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LI Yuying, CHEN Xiangxiang, YING Yishan, YI Lixiao, ZHU Lihong, YING Jianping, LIN Xiaoyue, ZHANG Min. Study on the population density and activity rhythm of wild boar in Longyou County, Zhejiang, China[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240170
Citation: LI Yuying, CHEN Xiangxiang, YING Yishan, YI Lixiao, ZHU Lihong, YING Jianping, LIN Xiaoyue, ZHANG Min. Study on the population density and activity rhythm of wild boar in Longyou County, Zhejiang, China[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240170

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Study on the population density and activity rhythm of wild boar in Longyou County, Zhejiang, China

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240170
  • Received Date: 2024-02-07
  • Accepted Date: 2024-06-14
  • Rev Recd Date: 2024-06-05
  • Available Online: 2024-09-06
  •   Objective  By investigating the population density and activity rhythm of wild boars (Sus scrofa) in Longyou County of Zhejiang Province, this study is aimed to research the accurate countermeasures in wild boar prevention and control, and to provide exemplary monitoring and evaluation work from theory and practice to methodological application at the county level.  Method  Firstly, with the employment of infrared camera technology, a total of 1 308 independent and valid photographs were obtained from January 2021 to August 2023. Then the population density was estimated using a random encounter model, and the activity rhythm of the wild boar in the studied area was also investigated using the kernel density estimation method.  Result  The population density of wild boars in Longyou County ranged from 0.957 to 1.291 head per square kilometer with the total estimated population of wild boars in the county being approximately 417 to 563 considering suitable habitat areas and the number of wild boars decreasing from the southern mountainous areas, the northern mountainous areas to the central regions. In terms of habitat selection, the wild boar population preferred coniferous forests (relative abundance index IRA=38.45%), mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forests (IRA=24.39%), and the elevation range of 1 100 to 1 300 m (IRA=57.25%). With significant density data observed at 17:00 in all four seasons, daily activity rhythms are similar in spring and winter, exhibiting a unimodal pattern while in summer, the daily activity rhythm is bimodal, with the main peaks occurring around sunrise and sunset and there is no significant fluctuation in the daily activity rhythm in autumn and the population exhibited a highly significant seasonal migration behavior along the altitudinal gradient (P<0.01).  Conclusion  The distribution of wild boars in Longyou County exhibits significant spatial heterogeneity, while their activity rhythms are also influenced by factors such as altitude and season which can provide direct scientific evidence for the formulation of wild boar control policies in Longyou County and serve as a reference for estimating wild boar density and studying activity rhythms at the county level. [Ch, 2 fig. 4 tab. 29 ref.]
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Study on the population density and activity rhythm of wild boar in Longyou County, Zhejiang, China

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240170

Abstract:   Objective  By investigating the population density and activity rhythm of wild boars (Sus scrofa) in Longyou County of Zhejiang Province, this study is aimed to research the accurate countermeasures in wild boar prevention and control, and to provide exemplary monitoring and evaluation work from theory and practice to methodological application at the county level.  Method  Firstly, with the employment of infrared camera technology, a total of 1 308 independent and valid photographs were obtained from January 2021 to August 2023. Then the population density was estimated using a random encounter model, and the activity rhythm of the wild boar in the studied area was also investigated using the kernel density estimation method.  Result  The population density of wild boars in Longyou County ranged from 0.957 to 1.291 head per square kilometer with the total estimated population of wild boars in the county being approximately 417 to 563 considering suitable habitat areas and the number of wild boars decreasing from the southern mountainous areas, the northern mountainous areas to the central regions. In terms of habitat selection, the wild boar population preferred coniferous forests (relative abundance index IRA=38.45%), mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forests (IRA=24.39%), and the elevation range of 1 100 to 1 300 m (IRA=57.25%). With significant density data observed at 17:00 in all four seasons, daily activity rhythms are similar in spring and winter, exhibiting a unimodal pattern while in summer, the daily activity rhythm is bimodal, with the main peaks occurring around sunrise and sunset and there is no significant fluctuation in the daily activity rhythm in autumn and the population exhibited a highly significant seasonal migration behavior along the altitudinal gradient (P<0.01).  Conclusion  The distribution of wild boars in Longyou County exhibits significant spatial heterogeneity, while their activity rhythms are also influenced by factors such as altitude and season which can provide direct scientific evidence for the formulation of wild boar control policies in Longyou County and serve as a reference for estimating wild boar density and studying activity rhythms at the county level. [Ch, 2 fig. 4 tab. 29 ref.]

