Volume 39 Issue 5
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CHEN Feng, XIE Wenyuan, ZHANG Fenyao, ZHANG Peilin, CHEN Zhenghai. Diversity and endangered status of Chinese key protected wild plants in Zhejiang Province[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2022, 39(5): 923-930. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20220328
Citation: CHEN Feng, XIE Wenyuan, ZHANG Fenyao, ZHANG Peilin, CHEN Zhenghai. Diversity and endangered status of Chinese key protected wild plants in Zhejiang Province[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2022, 39(5): 923-930. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20220328

Diversity and endangered status of Chinese key protected wild plants in Zhejiang Province

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20220328
  • Received Date: 2022-04-29
  • Accepted Date: 2022-06-14
  • Rev Recd Date: 2022-06-09
  • Available Online: 2022-09-22
  • Publish Date: 2022-10-20
  •   Objective  This study, with an investigation of the diversity and endangered status of Chinese key protected wild plants (published in 2021) in Zhejiang Province and an evaluation of their respective endangerment categories, is aimed to provide reference for the design of scientific protection strategies in Zhejiang Province.   Method  On the basis of the second survey of protected wild plant resources in Zhejiang from 2013 to 2018, Flora of Zhejiang (New Edition) and other related investigations in recent years, an exploration was made of the species diversity along with an assessment of the endangered status of these threatened species in light of IUCN, China Biodiversity Red List—Higher Plants and others.   Result  (1) There are 116 Chinese key protected plants in Zhejiang and compared with the 1999 list, 3 first-class protected plants and 61 second-class protected plants were newly added, 3 species were downgraded whereas 4 species were removed. (2) They could be divided into 6 categories, among which 19 belong with the Critically Endangered (CR) species, accounting for 16.38%, 36 belong with the Endangered (EN) species, accounting for 31.03%, 30 belong with the Vulnerable (VU) species, accounting for 25.86%, 17 belong with Near Threatened species (NT) species, accounting for 14.66%, 12 belong with the Least Concern (LC) species, accounting for 10.34%, whereas 2 belong with the Data Deficiency (DD) species which accounts for 1.73%. (3) With 85 species falling into threatened species(CR, EN and VU) accounting for 73.28%, a high degree of threat was shown among the threatened plants.   Conclusion  Of the large number of Chinese key protected plants in Zhejiang Province, about 70 species have received great attention with plenty of research resources granted and favorable protection achieved and to better promote preservation of threatened species the following recommendations are made: (1) efforts should be devoted to the protection of the original habitat, the prevention of excessive interference, and the promotion of nature reserves and other types of nature reserves; (2) scientific researches should be conducted with improved field investigation methods, better collected habitat information of species with close attention paid to species genetic diversity; (3) multidisciplinary cooperation should be encouraged so as to establish and improve the protection network and form a complete breeding system. [Ch, 2 tab. 35 ref.]
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Diversity and endangered status of Chinese key protected wild plants in Zhejiang Province

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20220328

Abstract:   Objective  This study, with an investigation of the diversity and endangered status of Chinese key protected wild plants (published in 2021) in Zhejiang Province and an evaluation of their respective endangerment categories, is aimed to provide reference for the design of scientific protection strategies in Zhejiang Province.   Method  On the basis of the second survey of protected wild plant resources in Zhejiang from 2013 to 2018, Flora of Zhejiang (New Edition) and other related investigations in recent years, an exploration was made of the species diversity along with an assessment of the endangered status of these threatened species in light of IUCN, China Biodiversity Red List—Higher Plants and others.   Result  (1) There are 116 Chinese key protected plants in Zhejiang and compared with the 1999 list, 3 first-class protected plants and 61 second-class protected plants were newly added, 3 species were downgraded whereas 4 species were removed. (2) They could be divided into 6 categories, among which 19 belong with the Critically Endangered (CR) species, accounting for 16.38%, 36 belong with the Endangered (EN) species, accounting for 31.03%, 30 belong with the Vulnerable (VU) species, accounting for 25.86%, 17 belong with Near Threatened species (NT) species, accounting for 14.66%, 12 belong with the Least Concern (LC) species, accounting for 10.34%, whereas 2 belong with the Data Deficiency (DD) species which accounts for 1.73%. (3) With 85 species falling into threatened species(CR, EN and VU) accounting for 73.28%, a high degree of threat was shown among the threatened plants.   Conclusion  Of the large number of Chinese key protected plants in Zhejiang Province, about 70 species have received great attention with plenty of research resources granted and favorable protection achieved and to better promote preservation of threatened species the following recommendations are made: (1) efforts should be devoted to the protection of the original habitat, the prevention of excessive interference, and the promotion of nature reserves and other types of nature reserves; (2) scientific researches should be conducted with improved field investigation methods, better collected habitat information of species with close attention paid to species genetic diversity; (3) multidisciplinary cooperation should be encouraged so as to establish and improve the protection network and form a complete breeding system. [Ch, 2 tab. 35 ref.]

