Diurnal time-activity budgets of <i>Grus nigricollis</i> for the pre-laying phase in northern Tibet

KUANG Fen-liang; LIU Ning; CANGJUE Zhuoma; LI Jian-chuan; YANG Le; LI Fu-xiu

Dec. 2007

Article Contents

Article Navigation > Journal of Zhejiang A&F University > 2007 > 24(6): 686-691

KUANG Fen-liang, LIU Ning, CANGJUE Zhuoma, LI Jian-chuan, YANG Le, LI Fu-xiu. Diurnal time-activity budgets of Grus nigricollis for the pre-laying phase in northern Tibet[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2007, 24(6): 686-691.

Citation:

KUANG Fen-liang, LIU Ning, CANGJUE Zhuoma, LI Jian-chuan, YANG Le, LI Fu-xiu. Diurnal time-activity budgets of Grus nigricollis for the pre-laying phase in northern Tibet[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2007, 24(6): 686-691.

Diurnal time-activity budgets of Grus nigricollis for the pre-laying phase in northern Tibet

1. School of Conservation Biology, Southwest Forestry College, Kunming 650224, Yunnan, China;
2. Tibet Plateau Institution of Biology, Lhasa 850001, Tibet, China;
3. School of Resources, Southwest Forestry College, Kunming 650224, Yunnan, China

Received Date: 2007-01-30
Rev Recd Date: 2007-04-18

Abstract

The diurnal activity budgets of Grus nigricollis (wild black-necked crane) were observed in northern Tibet from April to June 2006 using focal animal sampling and all occurrences recording. Results showed that (1) for the diurnal time-activity budgets, activities during the pre-laying phase and their percentage time included five major behaviors:foraging, 43.69%; vigilance, 21.78%; maintenance, 21.69%; locomotion, 7.57%; and breeding, 2.09%; and a miscellaneous group, 3.18%. Additionally, (2) time budgets of vigilance for males was significantly greater (P< 0.01) than females, while there were no significant differences for locomotion. However, the time budgets of three other behaviors and miscellaneous group for females were higher than males. Also, (3) the four behaviors and miscellaneous group were relatively stable before 11:00 am., and then three foraging peaks and one maintenance peak appeared. There were no major peaks for the other behaviors which had a descending trend. Finally, (4) the foraging, vigilance, and maintenance behaviors between males and females were asynchronous from 11:00 to 14:00 and synchronous during other times. With foraging, a peak for males appeared between 12:00-14:00; whereas, for females there were three peaks, namely at 8:00, 12:00-14:00, and 17:00.Behavioral differences of this species, due to gender and location, as well as differences from other cranes were discussed.
- zoology,
- Grus nigricollis,
- time budget,
- activity rhythm,
- pre-laying phase,
- northern Tibet

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References



[3]	NARAYAN G, AKHTAR A, LIMA R, et al. Black-necked Crane Grus nigricollis in Ladakh[J]. Bombay Nat His Soc, 1986,83(Supplement):180-195.



[7]	KREBS J R, DAVIES N B.An Introduction to Behavioral Ecology[M]. 3 th ed.Oxford:Blackwell Scientific Publications,1994.






[14]	ALTMAN J.Observational study of behavior:sampling and methods[J]. Behavior, 1974,49:227-267.
[15]	MARTIN P, BATESON P. Measureing Behavior[M]. London:Cambridge University Press,1993:49-69

[17]	ENOKSSON B.Time budget of nuthatches (Sitta europaea) with supplementary food[J]. Ibis, 1990, 132:575-582.
[18]	VERBEEK N A M. Daily and annual time budget of the yellow billed magpie[J].Auk,1972,89:576-582.
[19]	TURNER A K. Timing of laying by swallows (Hirundo rustica) and sand martins (Riparia riparia)[J]. J Anim Ecol,1982,51:29-46.


[22]	FOX A D. Diurnal activity budgets of pre-nesting Sandhill Crane in arctic Canada[J]. Wilson Bull, 1995,107(4):752-756.
[23]	HUNTER M L, WHITMAN J W, HILLARY D.Effects of a carbaryl-induced depression in invertebrate abundance on the growth and behavior of American black duck and mallard ducklings[J]. Can J Zool, 1984, 62:452-456.
[24]	DAVIES N B, LUNDBERG A. food distribution and a variable mating system in the dunnock prunella modularis[J]. J Anim Ecol, 1984, 53:895-912.
[25]	DAVIES N B, LUNDBERG A. The influence of food on time budget and timing of breeding of dunnock prunella modularis[J].Ibis,1985, 132:100-110.
[26]	BUROWN P W, FREDRICKSON L H. Time budget and incubation behavior of breeding white-winged scoters[J]. Wilson Bull, 1987, 99(1):50-55.
[27]	DROBNEY R D, FREDRICKSON L H. Food selection by wood ducks in relation to breeding status[J]. J Wildl Manage,1979, 43:109-120.
[28]	AFTON A. Time budget of breeding Northern Shovelers[J]. Wilson Bull, 1979,91:42-49.
[29]	BROWN P W.Reproductive Ecology and Productivity of White-winged Scoters[D].Missouri:University of Missouri,1981.
[30]	QUAN R C, CUI L W,WEN X J. Sexual differences in vigilance of paired ruddy shelduck in winter[J]. Waterbirds,2003, 26(3):335-337.
[31]	SQUIRES K A, MARTIN K,GOUDIE R I.Vifilance behavior in the harlequin duck (Histrionicus histrionicus) during the preincubation period in Labrador:are males vigilant for self or social partner?[J].Auk,2007,124(1):241-252.


