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园林植物是维系城市生态平衡的重要因素,自然环境的干旱胁迫会使植物体内细胞脱水,造成水分亏缺而导致植物受害[1]。干旱胁迫是众多环境胁迫因子中最常见的一种[2],对植物的生长发育会产生不同程度的影响。在现代化的城市绿化中,选择观赏性好、抗性强的观赏植物,对节约水资源改善土壤干旱、半干旱的现状具有重要意义。植物挥发性有机化合物(volatile organic compounds,简称VOCs)通常指分子质量小于250,沸点小于340 ℃,从植物地上部分(如叶、花和芽等)表面散发的多种微浓度的挥发性次生代谢物质[3]。植物VOCs在生态系统中占有重要地位,它是重要的化学信息传递物质[4-5],在调节植物的生长、发育和繁衍,抵御环境胁迫及预防动物和昆虫的危害等[3-10]方面具有重要作用。非生物胁迫会明显影响植物VOCs的合成与释放,Ibrahim等[11]和Hartikainen等[12]均研究发现,高温胁迫会诱导欧洲白桦Betula pendula和欧洲山杨Populus tremula释放大量的异戊二烯、萜类和C6绿叶性气体(green leaf volatiles,GLVs);光照—黑暗转换处理会诱导欧洲黑杨Populus deltoides叶片大量释放己烯醛和乙醛等[13]。干旱对VOCs释放规律的影响呈现多样性,Staudt等[14]在对栓皮栎Quercus suber的研究中发现,适度干旱胁迫导致单萜类化合物的释放量增加30%,而Lavoir等[15]发现,干旱胁迫下冬青栎Quercus ilex。释放的单萜是对照处理的55%。Blanch等[16]研究发现干旱导致冬青栎萜烯类释放量增加33%,而相同干旱条件下地中海白松Pinus halepensis萜烯类释放量降低了38%。迷迭香 Rosemarinus offcinalis,又名情人草,原产地为欧洲、北非及地中海沿岸,主要分布在法国、突尼斯、摩洛哥和保加利亚。迷迭香枝叶气味浓烈,抗旱性极强,是一种被广泛应用的园林芳香植物,可用于花坛绿地片植、丛植、孤植或作为配材,用于镶边,亦可用作小绿篱或花篱,国外多用于花境配材。近几年,迷迭香的研究多集中在其有效成分提取工艺[17]、抗氧化物功能[18]和精油组分分析[19]等方面。关于干旱胁迫下迷迭香VOCs释放规律与抗旱机制之间的关系未见报道。因此,本研究采用称量控水法模拟干旱胁迫,利用动态顶空气体循环法和热脱附-气相色谱-质谱联用技术(TDC-GC-MS)测定了干旱胁迫及复水后迷迭香VOCs成分的变化;同时,测定了迷迭香叶片脂氧合酶(LOX)活性的变化,以期从迷迭香释放VOCs角度揭示它对干旱胁迫的适应机制,为进一步研究植物释放VOCs对非生物胁迫的响应机制提供理论依据。
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不同强度的干旱胁迫处理对迷迭香脂氧合酶活性存在显著差异(P<0.05,图 1)。轻度干旱处理的脂氧合酶活性与对照无显著差异;中度干旱和重度干旱处理16 d和12 d时,脂氧合酶活性达到最大值,与对照相比分别增加了0.96和1.04倍(P<0.01),随后脂氧合酶活性开始下降。
复水后,脂氧合酶活性开始增加(图 2),复水第1天脂氧合酶活性比未复水时增加9.2%,但仍低于对照;第2天脂氧合酶活性达到最大值,与对照相比增加了17.7%;复水第4天,脂氧合酶活性又下降到对照的91.2%,至复水第6天,脂氧合酶活性较第4天稍有增加,但仍低于对照。
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采用TDS-GC-MS联用技术对不同干旱胁迫处理及复水后迷迭香释放的VOCs组分进行分析(图 3),共鉴定出了57种化合物(表 1)。轻度、中度、重度干旱处理的迷迭香VOCs总量分别是对照的99.2%,67.2%和43.2%;随着干旱胁迫程度的增加,轻度干旱、中度干旱、重度干旱各处理萜烯类总量下降,但其相对含量增加,与对照相比分别增加了14.4%,17.0%和23.7%,其中单萜相对含量与对照相比分别增加了21.9%,28.2%和37.2%;与对照相比,各干旱处理迷迭香醇类总量及相对含量均下降;对照、轻度干旱、中度干旱、重度干旱各处理的迷迭香酮类相对含量分别为15.28%,12.70%,18.30%,14.22%;各处理的迷迭香醛类相对含量均高于对照;干旱胁迫下新增加了10种物质,其中新增加了2种C6绿叶性气体(GLVs):2-己烯醛和叶醇;3种醛类化合物:2-己烯醛、山梨醛和癸醛。
图 3 不同处理的迷迭香挥发性有机化合物总离子流图
Figure 3. Total ion current of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of Rosemarinus offcinalis under drought