CHEN Feng, XIE Wenyuan, ZHANG Fenyao, ZHANG Peilin, CHEN Zhenghai. Diversity and endangered status of Chinese key protected wild plants in Zhejiang Province[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2022, 39(5): 923-930. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20220328
Citation: CHEN Feng, XIE Wenyuan, ZHANG Fenyao, ZHANG Peilin, CHEN Zhenghai. Diversity and endangered status of Chinese key protected wild plants in Zhejiang Province[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2022, 39(5): 923-930. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20220328
  • 植物是生物多样性的重要组成部分,在生态系统中发挥着不可替代的作用。植物资源是人和动物赖以生存的基础,是一种重要的自然资源和战略资源[1]。植物多样性保护关系着人类社会的生存与发展[2],自20世纪80年代中期以来,人类对自然资源过度利用,造成了全球生态环境的急剧变化,使植物面临着自身进化和人类干扰的双重威胁[3]。目前在中国约15%~20%的动植物处于濒危状态,远高于世界的10%~15%[4]。浙江人多地少、资源禀赋低,因早期生产经营和土地利用方式的改变、宣传教育的滞后,使得山区生态破坏较严重,导致植物濒危程度加剧,如20世纪中后期浙中地区数十年树龄的南方红豆杉Taxus mairei、三尖杉Cephalotaxus fortunei、粗榧C. sinensis等被砍伐用于柴薪[5]。到20世纪90年代,中国生态文明建设进入可持续发展阶段,生态发展理念也逐渐深入人心,政府部门制定了一系列法规政策,组织开展了第1次、第2次全国重点保护野生植物资源调查,浙江省出台了《浙江省野生植物保护办法》《浙江省重点保护野生植物名录》等文件,并组织基层林业部门与相关高校和科研单位合作[6],合力抢救濒危物种。经国务院批准,2021年9月7日,国家林业和草原局、农业农村部发布了2021年第15号公告,公布了《国家重点保护野生植物名录》(新版《名录》)。本研究基于浙江省第2次全国重点保护野生植物资源调查成果、《浙江植物志(新编)》及其他相关资料,对新版《名录》中浙江分布的国家重点保护野生植物的多样性和濒危现状作了梳理分析,以期为今后珍稀濒危植物的科学保护与可持续利用提供依据。

    • 浙江省位于中国东南沿海,东临东海,自南向北依次与福建、江西、安徽、江苏、上海相邻,27°02′~31°11′N,118°01′~123°10′E。全省陆域面积为10.55×104 km2,约占全国陆域面积的1.10%,沿海有众多岛屿[7-8]

      全省以江山—绍兴深大断裂为界线,分为东、西两大片。全省地势西南高、东北低,主要山脉均沿西南—东北方向延伸,由北往南依次为天目山脉、仙霞岭山脉、洞宫山脉,最高峰为龙泉的黄茅尖,海拔为1 929 m。西南为山区、中部为丘陵和盆地、北部为冲积平原,以分割破碎的低山和丘陵为主。主要水系有钱塘江、瓯江、椒江、甬江、飞云江、鳌江、苕溪和运河八大水系[8-9]

      浙江属典型亚热带季风型气候,季节性变化明显,气温适中,四季分明,雨量丰富,空气湿润[7]。全省地带性土壤为红壤,其他还有黄壤、黄棕壤,多属富铝土,低山、丘陵还零星分布着石灰土、紫色土等,河谷平原冲积地区、滨海平原盐渍地区、水网平原河湖相沉积地区有潮土、盐土、稻土等[810]

    • 2013—2018年,开展了浙江省第2次全国重点保护野生植物资源调查。根据调查规程及浙江实际情况,按照保护植物的分布特点:物种分布面积大且均匀的采用样方法;分布面积较大且随机或者沿特殊生境呈带状分布的采用样线法;分布数量少的采用实测法。

      《浙江植物志(新编)》编研调查启动于2014年11月,历时8 a。共组织了400余次规模不等的野外科考,地点遍布全省各地,采集和鉴定了大量标本,记录了浙江野生维管植物262科1 203属3 783种[11]

      其他调查包括:衢江千里岗、江山仙霞岭、丽水莲都峰源、东阳东江源、金华婺城南山等省级自然保护区创建的科考调查;宁波市、温州市、丽水市、安吉县等地方性植物资源调查;全省古树名木、中草药资源等专题性普查。