LI Yuying, CHEN Xiangxiang, YING Yishan, YI Lixiao, ZHU Lihong, YING Jianping, LIN Xiaoyue, ZHANG Min. Study on the population density and activity rhythm of wild boar in Longyou County, Zhejiang, China[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240170
Citation: LI Yuying, CHEN Xiangxiang, YING Yishan, YI Lixiao, ZHU Lihong, YING Jianping, LIN Xiaoyue, ZHANG Min. Study on the population density and activity rhythm of wild boar in Longyou County, Zhejiang, China[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240170
  • 野猪Sus scrofa隶属哺乳纲Mammalia偶蹄目Artiodactyla,原产于欧亚大陆,是目前世界上分布最广泛的哺乳动物之一[1],分布于中国的大兴安岭、松辽平原、长白山区、黄淮平原、黄土高原以及西南山区和华南丘陵等地带。由于较强的适应和繁殖能力[2],野猪即使在受人类活动高度影响的地区也能生存和良好成长[34]。随着天然林保护工程和退耕还林等生态保护修复工程的实施,野猪的天敌如虎Panthera tigris、豹Panthera pardus、狼Canis lupus等野生动物的种群数量减少,这为野猪繁衍提供了理想的条件,以至于近20 a来中国野猪种群在较短时间内得到了有效恢复。但随着种群的进一步增长,该物种对局部区域居民的生产生活造成了严重的负面影响[56]。如张学娟等[7]研究发现:2000—2021年野猪致害导致的农作物损失面积显著高于2000年以前。袁小清等[8]在黑龙江省桦南县运用结构方程模型对当地居民进行抽样调查研究,发现当地受访者总体上对野猪持消极态度。

    目前,野猪已不存在生存威胁,很多区域种群数量过高,已经符合调整基本原则。在此背景下,2023年国家林业和草原局宣布将野猪移出了国家“三有保护名录”。然而,这并不意味着可以随意捕猎野猪,因此,如何开展捕猎需要建立在对区域野猪种群结构及危害特征准确调研的基础上[1, 910]。为此,野猪种群规模的控制是目前野生动物保护和生态可持续发展中面临的一个非常重要而现实的问题。有研究表明:人与野猪之间的冲突具有明显的区域性特征[11]。因此,野猪种群分布的调查、计算方法和案例应用都需要进一步探索,特别是针对县域管控单元的野猪种群数量、活动规律和防控策略都缺乏案例研究。

    根据浙江省龙游县林业部门的监测和记录,野猪已对农林生产和周边村民的生产生活构成了潜在的威胁。然而,目前龙游县野猪的种群结构及数量特征尚不明确,难以对其种群发展动态和潜在威胁做出科学的评估,也严重制约了野猪防控策略的制定。鉴于此,本研究对浙江省龙游县野猪种群现状进行调查和监测,基于红外相机捕获率构建野猪种群的随机相遇模型,估算其种群密度,揭示野猪种群的活动节律与生境之间的关系,以期为区域野猪防控措施的制定提供科学依据。

    • 龙游县位于浙江省衢州市(28°44′~29°17′N,119°02′~119°20′E),地处金衢盆地中部,海拔为33~1 442 m,县域总面积为1 143 km2。境内山脉、丘陵、平原、河流兼具。地形南北高,中部低,呈马鞍形分布,其中中部地区主要为盆地平原区域,是城镇集中分布区。属亚热带季风型气候,地域温度适中、光照充足、雨量充沛、旱涝明显。年均气温为17.1 ℃,年均降水量达1 602.6 mm。在森林植被分区上属中亚热带东部常绿阔叶林亚带,由于南北光热条件不同,又分为2个植被区。北部的浙皖山丘青岗Quercus glauca、苦槠Castanopsis sclerophylla植被区与南部的浙闽山丘甜槠Castanopsis eyrei、木荷Schima superba植被区。该区域野生动物资源丰富,是黑麂Muntiacus crinifrons、小麂M. reevesi、猕猴Macaca mulatta、中华鬣羚Capricornis milneedwardsii、野猪等大中型哺乳动物的适生分布区。

