Diversity of macrofungi in different broad-leaved forests in Gaogestai Hanwula Nature Reserve
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摘要:
目的 以高格斯台罕乌拉自然保护区为研究区域，调查保护区白桦Betula platyphylla林(Ⅰ)、蒙古栎Quercus mongolica林(Ⅱ)、白桦-蒙椴Tilia mongolica混交林(Ⅲ)、白桦-蒙古栎-山杨Populus davidiana-黑桦Betula platyphylla混交林(Ⅳ)、山杨 -蒙古栎-黑桦混交林(Ⅴ)5种阔叶林中大型真菌资源分布状况及其与植被的关系，为日后保护区大型真菌保育工作提供依据。 方法 通过随机踏查和样地法采集大型真菌，结合形态学和分子学对采集标本进行鉴定，分析大型真菌种群分布、多样性、群落相似性及大型真菌与植物的关系。 结果 保护区大型真菌共有213种，隶属于2门4纲19目54科119属；优势属为红菇属Russula、蘑菇属Agaricus、香蘑属Lepista等共8属；植被类型Ⅳ的丰富度指数、多样性指数及均匀度指数在5种植被类型中为最高；乔木层、灌木层及草本层Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和乔木层、草本层Simpson多样性指数对大型真菌各项指数影响较大；植被总盖度、草本盖度、郁闭度及海拔对大型真菌优势属显著相关；类型Ⅱ与类型Ⅳ之间大型真菌相似性最高，为0.27，类型Ⅲ与类型Ⅳ之间和类型Ⅰ与类型Ⅱ之间的相似性最低，均为0.14；从种聚类上来看，在距离系数25处，分为两大类，在距离系数为14处，可分为3个小聚群。 结论 植物在多样性、相似性等方面均不同程度地影响林内大型真菌分布，且植物类型越相似，大型真菌组成越相似。图2表7参28 Abstract:Objective This study, taking Gogestai Hanwula Nature Reserve as the research area, is aimed to investigate the distribution of macrofungi and its relationship with the local vegetation in five broad-leaved forests so as to provide plausible reference for the conservation of macrofungi in the future. Method First, macrofungi were collected from Betula platyphylla, Quercus mongolica, B. platyphylla-Tilia mongolica, B. platyphylla-T. mongolica and B. platyphylla-Q. mongolica-Populus davidiana-B. dahurica, and P. davidiana-Q. mongolica-B. dahurica in the nature reserve with the employment of random sampling and sample plot method. Then the collected specimens were identified from the perspectives of morphology and molecular chemistry before an analysis was conducted of the species distribution, diversity, community similarity and macrofungi-plant relationships. Result (1) There were 213 species of macrofungi in the reserve, which can be categorized into 2 phyla, 4 classes, 19 orders, 54 families, 119 genera. (2) There were a total of 8 dominant genera including Russula, Agaricus and Lepista. (3) Of the five vegetation types, Type Ⅳ wuranked the first in richness, diversity and evenness. (4) The diversity index and evenness index of tree layer, shrub layer and herb layer and the diversity index of tree layer and herb layer had significant influence on the indices of macrofungi. (5) The total vegetation coverage, herbage coverage, canopy closure and altitude were significantly correlated with the dominant genera of macrofungi. (6) The similarity between Type Ⅱ and Type Ⅳ was the highest (0.27) whereas the one between Type Ⅲ and Type Ⅳ and the one between Type Ⅰ and Type Ⅱ were the lowest (both being 0.14). (7) In terms of species clustering, with the distance coefficient being 25, they could be divided into two groups, while with the distance coefficient being 14, they could be divided into three clusters. Conclusion The diversity and similarity of plants affected the distribution of macrofungi to varying degrees, and the more similar the plant type was, the more similar the composition of macrofungi was. [Ch, 2 fig. 7 tab. 28 ref.] -