    • 在野外调查的基础上,对浙江分布的国家重点保护野生植物进行标本查阅以获取更完整的分布数据,共3个来源:国家标本资源共享平台(NSII, http://www.nsii.org.cn/2017/home.php);中国数字植物标本馆(CVH, https://www.cvh.ac.cn/index.php);浙江省内各植物标本馆,包括杭州植物园植物标本馆(HHBG)、浙江自然博物院植物标本馆(ZM)、杭州师范大学植物标本馆(HTC)、浙江农林大学植物标本馆(ZJFC)、丽水职业技术学院植物标本馆(LSVTC)等。剔除错误记录数据。

    • 通过网络、书籍、期刊等查阅与浙江省国家重点保护野生植物相关的研究和法律法规等。

    • 根据传统植物生活型的分类原则[12]划分生活型;根据野外调查、访问相关专家及植物爱好者和标本记录,参考张光富等[13]的数量评估标准进行储量评估;根据物种在县级的分布情况进行地理分布分析;根据物种分布特点及浙江地形地貌划分分布型;依据世界自然保护联盟(IUCN,https://www.iucn.org/)、《中国生物多样性红色名录——高等植物卷》(http://www.mee.gov.cn/gkml/hbb/bgg/201309/t20130912_260061.htm)、中国高等植物受威胁物种名录等资料[14]对浙江省分布的国家重点保护野生植物进行了濒危等级评估。各评估体系的结果有冲突时,优先选濒危等级高的,个别种根据浙江实际情况作了调整。

    • 浙江省第2次全国重点保护野生植物资源调查共调查了84种珍稀濒危物种,发现了银缕梅Parrotia subaequalis、细果秤锤树Sinojackia microcarpa、长序榆Ulmus elongata、伯乐树Bretschneidera sinensis、天台鹅耳枥Carpinus tientaiensis等县级新分布种96种。《浙江植物志(新编)》编研调查新增了大盘山榧Torreya dapanshanica、永嘉石斛Dendrobium yongjiaense、政和石斛Dendrobium zhenghuoense等3种新种为保护植物[15-17]。其他野外调查还发现了桫椤Alsophila spinulosa、笔筒树Sphaeropteris lepifera、小勾儿茶Berchemiella wilsonii、永瓣藤Monimopetalum chinense[18-21]等4个省级新记录的保护植物,以及中华水韭Isoëtes sinensis、九龙山榧Torreya jiulongshanensis、长序榆、伯乐树、银缕梅等一大批新的县级分布点。

      对照2021年新版《名录》,浙江现有国家重点保护野生植物49科82属116种(表1),其中藻类仅1种,苔藓植物2科2属3种,蕨类植物6科8属14种,裸子植物5科10属16种,被子植物35科61属82种。中国特有植物65种,占56.03%,浙江特有和准特有植物27种,占23.28%,特有植物比例高。

      类型
      数量 占比/%
      藻类植物 1 1 1 0.86
      苔藓植物 2 2 3 2.59
      蕨类植物 6 8 14 12.07
      裸子植物 5 10 16 13.79
      被子植物 35 61 82 70.69

      Table 1.  Statistics of species of Chinese key protected wild plants in Zhejiang Province

      这些植物中,属于国家一级重点保护野生植物的有11种,即中华水韭、东方水韭Isoëtes orientalis、银杏Ginkgo biloba、百山祖冷杉Abies beshanzuensis、红豆杉Taxus chinensis、南方红豆杉、银缕梅、普陀鹅耳枥Carpinus putoensis、天目铁木Ostrya rehderiana、大黄花虾脊兰Calanthe striata var. sieboldii、象鼻兰Phalaenopsis zhejiangensis。与1999年《名录》(第1批)[6]相比,大黄花虾脊兰、象鼻兰、东方水韭是新增的国家一级重点保护野生植物,而莼菜Brasenia schreberi、伯乐树、长喙毛茛泽泻Ranalisma rostrata等3种则由一级降为二级。

      属于国家二级重点保护野生植物的有105种,包括藻类植物1种,苔藓植物3种,蕨类植物12种,裸子植物12种,被子植物77种。新增了黑叶马尾藻Sargassum nigrifolioides、桧叶白发藓Leucobryum juniperoideum、长柄石杉(千层塔) Huperzia javanica、金豆Fortunella venosa、中华猕猴桃Actinidia chinensis、春兰Cymbidium goeringii、蕙兰C. faberi等61种。另有粗齿黑桫椤Alsophila denticulata、小黑桫椤A. metteniana、樟树Cinnamomum camphora、半枫荷Semiliquidambar cathayensis等4种原国家二级重点保护野生植物被解除了保护。