表 1 迷迭香挥发性有机化合物的主要成
Table 1. Main components of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from Rosemarinus offcinalis
t/min 挥发性有机物 分子式 分子量 峰面积A×106 对照 轻度干旱 中度干旱 重度干旱 复水 5.18 3-己烯-2-酮 3-hene-2-one C6H10O 98 2.47 ± 0.03 8.58 ± 0.01 5.40 ± 0.11 1.40 ± 0.01 2.28 ± 0.01 6.66 2-己烯醛(E)-2-hexenal C6H10O 98 - - 1.03 ± 0.01 1.09 ± 0.02 - 6.78 叶醇 leaf alcohol C6H12O 100 - 1.07 ± 0.02 1.17 ± 0.02 0.89 ± 0.01 0.63 ± 0.01 7.42 α-薇烯α-pinene C10H16 136 3.79 ± 0.03 0.78 ± 0.02 3.83 ± 0.10 1.66 ± 0.11 1.40 ± 0.04 8.19 山梨醛 sorba ehyde C6H8O 96 - - - 0.51 ± 0.00 - 8.47 三环烯 tricyclene C10H16 136 - - 0.56 ± 0.00 0.74 ± 0.01 0.70 ± 0.01 8.69 侧柏烯thujene C10H16 136 9.68 ± 0.23 7.74 ± 0.41 6.64 ± 0.21 6.02 ± 0.12 7.71 ± 0.19 8.91 β薇烯β-pinene C10H16 136 79.85 ± 3.44 48.72 ± 2.68 73.56 ± 4.95 76.26 ± 6.18 78.93 ± 5.36 9.24 樟烯 camphene C10H16 136 16.82±1.11 8.82± 0.89 16.41±1.55 15.13±2.02 16.83±2.58 9.39 伞柳醇 umbellulol C10H16O l52 l2.50±l.87 15.12±2.07 9.64±1.01 6.56±0.66 7.99±0.89 10.00 桧稀 sabinene C10H16 136 15.46±1.29 9.52±1.06 14.30±2.03 12.48±1.69 14.21±1.87 10.52 月桂烯myrcene C10H16 136 50.11±3.48 53.59±4.08 26.28±2.22 14.81±1.23 19.90±2.10 10.80 水芹稀 phellandrene C10H16 l36 l8.93±l.07 l7.50±2.04 8.78±0.67 4.64±0.2l 6.79±0.24 10.88 蒈烯 3-carene C10H16 l36 - - 1.19±0.02 0.79±0.00 0.75±0.00 11.12 α-萜品烯 α-terpinene C10H16 136 23.81±2.34 21.41±2.45 10.65±1.67 5.49±0.19 8.16±0.98 11.37 伞花经o-cymene C10H14 134 - 93.77±7.33 55.02±3.89 19.40±1.22 36.31±1.32 11.56 a-萜品醇 a-terpineol C10H1O 154 96.79±7.92 7.80±0.11 1.08±0.01 20.77±2.03 25.12±1.98 11.99 罗勒烯ocimene C10H16 136 4.82±0.66 11.63±0.98 6.35±0.93 3.51±0.06 5.48±0.08 12.35 β萜品烯β-terpinene C10H16 136 50.44±4.22 52.84±3.98 19.77±1.76 10.44±1.05 16.44±1.08 13.08 萜品油烯terpinolene C10H12 132 32.63±2.87 33.23±3.48 15.09±0.94 7.91±0.56 11.70±1.86 13.44 里那醇linalool C10H18O 154 32.06±3.04 29.88±2.65 15.82±1.44 6.08±0.72 9.43±0.57 13.59 蒿萜酮eucarvone C10H16O 140 3.42±0.22 2.25±0.43 1.71±0.18 0.43±0.01 8.64±1.00 14.07 菊油环丽 chrysanthenone C10H14O 150 39.76±2.94 29.38±1.69 17.32±1.03 6.31±0.08 7.23±0.11 14.39 松香芹醇pinocarveol C10H16O 152 1.11±0.02 1.78±0.03 1.46±0.01 0.62±0.00 1.02±0.02 14.53 棒脑 