[34]	LACK D. Ecological Adaptations for Breeding in Birds[M]. London:[s.n.],1968.
[35]	MUZAFFAR S B.Diurnal time-activity budgets in wintering ferruginous pochard Aythya nyroca in Tanguar Haor, Bangladesh[J].Forktail,2004,20:25-27.

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通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

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沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院沈阳 110142

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Diurnal time-activity budgets of Grus nigricollis for the pre-laying phase in northern Tibet

1. School of Conservation Biology, Southwest Forestry College, Kunming 650224, Yunnan, China;

2. Tibet Plateau Institution of Biology, Lhasa 850001, Tibet, China;

3. School of Resources, Southwest Forestry College, Kunming 650224, Yunnan, China

Received Date: 2007-01-30

Rev Recd Date: 2007-04-18

Key words:

Abstract: The diurnal activity budgets of Grus nigricollis (wild black-necked crane) were observed in northern Tibet from April to June 2006 using focal animal sampling and all occurrences recording. Results showed that (1) for the diurnal time-activity budgets, activities during the pre-laying phase and their percentage time included five major behaviors:foraging, 43.69%; vigilance, 21.78%; maintenance, 21.69%; locomotion, 7.57%; and breeding, 2.09%; and a miscellaneous group, 3.18%. Additionally, (2) time budgets of vigilance for males was significantly greater (P< 0.01) than females, while there were no significant differences for locomotion. However, the time budgets of three other behaviors and miscellaneous group for females were higher than males. Also, (3) the four behaviors and miscellaneous group were relatively stable before 11:00 am., and then three foraging peaks and one maintenance peak appeared. There were no major peaks for the other behaviors which had a descending trend. Finally, (4) the foraging, vigilance, and maintenance behaviors between males and females were asynchronous from 11:00 to 14:00 and synchronous during other times. With foraging, a peak for males appeared between 12:00-14:00; whereas, for females there were three peaks, namely at 8:00, 12:00-14:00, and 17:00.Behavioral differences of this species, due to gender and location, as well as differences from other cranes were discussed.

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[19]	TURNER A K. Timing of laying by swallows (Hirundo rustica) and sand martins (Riparia riparia)[J]. J Anim Ecol,1982,51:29-46.
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[25]	DAVIES N B, LUNDBERG A. The influence of food on time budget and timing of breeding of dunnock prunella modularis[J].Ibis,1985, 132:100-110.
[26]	BUROWN P W, FREDRICKSON L H. Time budget and incubation behavior of breeding white-winged scoters[J]. Wilson Bull, 1987, 99(1):50-55.
[27]	DROBNEY R D, FREDRICKSON L H. Food selection by wood ducks in relation to breeding status[J]. J Wildl Manage,1979, 43:109-120.
[28]	AFTON A. Time budget of breeding Northern Shovelers[J]. Wilson Bull, 1979,91:42-49.
[29]	BROWN P W.Reproductive Ecology and Productivity of White-winged Scoters[D].Missouri:University of Missouri,1981.
[30]	QUAN R C, CUI L W,WEN X J. Sexual differences in vigilance of paired ruddy shelduck in winter[J]. Waterbirds,2003, 26(3):335-337.
[31]	SQUIRES K A, MARTIN K,GOUDIE R I.Vifilance behavior in the harlequin duck (Histrionicus histrionicus) during the preincubation period in Labrador:are males vigilant for self or social partner?[J].Auk,2007,124(1):241-252.
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Diurnal time-activity budgets of Grus nigricollis for the pre-laying phase in northern Tibet

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Diurnal time-activity budgets of Grus nigricollis for the pre-laying phase in northern Tibet

1. School of Conservation Biology, Southwest Forestry College, Kunming 650224, Yunnan, China;

2. Tibet Plateau Institution of Biology, Lhasa 850001, Tibet, China;

3. School of Resources, Southwest Forestry College, Kunming 650224, Yunnan, China

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Diurnal time-activity budgets of Grus nigricollis for the pre-laying phase in northern Tibet

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通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

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Diurnal time-activity budgets of Grus nigricollis for the pre-laying phase in northern Tibet

1. School of Conservation Biology, Southwest Forestry College, Kunming 650224, Yunnan, China; 2. Tibet Plateau Institution of Biology, Lhasa 850001, Tibet, China; 3. School of Resources, Southwest Forestry College, Kunming 650224, Yunnan, China

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1. School of Conservation Biology, Southwest Forestry College, Kunming 650224, Yunnan, China;

2. Tibet Plateau Institution of Biology, Lhasa 850001, Tibet, China;

3. School of Resources, Southwest Forestry College, Kunming 650224, Yunnan, China