    • 2021年1月至2023年8月,以龙游县地形、地貌特征、主要植被类型分布情况、人为干扰、野生动物活动规律等为参考[12],在龙游县不同植被类型中共安装红外触发式相机203台,涉及乡(镇)包括石佛乡、横山镇、东华街道、社阳乡、沐尘乡、罗家乡、大街乡、庙下乡、溪口镇等。红外相机安装位置综合考虑野生动物活动痕迹、代表性生境覆盖及区域随机覆盖等因素。收集参数包括拍摄时间、3张连续触发照片和15 s视频,相机设置高度为0.5 m,并且镜头位置摆放尽量选择避免阳光直射的方向。同时记录每台相机的位点信息与生境信息,例如全球定位系统(GPS)坐标、海拔、植被类型等[13]。将某一位点的红外相机在30 min内拍摄到的相同物种(删除同一相机位点相同时间拍摄的同一动物个体的重复照片)记为1张独立有效照片。

    • 采用野生动物种群监测中的随机相遇模型对县域野猪种群密度(D)进行估算。通过独立照片数和日移动距离反推出野猪种群的相对密度[14]。公式为:$ D=y/t\times {\text{π}} /vr(2+\theta )\times g $。其中:y为野猪的独立有效照片数;t为所有相机位点每台相机连续工作日总和;v为野猪日移动速度,本研究通过分析红外相机拍摄到的野猪视频资料来估算野猪的日移动速度,根据视频确定野猪运动的起点和终点位置以及从起点到终点所用的时间,据此获得野猪的日移动速度;r为红外相机监测区域的半径,监测半径为0.01 km;θ为红外相机监测的扇形角度,监测角度为0.785 rad;g为野猪群体系数,通过拍摄野猪的影像资料判断野猪的群体系数为2.87。

    • 物种相对多度指数(IRA)代表该物种在该区域的分布状况以及活动强度。公式为:$ {I}_{\mathrm{R}\mathrm{A}}={A}_{i}/N\times 100\mathrm{\%} $。其中:Ai表示第i类物种(i=1,2,3$,\cdots , $n)在某一分析因素(如植被类型等)下出现的独立有效照片数;N表示独立有效照片总数。

    • 使用核密度估计法分析野猪的日活动节律[15]。基于独立有效探测数据,以野猪在24 h内的每次有效探测为1个随机样本,展示野猪的日活动节律特征。基于不同季节绘制野猪日活动节律的核密度曲线图并比较其差异,将季节划分为春(3—5月)、夏(6—8月)、秋(9—11月)和冬(12月至翌年2月);海拔梯度以200 m为间隔,共划分为4段,分别为<900、[900~1 100)、[1 100~1 300)和≥1 300 m。在R 4.2.1软件中使用overlap包中的over lapEst函数计算不同季节或不同海拔梯度的日活动节律曲线的重叠指数(Δ)[16]。重叠指数为2条日活动节律曲线的重叠面积比,Δ=1表示完全重叠,Δ=0表示完全分离。在软件包activity中利用对比循环分布函数进行随机化检验,判断2条日活动节律曲线所对应的观测值是否来自于同一概率分布,设定迭代次数为1 000次[17]

    • 采用PIE V 6.98软件对红外相机收集到的照片信息进行初步处理,用Excel进行数据整理。采用描述性过程分析野猪的季节性海拔分布特征,通过Kruskal-Wallis Test检验野猪是否存在季节性海拔迁移行为,并使用Mann-Whitney U检验对两两季节间的野猪海拔分布进行比较。数据分析主要使用R 4.2.1软件完成。

    • 本研究共布设了203台红外相机,累计工作时间43 560 d,共有108台相机累积拍摄到所有动物独立有效照片20 237张,其中野猪独立有效照片共计1 308张,野猪出现频次为1 558次。在空间分布上,龙游县野猪集中分布在庙下乡、大街乡、溪口镇、横山镇等乡(镇)附近。其中,庙下乡拍摄到野猪独立有效照片数量最多,占独立有效照片总数的77.45%;其次为大街乡(6.80%)和溪口镇(5.96%);石佛乡(3.67%)与横山镇(3.82%)拍摄到的野猪照片数量大致相同;社阳乡(0.23%)和沐尘乡(0.31%)拍摄到的野猪照片数量较少(表1)。