camphor C10H16O 152 26.99±1.93 19.95±2.03 20.43±1.49 7.91±0.99 11.96±1.02 14.74 异龙脑 isoborneol C10H18O 154 0.56±0.00 0.56±0.01 0.71±0.01 20.20±2.03 0.54±0.00 14.93 松香芹酮pinocarvone C10H14O 150 2.12±0.02 4.71±0.08 3.36±0.05 1.26±0.11 2.12±0.12 15.21 龙脑 borneol C10H18O 154 44.98±2.87 39.91±3.18 47.86±3.96 2.81±0.02 29.22±2.77 15.28 松莰酮 pinocamphone C10H16O 152 4.18±0.44 1.13±0.04 3.18±0.62 2.94±0.17 3.78±0.32 15.34 4-萜品醇 4-carvomenthenol C10H18O 154 10.84±0.87 12.45±1.03 7.97±0.06 8.34±0.33 4.85±0.11 15.64 2-薇烯-4-酮 2-pinen-4-one C10H14O 150 1.09±0.09 - 0.91±0.00 2.86±0.11 - 15.81 草蒿脑estragole C10H12O 148 - - 2.04±0.04 3.22±0.05 3.30±0.03 15.87 顺式萜品醇cis-terpineol C10H18O 154 17.34±1.22 14.03±1.83 9.11±0.79 - 6.98±0.77 16.03 癸醒 n-decanal C10H20O 156 - - 1.32±0.22 - - 16.06 桃金娘烯醇myrtenol C10H16O 152 3.14±0.19 4.94±0.36 1.62±0.09 - - 16.28 反式马鞭草烯酮 rans - verbenone C10H14O 150 24.59±1.43 24.21±2.64 34.97±2.92 21.18±1.88 26.42±1.59 16.33 2-烯丙基-4-甲基苯酚 2-allyl-4-methylphenol C10H12O 148 - - 0.91±0.00 3.22±0.11 0.90±0.01 16.77 香茅醇 citronellol C10H20O 198 2.13±0.23 2.78±0.09 1.21±0.11 0.79±0.01 1.16±0.04 16.92 百里香酚甲醚 ethylthymylether C10H16O 164 - 0.48±0.00 - - - 17.08 蒈醇 caranol C10H18O 154 1.75±0.12 1.28±0.07 0.96±0.06 - 0.44±0.00 17.29 桃金娘院醇myrtanol C10H16O 136 4.17±0.11 4.01±0.21 2.76±0.22 - 1.44±0.02 17.70 香叶醇lemonol C10H18O 154 8.37±0.17 12.45±0.88 4.44±0.65 1.98±0.06 2.24±0.06 18.27 梓檬醒guaniol C10H16O 152 3.52±0.33 17.39±0.32 0.84±0.00 2.29±0.17 1.77±0.03 18.34 香芹酮carvone C10H14O 150 3.31±0.21 - 2.94±0.07 2.34±0.08 1.80±0.07 18.41 菊酸甲酯 methyl chrysanthemate C10H18O2 182 1.43±0.04 3.94±0.15 1.31±0.06 0.56±0.00 0.92±0.02 18.87 乙酸龙脑酯bornyl acetate C10H20O2 196 44.36±3.77 70.24±7.86 22.72±2.83 14.18±1.93 21.38±1.77 19.06 菊酸乙酯 chrysanthenyl acetate C12H18O2 194 0.74±0.01 1.31±0.10 1.03±0.07 - - 20.06 乙酸桃金娘烯酯 myrtenyl acetate C12H18O2 194 1.46±0.10 2.76±0.21 0.65±0.02 - 0.49±0.01 20.35 冰片烯bornylene C10H16 136 1.28 ± 0.04 2.96 ± 0.05 1.27 ± 0.01 0.49 ± 0.00 0.70 ± 0.04 20.90 香茅醇乙酸酯 citronellyl acetate C10H18 138 0.49 ± 0.03 6.75 ± 0.31 0.43 ± 0.02 - 0.53 ± 0.01 21.23 乙酸异洋薄荷酯 isopulegol acetate C10H18O 154 3.32 ± 0.21 1.61 ± 0.01 0.61 ± 0.01 0.41 ± 0.00 0.58 ± 0.01 21.82 乙酸香叶酯 geraniol acetate C10H14O 150 2.64 ± 0.20 2.78 ± 0.25 0.90 ± 0.02 - 1.00 ± 0.11 22.20 顺式马鞭草烯酮 cis-verbenone C10H14O 150 10.45 ± 1.03 7.40 ± 0.31 5.16 ± 0.43 0.72 ± 0.05 1.36 ± 0.07 22.46 丁香油酚甲醚 eugenol methylether C10H14O2 178 9.52 ± 0.67 13.70 ± 1.02 5.19 ± 0.48 3.03 ± 0.28 4.45 ± 0.22 22.93 反式石竹烯 trans-caryophyllene C15H24 204 44.75 ± 3.89 39.11 ± 2.77 20.27 ± 1.88 8.09 ± 0.88 12.75 ± 1.11 23.64 香叶基丙酮 dihydropseudoionon C13H220 194 1.35 ± 0.21 1.07 ± 0.07 0.92 ± 0.01 - - 23.72 顺式石竹烯 cis-caryophyllene C15H24 204 6.71 ± 0.44 6.06 ± 0.28 2.83 ± 0.10 1.16 ± 0.05 1.75 ± 0.06 说明:"-"表示未检测到化合物 复水后,迷迭香VOCs总量与重度干旱相比增加了29.4%,为对照的55.3%;萜烯类和单萜类相对含量与对照相比分别增加了21.7%和33.3%,两者与重度干旱相比分别下降了1.8%和3.8%;醛类化合物释放总量及相对含量与对照和重度干旱相比均显著降低,醇类和酮类化合物释放量与重度干旱相比变化不显著。
Effect of drought stress and re-watering on emissions of volatile organic compounds from Rosmarinus officinalis
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摘要: 为了探讨干旱胁迫对迷迭香Rosmarinus officinalis挥发性有机化合物(volatile organic compounds, 简称VOCs)释放规律的影响, 采用称量控水法对迷迭香进行干旱胁迫试验, 设置轻度、中度、重度干旱水平、复水和对照。结果表明:干旱胁迫下迷迭香VOCs释放总量减少, 但种类增加;轻度、中度、重度处理VOCs总量分别是对照的99.6%, 69.4%, 43.2%。迷迭香VOCs主要是萜烯类化合物, 占总量的46.0%以上;各干旱处理萜烯类化合物相对含量与对照比分别增加了14.4%, 17.01%, 23.7%, 其中单萜类相对含量呈增加显著;干旱胁迫明显诱导C6绿叶性挥发物和醛类化合物的释放。复水处理萜烯类百分含量和单萜类百分含量比重度处理稍有下降, 仍显著高于对照、轻度和中度处理。Abstract: To better understand the effects of water limitations on the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), VOC emissions from Rosmarinus officinalis were determined under drought stress and after re-watering. Results showed that with drought stress R. officinalis VOC emissions and lipoxidase activity were strongly affected with the degree of influence dependent on the stress level and time. At the beginning of the drought stress period, lipoxidase activity increased slightly; midway through, the activity reached a peak; then it declined. Drought stress reduced R. officinalis VOC emissions, but induced new VOCs including 2-hexenal, leaf alcohol, sorbaldehyde, and n-decanal. Also, R. officinalis increased terpene emissions, especially monoterpenes, to reduce drought stress damage.