    • 表2可见:浙江省分布的国家保护植物以草本居多,有59种,占总种数的50.86%,特别是多年生草本;其次为乔木,其中常绿乔木有21种,占比18.10%,落叶乔木有19种。灌木种类10种,占比8.62%;木质藤本有6种,占比5.18%;藻类(海藻型藻类)最少,仅1种,占比0.86%,说明藻类受关注度不够。

      生活型种数/种占比/%
      常绿乔木 21 18.10
      落叶乔木 19 16.38
      灌木、亚灌木 10 8.62
      多年生草本 58 50.00
      1年生草本 1 0.86
      藤本植物 6 5.18
      海藻型藻类 1 0.86
      合计 116 100.00

      Table 2.  Statistics of life forms of key protected wild plants in Zhejiang Province

    • 目前浙江分布的116种国家重点保护野生植物中,数量可分为6个等级。

      个体数仅1株的有2种,为普陀鹅耳枥和羊角槭Acer miaotaiense subsp. yangjuechi

      2≤个体数<10的植物有11种,为粗叶泥炭藓、伏贴石杉Huperzia selago var. appressa、桫椤、笔筒树、大盘山榧、百山祖冷杉、长喙毛茛泽泻、大黄花虾脊兰、永嘉石斛、小勾儿茶、天目铁木。其中粗叶泥炭藓、伏贴石杉和大黄花虾脊兰分布点不明。

      10≤个体数<100的植物有17种,如东方水韭、九龙山榧Torreya jiulongshanensis、独花兰Changnienia amoena、落叶兰Cymbidium defoliatum、铁皮石斛Dendrobium officinale、梵净山石斛D. fanjingshanense、政和石斛、天麻Gastrodia elata、连香树Cercidiphyllum japonicum、浙江马鞍树Maackia chekiangensis、政和杏Prunus zhengheensis、秤锤树Sinojackia xylocarpa、竹节参Panax japonicus等。

      100≤个体数<1 000的植物有32种,如中华水韭、银杏、百日青Podocarpus neriifolius、红豆杉、黄杉Pseudotsuga sinensis、象鼻兰、银缕梅、山豆根Euchresta japonica、红豆树Ormosia hosiei、台湾水青冈Fagus hayatae、天台鹅耳枥、黄山梅Kirengeshoma palmata等。

      1 000≤个体数<10 000的植物有19种,如金毛狗Cibotium barometz、水蕨Ceratopteris thalictroides、鹅掌楸(马褂木)Liriodendron chinense、金线兰Anoectochilus roxburghii、扇脉杓兰Cypripedium japonicum、伯乐树、蛛网萼Platycrater arguta、明党参Changium smyrnioides等。

      个体数≥10000的植物有35种,如长柄石杉、福建柏Fokienia hodginsii、南方红豆杉、榧树Torreya grandis、金钱松Pseudolarix amabilis、浙江楠Phoebe chekiangensis、春兰Cymbidium goeringii、蕙兰Cymbidium faberi、台湾独蒜兰Pleione formosana、六角莲Dysosma pleiantha、野大豆Glycine soja、大叶榉树(榉树)Zelkova schneideriana、细果野菱(野菱)Trapa incisa、金荞麦Fagopyrum dibotrys、中华猕猴桃等。

    • 根据植物在县级的分布情况,分为5个地理分布类型。

      仅有1个县分布的植物有18种,如伏贴石杉、穗花杉Amentotaxus argotaenia、红豆杉、大盘山榧、百山祖冷杉、长喙毛茛泽泻、大黄花虾脊兰、政和石斛、永嘉石斛、莲Nelumbo nucifera、政和杏、普陀鹅耳枥、天目铁木、羊角槭、秤锤树、江西杜鹃Rhododendron kiangsiense、黑叶马尾藻等。

      在2~3个县分布的植物有23种,如多纹泥炭藓、东方水韭、桫椤、笔筒树、银杏、普陀樟Cinnamomum japonicum var. chenii、永瓣藤、天目贝母Fritillaria monantha、落叶兰、扇脉杓兰、长柄双花木Disanthus cercidifolius subsp. longipes、连香树、浙江马鞍树、小勾儿茶、台湾水青冈、尖叶栎Quercus oxyphylla、黄山梅等。

      在4~10个县分布的植物有30个种,如四川石杉Huperzia sutchueniana、福建观音座莲Angiopteris fokiensis、金毛狗、白豆杉Pseudotaxus chienii、巴山榧Torreya fargesii、九龙山榧、黄杉、莼菜、夏蜡梅Sinocalycanthus chinensis、舟山新木姜子Neolitsea sericea、闽楠Phoebe bournei、寒兰Cymbidium kanran、铁皮石斛、银缕梅、细果秤锤树、华顶杜鹃Rhododendron huadingense等。

