关系数和双侧显著性检验结果,筛选影响自然整枝的相关因子。对自然整枝指标同显著相关的因子进行逐步回归分析,确定其主要影响因子。为分析不同密度和空间格局的林分自然整枝规律,将林分密度划分为≤1 000、1 000~2 000、2 000~3 000、>3 000株·hm−2等4个密度水平,将聚集系数划分为≤0.5、0.5~1.5、1.5~2.5、>2.5等4个梯度进行讨论。

    • 表2可以看出:活枝下高、活枝下高占树高比例、死枝下高、死枝下高占树高比例、活枝下高与死枝下高差的平均值分别为4.8 m、46.4%、2.8 m、25.2%、1.4 m。林分密度为315~3 263株·hm−2的林分活枝下高为2.5~5.0 m,活枝下高占树高比例为35.7%~50.0%,死枝下高为1.9~4.6 m,死枝下高占树高比例为22.8%~27.3%,活枝下高与死枝下高差为0.4~3.8 m。从表3可见:林分密度对自然整枝的影响明显,不同密度的林分自然整枝差异极显著(P<0.01)。天然林密度大小直接反映林分所处的生长阶段,中幼龄林密度对自然整枝影响较复杂,与密度范围有关。随着林分密度的增加,活枝下高呈先上升再下降的趋势,当林分密度为1 000~2 000株·hm−2时,活枝下高达到最高值(表2),当林分密度大于3 000株·hm−2时,活枝下高明显下降,这可能是林分密度、年龄、胸径和树高等多因子综合影响的结果,尤其树高和胸径是描述林分结构和竞争程度的重要变量,与林木枝下高有密切关系[8]。随着林分密度的增加,活枝下高占树高比例总体呈上升趋势,林分密度为2 000~3 000株·hm−2时,达到最高值(表2),但林分密度超过3 000株·hm−2时有所下降趋势。随着密度的增加,死枝下高、死枝下高占树高比例、活枝下高与死枝下高差均呈下降趋势。说明密度增加时,抑制了林木冠幅的生长,使死枝数量增加并且增加了死枝脱落速度。空间结构对林木生长和自然整枝有较大影响[2526]。不同聚集系数的林分自然整枝差异极显著(表3) (P<0.01)。聚集系数为0.302~5.449的林分活枝下高为4.6~6.4 m(表2),活枝下高占树高比例为43.5%~50.9%;死枝下高为1.6~4.2 m,死枝下高占树高比例为17.8%~28.2%;活枝下高与死枝下高差为0.9~4.5 m。随着聚集系数增长,活枝下高占树高比例呈明显上升趋势,死枝下高占树高比例呈明显下降趋势,死枝下高总体上呈下降趋势,而其他指标变化不明显。说明林木分布格局由均匀分布向随机分布和聚集分布转变或者林木聚集程度的增加,能够促进林木自然整枝。

      林分密度/(株·hm−2)h1/mh1/H/%h2/mh2/H/%h1h2/m聚集系数h1/mh1/H/%h2/mh2/H/%h1h2/m
      ≤1 000 4.1 36.5 4.6 27.3 3.8 ≤0.5 6.4 43.5 4.0 28.2 2.4
      1 000~2 000 5.0 46.3 2.7 24.5 1.1 0.5~1.5 4.8 44.9 2.7 26.3 1.0
      2 000~3 000 4.9 50.0 2.5 25.6 1.0 1.5~2.5 4.6 45.8 4.2 22.5 4.5
      >3 000 2.5 35.7 1.9 22.8 0.4 >2.5 5.0 50.9 1.6 17.8 0.9
        说明:h1表示活枝下高;h1/H表示活枝下高与树高比例;h2表示死枝下高;h2/H表示死枝下高与树高比例;h1h2表示活枝下高与死枝下高差

      Table 2.  Tree height under branches of different densities and clustered coefficients

      因子变差来源林分密度水平聚集系数水平
      离差平方和自由度均方FP离差平方和自由度均方FP
      h1 组间 1 492.568 30 49.752 11.594 0.000 1 511.841 31 48.769 11.397 0.000
      组内 5 355.457 1 248 4.291 5 336.184 1 247 4.279
      总和 6 848.025 1 278 6 848.025 1 278
      h2 组间 108.033 13 8.310 5.745 0.000 108.033 13 8.310 5.745 0.000
      组内 69.435 48 1.447 69.435 48 1.447
      总和 177.469 61 177.469 61
      h1/H 组间 6.559 30 0.219 9.392 0.000 6.889 31 0.222 9.648 0.000
      组内 29.052 1 248 0.023 28.723 1 247 0.023
      总和 35.612 1 278 35.612 1 278
      h2/H 组间 0.619 13 0.048 4.683 0.000 0.619 13 0.048 4.683 0.000
      组内 0.488 48 0.010 0.488 48 0.010
      总和 1.107 61 1.107 61
      h1h2 组间 107.057 13 8.235 7.561 0.000 107.057 13 8.235 7.561 0.000
      组内 52.278 48 1.089 52.278 48 1.089
      总和 159.334 61 159.334 61
        说明:h1表示活枝下高;h1/H表示活枝下高与树高比例;h2表示死枝下高;h2/H表示死枝下高与树高比例;h1h2表示活枝下高与死枝下高差