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表 1 迷迭香挥发性有机化合物的主要成
Table 1. Main components of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from Rosemarinus offcinalis
t/min 挥发性有机物 分子式 分子量 峰面积A×106 对照 轻度干旱 中度干旱 重度干旱 复水 5.18 3-己烯-2-酮 3-hene-2-one C6H10O 98 2.47 ± 0.03 8.58 ± 0.01 5.40 ± 0.11 1.40 ± 0.01 2.28 ± 0.01 6.66 2-己烯醛(E)-2-hexenal C6H10O 98 - - 1.03 ± 0.01 1.09 ± 0.02 - 6.78 叶醇 leaf alcohol C6H12O 100 - 1.07 ± 0.02 1.17 ± 0.02 0.89 ± 0.01 0.63 ± 0.01 7.42 α-薇烯α-pinene C10H16 136 3.79 ± 0.03 0.78 ± 0.02 3.83 ± 0.10 1.66 ± 0.11 1.40 ± 0.04 8.19 山梨醛 sorba ehyde C6H8O 96 - - - 0.51 ± 0.00 - 8.47 三环烯 tricyclene C10H16 136 - - 0.56 ± 0.00 0.74 ± 0.01 0.70 ± 0.01 8.69 侧柏烯thujene C10H16 136 9.68 ± 0.23 7.74 ± 0.41 6.64 ± 0.21 6.02 ± 0.12 7.71 ± 0.19 8.91 β薇烯β-pinene C10H16 136 79.85 ± 3.44 48.72 ± 2.68 73.56 ± 4.95 76.26 ± 6.18 78.93 ± 5.36 9.24 樟烯 camphene C10H16 136 16.82±1.11 8.82± 0.89 16.41±1.55 15.13±2.02 16.83±2.58 9.39 伞柳醇 umbellulol C10H16O l52 l2.50±l.87 15.12±2.07 9.64±1.01 6.56±0.66 7.99±0.89 10.00 桧稀 sabinene C10H16 136 15.46±1.29 9.52±1.06 14.30±2.03 12.48±1.69 14.21±1.87 10.52 月桂烯myrcene C10H16 136 50.11±3.48 53.59±4.08 26.28±2.22 14.81±1.23 19.90±2.10 10.80 水芹稀 phellandrene C10H16 l36 l8.93±l.07 l7.50±2.04 8.78±0.67 4.64±0.2l 6.79±0.24 10.88 蒈烯 3-carene C10H16 l36 - - 1.19±0.02 0.79±0.00 0.75±0.00 11.12 α-萜品烯 α-terpinene C10H16 136 23.81±2.34 21.41±2.45 10.65±1.67 5.49±0.19 8.16±0.98 11.37 伞花经o-cymene C10H14 134 - 93.77±7.33 55.02±3.89 19.40±1.22 36.31±1.32 11.56 a-萜品醇 a-terpineol C10H1O 154 96.79±7.92 7.80±0.11 1.08±0.01 20.77±2.03 25.12±1.98 11.99 罗勒烯ocimene C10H16 136 4.82±0.66 11.63±0.98 6.35±0.93 3.51±0.06 5.48±0.08 12.35 β萜品烯β-terpinene C10H16 136 50.44±4.22 52.84±3.98 19.77±1.76 10.44±1.05 16.44±1.08 13.08 萜品油烯terpinolene C10H12 132 32.63±2.87 33.23±3.48 15.09±0.94 7.91±0.56 11.70±1.86 13.44 里那醇linalool C10H18O 154 32.06±3.04 29.88±2.65 15.82±1.44 6.08±0.72 9.43±0.57 13.59 蒿萜酮eucarvone C10H16O 140 3.42±0.22 2.25±0.43 1.71±0.18 0.43±0.01 8.64±1.00 14.07 菊油环丽 chrysanthenone C10H14O 150 39.76±2.94 29.38±1.69 17.32±1.03 6.31±0.08 7.23±0.11 14.39 松香芹醇pinocarveol C10H16O 152 1.11±0.02 1.78±0.03 1.46±0.01 0.62±0.00 1.02±0.02 14.53 棒脑 camphor C10H16O 152 26.99±1.93 19.95±2.03 20.43±1.49 7.91±0.99 11.96±1.02 14.74 异龙脑 isoborneol C10H18O 154 0.56±0.00 0.56±0.01 0.71±0.01 20.20±2.03 0.54±0.00 14.93 松香芹酮pinocarvone C10H14O 150 2.12±0.02 4.71±0.08 3.36±0.05 1.26±0.11 2.12±0.12 15.21 龙脑 borneol C10H18O 154 44.98±2.87 39.91±3.18 47.86±3.96 2.81±0.02 29.22±2.77 