      乡(镇)安装
      相机
      数/台
      拍摄到野
      猪的相机
      数/台
      动物独立
      有效照片/
      野猪独立
      有效照片/
      野猪出现
      频次/次
      庙下乡504613 5901 0131 181
      石佛乡24111 0804877
      横山镇21121 6225076
      罗家乡20126412326
      东华街道20079600
      大街乡642288995
      溪口镇22161 4507895
      沐尘乡20438544
      社阳乡20344534
      合计20310820 2371 3081 558

      Table 1.  Independently valid photographs of wild boar taken

    • 表2可知:野猪在选择栖息地类型时,更多倾向于针叶林(IRA=38.45%)以及针阔混交林(IRA=24.39%)生境。野猪在选择海拔梯度时,更多倾向于1 100~1 300 m的中高海拔区间活动(IRA=57.25%)。

      生境因子 分类等级 出现频次/次 相对多度指数(IRA)/%
      栖息地
      类型
      针叶林 599 38.45
      阔叶林 232 14.89
      竹林 105 6.74
      针阔混交林 380 24.39
      竹林-针叶混交林 16 1.03
      竹林-阔叶混交林 12 0.77
      山地矮林 214 13.74
      海拔
      <900 m 352 22.59
      [900~1 100) m 243 15.60
      [1 100~1 300) m 829 57.25
      ≥1 300 m 134 8.60

      Table 2.  Frequency of distribution of habitat factors in wild boar habitat

    • 基于随机相遇模型,发现野猪种群在估测的运动速度下平均种群密度为0.957~1.291头·km−2(表3)。结合龙游县内野猪可栖息的乔木林、灌木林及竹林地的覆盖面积(436.13 km2),测算该县野猪总数为417~563头。在所有的乡(镇)中,庙下乡野猪种群密度最高(2.497~2.913头·km−2),其次为横山镇(1.882~2.823头·km−2)和大街乡(0.908~1.211 头·km−2),社阳乡野猪种群密度最低(0.232~0.465 头·km−2)。

      乡(镇) 相机工作日/d 移动速度/(km·d−1) 种群密度/(头·km−2) 数量/头 栖息地面积/km2
      石佛乡 4 193 6.912~7.776 0.477~0.536 19~21 40.07
      横山镇 3 385 1.728~2.592 1.882~2.823 60~91 32.29
      庙下乡 21 736 5.184~6.048 2.497~2.913 163~190 65.33
      罗家乡 3 205 2.592~3.024 0.768~0.896 36~42 47.87
      大街乡 918 25.92~34.56 0.908~1.211 29~39 33.03
      溪口镇 3 333 12.96~17.28 0.444~0.592 37~50 84.86
      沐尘乡 1 678 0.864~1.728 0.447~0.893 23~46 51.81
      社阳乡 2 419 0.864~1.728 0.232~0.465 18~37 80.87
      合计(均值) 43 560 7.128~9.342 0.957~1.291 417~563 436.13
        说明:相机工作日、数量、栖息地面积为合计;移动速度、种群密度为均值。

      Table 3.  Estimation of wild boar population density in different townships

    • 通过分析不同季节间野猪日活动节律的重叠指数(Δ)发现:除春冬季之间无显著差别外,野猪在春夏季(Δ=0.78,P<0.01)、春秋季(Δ=0.85,P<0.05)、夏秋季(Δ=0.88,P<0.05)、夏冬季(Δ=0.75,P<0.01)以及秋冬季(Δ=0.83,P<0.05)之间的日活动曲线均存在显著差异(图1)。其中春季出现了2个活动高峰,分别为9:00和17:00;夏季5:00—7:00有1个活动高峰阶段,17:00有1个活动高峰;秋季野猪在白天的分布时间相对均匀,没有明显的高峰或低谷,冬季野猪活动时间与春季基本吻合,差异较小。全年野猪活动最高峰出现在春季的17:00左右,四季均在17:00左右活动较为频繁。

      Figure 1.  Distribution of daily activity rhythms of wild boar in different seasons