Key words:
- macrofungi /
- forest types /
- species diversity /
- similarity
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图 1 不同植被类型大型真菌优势属与立地条件的冗余分析
Figure 1 RDA analysis of dominant genera and site conditions of macrofungi in different vegetation types
图 2 不同植被类型大型真菌种相似性系数聚类及物种相似性韦恩图
Figure 2 Clustering of similarity coefficent of macrofungal species with different vegetation types and Venn diagram of species similarity
表 1 5种阔叶林立地条件情况
Table 1. Site conditions of 5 broad-leaved forests
植被类型 海拔/m 湿度/% 植被总盖度/% 乔木胸径/mm 乔木树高/m 草本盖度/% 灌木盖度/% 郁闭度/% Ⅰ 749.70±3.22 a 63.03±0.97 b 63.00±6.08 a 46.33±14.84 a 6.87±0.55 a 44.00±2.08 d 75.67±2.91 a 49.67±3.38 b Ⅱ 940.07±4.02 a 75.20±0.55 a 73.67±6.36 a 35.00±3.01 a 10.50±3.76 a 75.33±3.18 b 54.33±3.84 ab 70.67±4.10 a Ⅲ 1196.34±0.52 a 47.70±1.62 c 78.33±0.88 a 51.87±1.94 a 8.60±0.31 a 81.00±0.58 b 74.00±2.08 a 74.33±2.60 a Ⅳ 1152.05±9.23 a 50.33±0.67 c 82.00±1.53 a 36.20±1.63 a 8.83±0.42 a 62.67±4.18 c 3.33±3.33 c 81.00±1.15 a Ⅴ 1182.87±0.80 a 47.10±1.06 c 78.00±3.61 a 40.30±0.64 a 7.93±0.72 a 90.00±2.65 a 42.00±11.93 b 81.00±0.58 a 说明：表中数值为均值±标准误，每列数据后不同小写字母表示Duncan氏方差检验差异显著(P＜0.05)，n=3 
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表 2 高格斯台罕乌拉自然保护区阔叶林大型真菌科、属和种的数量统计
Table 2. Total number of families ,genera and species of macrofungi in Gaogesitai Hanwula Nature Reserve
科名 属数 种数 科名 属数 种数 科名 属数 种数 暗银耳科 Phaeotremellaceae 1 1 肉座菌科 Hypocreaceae 1 1 拟层孔菌科 Fomitopsidaceae 2 4 齿菌科 Hydnaceae 1 1 小塔氏菌科 Tapinellaceae 1 1 小皮伞科 Marasmiaceae 2 4 刺孢齿耳菌科 Steccherinaceae 1 1 原毛平革菌科 Phanerochaetaceae 1 1 钉菇科 Gomphaceae 2 4 伏革菌科 Corticiaceae 1 1 黏褶菌科 Gloeophyllaceae 1 1 光柄菇科 Pluteaceae 2 5 腹菌科 Hymenogastraceae 1 1 桩菇科 Paxillaceae 1 1 类脐菇科 Omphalotaceae 2 5 干腐菌科 Serpulaceae 1 1 鹅膏科 Amanitaceae 1 2 韧革菌科 Stereaceae 2 5 革菌科 Thelephoraceae 1 1 锁瑚菌科 Clavulinaceae 1 2 刺革菌科 Hymenochaetaceae 3 3 隔孢伏革菌科 Peniophoraceae 1 1 银耳科 Tremellaceae 1 2 粉褶菌科 Entolomataceae 3 3 挂钟菌科 Cyphellaceae 1 1 地星科 Geastraceae 1 3 泡头菌科 Physalacriaceae 3 3 鸡油菌科 Cantharellaceae 1 1 小菇科 Mycenaceae 1 3 干朽菌科 Meruliaceae 5 6 块菌科 Tuberaceae 1 1 蜡伞科 Hygrophoraceae 1 5 球盖菇科 Strophariaceae 6 7 裂褶菌科 Schizophyllaceae 1 1 轴腹菌科 Hydnangiaceae 1 5 丝盖伞科 Inocybaceae 4 9 灵芝科 Ganodermataceae 1 1 红菇科 Russulaceae 1 14 小脆柄菇科 Psathyrellaceae 5 11 铆钉菇科 Gomphidiaceae 1 1 侧耳科 Pleurotaceae 2 2 蘑菇科 Agaricaceae 3 15 木瑚菌科 Lentariaceae 1 1 火丝菌科 Pyronemataceae 2 2 口蘑科 Tricholomataceae 8 22 盘菌科 Pezizaceae 1 1 离褶伞科 Lyophyllaceae 2 2 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 20 28 柔膜菌科 Helotiaceae 1 1 牛肝菌科 Boletaceae 2 2 未定科 3 5 乳牛肝菌科 Suillaceae 1 1 粪伞科 Bolbitiaceae 2 3 共计 119 213 丝膜菌科 Cortinariaceae 1 1 木耳科 Auriculariaceae 2 3
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表 3 高格斯台罕乌拉自然保护区大型真菌优势属