      Table 3.  Anova of tree height under branches in different densities and clustered coefficients

    • 相关性分析表明:胸径、树高、冠幅、年龄等林木因子影响自然整枝(表4)。其中:胸径和树高与活枝下高、活枝下高占树高比例、死枝下高、活枝下高与死枝下高差等4个指标呈极显著正相关(P<0.01);林木冠幅与活枝下高、死枝下高、活枝下高与死枝下高差等3个指标呈极显著(P <0.01)和显著(P<0.05)正相关;林木年龄与活枝下高、活枝下高占树高比例等2个指标呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。说明林木个体长势越好,越能促进形成死枝并脱落,活枝下高和死枝下高同时上升,自然整枝就越好,但相比之下,活枝下高的上升速度大于死枝下高,即出现树枝死亡速度大于脱落速度,因此两者高差呈加大趋势。随着林木冠幅变大,对下层枝的遮光作用也变大,其光合作用减少,从而加速死枝的形成,促进自然整枝。尽管随林木年龄增长,自然整枝力度也增强,但主要表现在活枝下高等指标上,与死枝下高等指标无显著相关。随着自然整枝能力的增强,出现更多死枝并逐渐脱落,活枝下高和死枝下高随之逐渐上升,两者呈极显著相关(P<0.01)。死枝下高占树高比例除了与活枝下高呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)以外,与其他林木因子均无显著相关,这说明死枝下高占树高比例不适合作为自然整枝强度指标。

      因子林木因子林分因子
      林木胸径林木树高活枝下高冠幅
      林木年龄平均胸径平均树高林分密度聚集系数
      h1 0.481** 0.660** 0.290** 0.649** 0.217** 0.354**
      h1/H 0.101** 0.130** 0.805** 0.524** 0.115** 0.110** 0.087**
      h2 0.418** 0.467** 0.816** 0.279* 0.449** 0.502** −0.308* −0.305*
      h2/H 0.436** −0.270*
      h1h2 0.716** 0.748** 0.792** 0.714** 0.106 0.769** 0.765** −0.476**
        说明:h1表示活枝下高;h1/H表示活枝下高与树高比例;h2表示死枝下高;h2/H表示死枝下高与树高比例;h1h2表示活枝下高与死枝下高差。*表示相关显著(P<0.05);**表示相关极显著(P<0.01);−表示相关不显著

      Table 4.  Correlation coefficients of height under branches, trees fators and stand factors

    • 相关性分析表明:平均胸径和平均树高、林分密度、聚集系数等林分因子影响自然整枝(表4)。其中,平均胸径和平均树高的影响相近,与活枝下高、活枝下高占树高比例(与平均胸径不相关)、死枝下高、活枝下高与死枝下高差等呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),说明林分长势越好,林分自然整枝越强。林分密度与活枝下高占树高比例呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与死枝下高、活枝下高与死枝下高差分别呈显著(P<0.05)和极显著(P<0.01)负相关。这可能与林分密度范围有关以外,不同密度或相近密度的林分因林木分布格局的差异导致影响程度不同;天然林因林木年龄和个体大小(胸径、树高、冠幅)差异,自然整枝力度和进度不同;天然林密度水平与其生长阶段密切相关,例如中幼龄林的林分密度相对大,林木年龄偏小、树高仍处在速生期等。这使得林分密度对自然整枝的影响较复杂,自然整枝表现为各因子综合影响的结果。林分密度增加时林木冠幅和胸径生长受到抑制,促使树冠下层出现更多死枝,而越早形成的死枝因基径越细,枝长越短而更容易脱落,将会加快死枝脱落速度,缩短死枝脱落所需时间。因此,活枝下高与死枝下高差缩小,活枝下高占树高比例增加,但因树高生长处在速生期,使死枝下高相对趋于下降。聚集系数同活枝下高占树高比例呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),同死枝下高、死枝下高占树高比例呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。说明林木的聚集分布有利于自然整枝,加快死枝出现速度,影响力不比林分密度弱。在5个自然整枝指标中,死枝下高占树高比例较其他指标表现弱些,只有同聚集系数有显著负相关(P<0.05),在选定天然林自然整枝强度指标时可不予采用。本研究中天然林树种组成为6落3桦1杨~10落,以兴安落叶松为主的混交林和兴安落叶松纯林均存在,组成比例变幅较大但树种组成对林木自然整枝的影响并不显著。