    • 表4可见:野猪季节性海拔分布存在显著差异(自由度为3,χ²=171.81,P<0.01)。4个季节的平均海拔除春秋季节(P=0.28)外,春夏(P<0.01)、春冬(P<0.01)、夏秋(P<0.01)、夏冬(P<0.01)与秋冬(P<0.01)季节之间海拔变化差异显著。图2显示:春秋季野猪在垂直方位上活动范围大致相同,集中在海拔972 m附近活动。夏季野猪向高海拔地区迁移,活动范围缩小,集中在海拔1 176 m附近。四季中,夏季野猪的活动范围最小;冬季野猪的活动范围最大,开始向低海拔地区迁移,趋于漫山分布。

      季节 独立照片/张 平均值±标准误/m 95%置信区间/m 最小值/m 最大值/m
      上限 下限
      春季 143 975.78±30.86 b 1 036.06 914.05 110 1 330
      夏季 592 1 176.30±4.43 a 1 185.17 1 167.76 477 1 368
      秋季 355 969.13±17.49 b 1 003.46 934.67 152 1 368
      冬季 218 847.80±27.49 c 900.51 792.14 110 1 368
        说明:平均值±标准误后不同字母表示不同季节在0.01水平上差异显著。

      Table 4.  Distribution of wild boar altitude in different seasons in Longyou County

      Figure 2.  A box plot showing the altitudinal distribution gradient of wild boars across different seasons

    • 本研究结果显示:龙游县野猪种群分布空间异质性明显。其中,北部山区的野猪种群主要分布于石佛乡等高海拔地区及横山镇的天池山地区。南部山区的野猪种群主要分布于庙下乡六春湖等区域,其次在溪口镇、罗家乡、大街乡、沐尘乡和社阳乡等区域也发现少量野猪种群的分布。总体来看,龙游县野猪种群在空间分布格局上表现出成群或斑点地密集分布状态。这也是大多数自然情况下,野猪种群最广泛的一种分布格局,因为这样有利于野猪取食、共同防御天敌、繁殖和抚育幼体、迁移或迁徙等。

      本研究表明:在龙游县野猪适宜生境中,野猪平均密度为0.957~1.291头·km−2,与其他研究区域相比[1821],密度在正常可控范围内。但空间分布不均衡,野猪空间分布整体呈现南部>北部>中部的趋势。作为大型哺乳动物,野猪日活动节律具有明显的规律,可能受到区域、季节等多种因素的影响。然而,这种活动节律在全球范围内的分布并不具有一致性[2223],这使得区域野猪防控存在一定障碍。研究区野猪的活动高峰期集中出现在清晨和黄昏附近,有明显的晨昏性,与前人研究结果相符[24]。通过分析野猪在不同生境类型中的出现频次,发现该物种尤其偏爱针叶林与针阔混交林生境,且倾向于在中高海拔地区活动。该结论与前人研究结果相一致[25]。推测与野猪的食性偏好有关,野猪在取食时偏爱松科Pinaceae、柏科Cupressaceae植物的果实以及混有松脂气味的食物;针阔混交林不仅食物资源丰富,具有大量林下草本植被和可食用凋落物,还有较高的隐蔽性供野猪栖息[26]

      本研究发现:龙游县野猪在不同季节间存在种群垂直方位迁移行为,夏季会向高海拔地区迁移,活动区间较为狭窄。推测野猪种群可能具有固定的食物来源地,以及为了减少能量消耗缩小了活动空间。秋冬季野猪逐步向低海拔地区迁移,推测向低海拔地区靠近人居可增加觅食行为。春秋季野猪在垂直梯度的活动范围无显著差异,推测与其种群交配规律有关。野猪种群通常在秋季发情,春季进入分娩高峰期。该阶段的野猪会倾向于选择同样的生境,减少因扩大活动范围带来的危险。冬季野猪活动范围扩大,与食物匮乏和隐蔽性降低有关,野猪活动范围趋向于随机性[27]。这与滕丽微等[28]在热带气候大面积研究领域得出的结论有一定差异。该研究区属于热带季风型气候,当地的野猪食物来源与栖息地状况在四季并无明显变化。而在本研究区内,季节的变化会降低野猪栖息地的安全性,以及减少食物供给。这种动物季节性迁移行为受到源自于海拔变化产生的气候和地带性植被变化等影响[29]

      通过现有掌握的野猪活动规律,可分季节、分区域对当地野猪种群进行针对性的网格化管理和监控。本研究结果不仅可以作为县域相关部门进行野猪科学精准防控的直接依据,还可为野猪监测和防控工作的相关研究提供参考。

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