15.28 松莰酮 pinocamphone C10H16O 152 4.18±0.44 1.13±0.04 3.18±0.62 2.94±0.17 3.78±0.32 15.34 4-萜品醇 4-carvomenthenol C10H18O 154 10.84±0.87 12.45±1.03 7.97±0.06 8.34±0.33 4.85±0.11 15.64 2-薇烯-4-酮 2-pinen-4-one C10H14O 150 1.09±0.09 - 0.91±0.00 2.86±0.11 - 15.81 草蒿脑estragole C10H12O 148 - - 2.04±0.04 3.22±0.05 3.30±0.03 15.87 顺式萜品醇cis-terpineol C10H18O 154 17.34±1.22 14.03±1.83 9.11±0.79 - 6.98±0.77 16.03 癸醒 n-decanal C10H20O 156 - - 1.32±0.22 - - 16.06 桃金娘烯醇myrtenol C10H16O 152 3.14±0.19 4.94±0.36 1.62±0.09 - - 16.28 反式马鞭草烯酮 rans - verbenone C10H14O 150 24.59±1.43 24.21±2.64 34.97±2.92 21.18±1.88 26.42±1.59 16.33 2-烯丙基-4-甲基苯酚 2-allyl-4-methylphenol C10H12O 148 - - 0.91±0.00 3.22±0.11 0.90±0.01 16.77 香茅醇 citronellol C10H20O 198 2.13±0.23 2.78±0.09 1.21±0.11 0.79±0.01 1.16±0.04 16.92 百里香酚甲醚 ethylthymylether C10H16O 164 - 0.48±0.00 - - - 17.08 蒈醇 caranol C10H18O 154 1.75±0.12 1.28±0.07 0.96±0.06 - 0.44±0.00 17.29 桃金娘院醇myrtanol C10H16O 136 4.17±0.11 4.01±0.21 2.76±0.22 - 1.44±0.02 17.70 香叶醇lemonol C10H18O 154 8.37±0.17 12.45±0.88 4.44±0.65 1.98±0.06 2.24±0.06 18.27 梓檬醒guaniol C10H16O 152 3.52±0.33 17.39±0.32 0.84±0.00 2.29±0.17 1.77±0.03 18.34 香芹酮carvone C10H14O 150 3.31±0.21 - 2.94±0.07 2.34±0.08 1.80±0.07 18.41 菊酸甲酯 methyl chrysanthemate C10H18O2 182 1.43±0.04 3.94±0.15 1.31±0.06 0.56±0.00 0.92±0.02 18.87 乙酸龙脑酯bornyl acetate C10H20O2 196 44.36±3.77 70.24±7.86 22.72±2.83 14.18±1.93 21.38±1.77 19.06 菊酸乙酯 chrysanthenyl acetate C12H18O2 194 0.74±0.01 1.31±0.10 1.03±0.07 - - 20.06 乙酸桃金娘烯酯 myrtenyl acetate C12H18O2 194 1.46±0.10 2.76±0.21 0.65±0.02 - 0.49±0.01 20.35 冰片烯bornylene C10H16 136 1.28 ± 0.04 2.96 ± 0.05 1.27 ± 0.01 0.49 ± 0.00 0.70 ± 0.04 20.90 香茅醇乙酸酯 citronellyl acetate C10H18 138 0.49 ± 0.03 6.75 ± 0.31 0.43 ± 0.02 - 0.53 ± 0.01 21.23 乙酸异洋薄荷酯 isopulegol acetate C10H18O 154 3.32 ± 0.21 1.61 ± 0.01 0.61 ± 0.01 0.41 ± 0.00 0.58 ± 0.01 21.82 乙酸香叶酯 geraniol acetate C10H14O 150 2.64 ± 0.20 2.78 ± 0.25 0.90 ± 0.02 - 1.00 ± 0.11 22.20 顺式马鞭草烯酮 cis-verbenone C10H14O 150 10.45 ± 1.03 7.40 ± 0.31 5.16 ± 0.43 0.72 ± 0.05 1.36 ± 0.07 22.46 丁香油酚甲醚 eugenol methylether C10H14O2 178 9.52 ± 0.67 13.70 ± 1.02 5.19 ± 0.48 3.03 ± 0.28 4.45 ± 0.22 22.93 反式石竹烯 trans-caryophyllene C15H24 204 44.75 ± 3.89 39.11 ± 2.77 20.27 ± 1.88 8.09 ± 0.88 12.75 ± 1.11 23.64 香叶基丙酮 dihydropseudoionon C13H220 194 1.35 ± 0.21 1.07 ± 0.07 0.92 ± 0.01 - - 23.72 顺式石竹烯 cis-caryophyllene C15H24 204 6.71 ± 0.44 6.06 ± 0.28 2.83 ± 0.10 1.16 ± 0.05 1.75 ± 0.06 说明:"-"表示未检测到化合物 -
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