    • 林木和林分2个层面都有诸多因子影响自然整枝。为确定主要影响因子,把活枝下高、活枝下高占树高比例、死枝下高、活枝下高与死枝下高差等4个指标同其显著相关的8个因子(表4)进行了逐步回归分析(表5)。结果表明:主要影响因子为林木树高、林木年龄、林分平均树高和平均胸径等4个因子。其中,活枝下高的主要影响因子为林木树高和林木年龄2个因子。活枝下高占树高比例的主要影响因子为林木年龄1个因子。以上3个影响因子都是林木因子而非林分因子,说明活枝下高、活枝下高占树高比例主要受林木个体影响。死枝下高的主要影响因子为林分平均树高1个因子,活枝下高与死枝下高差的主要影响因子为林分平均胸径和林木树高2个因子。这3个影响因子既有林分因子又有林木因子,但以林分因子为主。说明死枝下高、活枝下高与死枝下高差主要受林分因子的影响。

      因子模型判定系数R2自由度FP
      h1 h1=−4.528+0.591h+0.042a 0.762 47 72.223 0.000
      HLR HLR=0.158+0.004a 0.274 47 17.389 0.000
      h2 h2=−0.189+0.297H 0.252 61 20.242 0.000
      DLH DLH=−2.872+0.22D+0.169h 0.675 61 61.230 0.000
        说明:h1表示活枝下高;h表示林木树高;a表示林木年龄;HLR表示活枝下高与树高比;h2表示死枝下高;H表示林分平均树高;DLH表示活枝下高与死枝下高差;D表示林分平均胸径

      Table 5.  Stepwise regression analysis of height under branches and influence factors

    • 自然整枝是确定林分抚育间伐开始期和评价间伐效果的依据,也是林木个体生长状况和林分结构合理性的重要表征指标[1]。研究天然林自然整枝规律,对森林抚育经营、人工林近自然化改造具有重要意义。在以往研究中,多数以活枝下高或树冠比率等单一指标作为自然整枝强度指标[4, 24]。本研究发现:死枝下高、活枝下高与死枝下高差等指标较好地表征了自然整枝。死枝下高、活枝下高与死枝下高差主要表征死枝的形成速度和脱落速度,是活枝下高等常规指标的重要补充,丰富了天然林自然整枝表征指标,这对确定合理的整枝强度提供了更多依据。相关性分析明确了影响自然整枝的林分密度和聚集系数等8个因子,这与华北落叶松、兴安落叶松等天然林的相关研究一致[6, 22]。其中,值得一提的是林分密度和聚集系数不仅促进自然整枝而且能够加速死枝的脱落。但林分密度对自然整枝的影响较复杂,与林分密度范围有关。当林分密度超过3 000株·hm−2时,活枝下高、活枝下高占树高比例下降。这与孙洪刚等[4]和朱炜[5]的研究结论一致。本研究得出:自然整枝主要影响因子中林木和林分因子均存在,这足以表明天然林自然整枝规律复杂,是诸多因子综合作用的结果。但从这些影响因子可以看出:通过优化林分结构,提升自然整枝能力是可行的,并且具有很大的潜力。这对进一步研究自然整枝机理,提升自然整枝能力,减少人工投入方面具有积极意义。影响自然整枝的因子中,本研究对相邻林木的干扰未进行分析,例如相邻木的具体方位和大小对自然整枝如何影响等。另外,不同结构林分的死枝形成大致时间以及死枝的脱落时间规律方面需要深入研究。

      本研究表明:除了死枝下高占树高比例以外的其他4个指标较好地表征自然整枝,尤其死枝下高、活枝下高与死枝下高差在描述死枝脱落速度方面具有特殊意义。活枝下高、活枝下高占树高比例主要受林木因子影响。活枝下高与死枝下高差、死枝下高主要受林分因子影响。影响自然整枝的因子有林木胸径、林木树高、林木冠幅、林木年龄、林分平均胸径、林分平均树高、林分密度、聚集系数等。其中,林木树高、林木年龄、林分平均树高、林分平均胸径等4个因子是主要影响因子。林分生长越好,越促进自然整枝,但活枝下高与死枝下高差也变大,对死枝脱落速度无促进作用。林分密度和聚集系数同活枝下高占树高比例呈极显著正相关,同其他指标呈极显著或显著负相关。随着林分密度和聚集系数的增加,不仅有利于自然整枝,而且活枝下高与死枝下高差变小,能够促进死枝形成并加速脱落。因此,可通过优化林分结构,充分利用自然整枝力,有效减少人工整枝投入。不同结构的林分自然整枝开始时间具有差异性,整枝强度随着年龄的增加将会动态变化。本研究回归模型中介入年龄因素,有利于更准确掌握自然整枝时间。

Reference (26)

Catalog

    /

    DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
    Return
    Return