      在10个以上的县分布的植物有44种,如桧叶白发藓、长柄石杉(千层塔)、水蕨、福建柏、南方红豆杉、榧树、华重楼、春兰、蕙兰、台湾独蒜兰、六角莲、短萼黄连Coptis chinensis var. brevisepala、野大豆、花榈木Ormosia henryi、大叶榉树(榉树)、细果野菱(野菱)等。

      没有确定分布县的仅粗叶泥炭藓1种。

    • 根据分布特点及浙江地形地貌,可以将保护植物分为4个分布型:①分布在金衢盆地—天台山以北地区的植物有26种,占总种数22.41%,如夏蜡梅、巴山榧、天目铁木、象鼻兰等;②分布在金衢盆地—天台山以南地区的植物有47种,占比40.52%,如福建柏、华顶杜鹃、伯乐树等;③南北均有分布的植物有36种,占比31.03%,如华重楼、春兰、蕙兰、台湾独蒜兰、六角莲等;④滨海特有分布的植物有6种,占比5.17%,如舟山新木姜子、珊瑚菜、普陀樟等。

    • 目前116种保护植物中,19种属于极危等级(CR),占比16.38%;36种属于濒危等级(EN),占比31.03%;30种属于易危等级(VU),占比25.86%;17种属于近危等级(NT),占比14.66%;12种属于无危等级(LC),占比10.34%;2种数据缺乏(DD),占比1.73%。其中,易危及以上等级的植物有85种,占比73.28%,受威胁程度极高。

    • 根据新版《名录》,浙江分布的116种国家重点保护野生植物中,国家一级11种,国家二级105种;根据物种濒危现状,浙江易危及以上等级85种,占比73.28%,受威胁程度极高。通过文献统计,近30 a对近70种植物开展了不同程度的保护研究,特别是经济价值高,应用前景广的物种,重视程度更高。其中,百山祖冷杉、天目铁木、普陀鹅耳枥、羊角槭等“地球独子”已能扩繁、回归;浙江楠、普陀樟、舟山新木姜子、长序榆、南方红豆杉、铁皮石斛、金线兰等已经商业化生产应用。

      根据文献记载[22-34]及笔者野外调查:这些植物的致濒原因可分为外因和内因两大类。外因有:①由于经济价值高,遭人为盗采盗挖,种质资源遭到破坏,这是致濒的主要因素,这类植物有56种,占比48.28%,如长柄石杉、百日青、短萼黄连、竹节参、独花兰、铁皮石斛等;②生境脆弱,易遭人为干扰,这类植物有53种,占比45.69%,如莼菜、中华水韭所处的沼泽生境,马尾杉属所需要的阴湿生境,都很容易遭人为破坏而导致其消亡。内因主要有:①种群数量少或分布点少,遗传多样性低,这类植物有29种,占比25.00%,如百山祖冷杉、永瓣藤等;②结籽率低或发芽率低,这类植物有20种,占比17.24%,如天目铁木花粉活性低,台湾水青冈、银缕梅结籽率低,七子花发芽率低等。③物种自身原因,如环境抗压能力弱、雌雄异株、生长周期长等,这类植物有11种,占比9.48%,如红豆杉种群存活曲线为Deevey-Ⅲ型,幼苗阶段个体非常丰富,但死亡率极高,达89.6%[30],野外调查发现浙江楠、福建柏、南方红豆杉等也相似;在林分郁闭度过高的环境中夏蜡梅、银缕梅等会严重退化。针对以上问题,建议:①保护原有生境,防止过度干扰,充分发挥自然保护区和其他各类自然保护地的就地保护作用。②改进野外调查方法,完善植物的地理分布及生境信息,对植物的生境、分布进行翔实登记,为后期调查人员的复核、动态监测奠定基础。③重视物种遗传多样性,建立完备的基因库,这在珍稀濒危物种保护中诸如优先保护对象的确定、取样策略、迁地保护或回归地的选择、被保护居群的安全与健康监测等方面均有潜在作用,能够较好地保护珍稀濒危植物[35]。④多学科合作,破解繁殖密码,多专业、多学科交叉深入研究,形成完备的繁殖体系。

    • 浙江农林大学王均杰博士和杭州师范大学麻馨尹提供苔藓的分布信息;浙江省台州市环境保护局路桥分局鲍洪华工程师提供政和石斛数量信息。谨致谢意!

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