Table 3. Statistics of dominant genera(≥5 species)of macrofungi in Gaogesitai Hanwula Nature Reserve
属名 种数 占比/% 属名 种数 占比/% 栓菌属 5 2.3 马勃属 6 2.8 蜡伞属 5 2.3 蘑菇属 6 2.8 蜡蘑属 5 2.3 红菇属 14 6.6 杯伞属 6 2.8 共计 53 24.9 香蘑属 6 2.8
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表 4 高格斯台罕乌拉自然保护区不同植被类型大型真菌多样性
Table 4. Macrofungi diversity in different vegetation type in Gaogesitai Hanwula Nature Reserve
植被类
型类型物种数 标本
总数丰富度
指数多样性指数 均匀度
指数ED H′ Ⅰ 22 64 2.750 0 0.939 5 2.930 7 0.948 1 Ⅱ 35 79 3.937 8 0.960 7 3.384 1 0.951 8 Ⅲ 24 46 3.538 6 0.930 1 2.935 8 0.923 8 Ⅳ 129 282 7.681 8 0.991 0 4.781 8 0.983 9 Ⅴ 87 197 6.198 5 0.984 6 4.315 7 0.966 4
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表 5 高格斯台罕乌拉自然保护区不同植被类型植物多样性
Table 5. Plant diversity in different vegetation types in Gaogesitai Hanwula Nature Reserve
植被类型 层次 多样性指数 均匀度指数E D H' Ⅰ 乔木层 0.238 4±0.013 2 cE 0.338 3±0.037 7 cC 0.242 4±0.002 7 aA 灌木层 0.740 4±0.009 7 bA 0.558 6±0.007 7 bB 0.190 2±0.008 7 aB 草本层 0.864 5±0.007 8 aA 0.690 5±0.002 8 aB 0.066 9±0.025 2 bA Ⅱ 乔木层 0.192 9±0.000 8 cE 0.239 8±0.005 8 cE 0.124 4±0.005 0 aC 灌木层 0.682 7±0.003 6 bB 0.498 7±0.022 3 bC 0.111 4±0.005 8 aD 草本层 0.784 8±0.003 4 aC 0.623 9±0.010 9 aB 0.050 6±0.009 2 bA Ⅲ 乔木层 0.288 0±0.005 0 cD 0.366 7±0.128 9 bC 0.134 1±0.003 4 aC 灌木层 0.356 9±0.014 7 bD 0.395 7±0.005 3 bD 0.115 7±0.002 2 bD 草本层 0.732 3±0.001 5 aE 0.604 1±0.009 1 aA 0.077 6±0.004 3 cA Ⅳ 乔木层 0.641 6±0.003 2 cB 0.489 3±0.007 9 cC 0.179 5±0.004 1 aB 灌木层 0.706 4±0.002 4 bC 0.699 1±0.003 4 bA 0.140 1±0.004 7 bC 草本层 0.762 1±0.006 2 aD 0.723 3±0.006 4 aA 0.036 1±0.002 3 cA Ⅴ 乔木层 0.461 6±0.007 0 cA 0.516 3±0.007 5 bC 0.233 7±0.004 2 aA 灌木层 0.588 6±0.006 0 bC 0.530 3±0.012 7 bC 0.169 4±0.000 3 bB 草本层 0.826 0±0.000 7 aB 0.683 6±0.004 7 aA 0.052 2±0.006 7 cA 说明：不同小写字母表示同一林型不同层间差异显著( P＜0.05)，不同大写字母表示同层不同林型间差异显著( P＜0.05)
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表 6 大型真菌多样性与植物多样性的关系
Table 6. Relationship between macrofungal diversity and plant diversity
植被类型 大型真菌
多样性植物多样性 乔木层 灌木层 草本层 D H' E D H' E D H' E Ⅰ D −0.865 −0.640 −0.543 0.010 −0.242 −0.242 0.756 0.958 0.493 H' −1.000** −0.941 −0.894 −0.497 0.282 0.282 0.983** 0.971 0.866** E −0.779 −0.516 −0.410 0.162 −0.387 −0.387 0.648 0.903 0.356 Ⅱ D 0.460 0.916 0.717 0.996 −0.812 0.306 0.616 0.508 0.978 H' 0.696 −0.671 −0.888 −0.396 −0.296 −1.000** 0.552 0.656 −0.109 E −0.032 −0.999* −0.948 −0.936 0.481 −0.687 −0.216 −0.087 −0.791 Ⅲ D 0.699 0.978 −0.276 0.907 1.000** −0.597 0.323 −0.942 −0.920 H' −0.225 −0.727 −0.264 −0.557 −0.854 0.093 0.216 0.979 0.583 E 0.045 −0.516 −0.514 −0.313 −0.682 −0.178 0.471 0.889 0.343 Ⅳ D −0.787 0.605 0.771 −0.533 0.856 0.584 −0.775 0.997 −0.157 H' −0.863 0.707 0.850 −0.643 0.918 0.469 −0.854 0.999* −0.290 E 0.919** −0.789 −0.909 0.733 −0.960 −0.357 0.911** −0.984 0.405 Ⅴ D −0.939 −0.574 −0.302 0.368 −0.760 −0.982 0.054 0.025 0.327 H' −0.937 −0.968 −0.849 0.884 −1.000** −0.870 −0.608 −0.631 −0.365 E 0.884 0.458 0.171 −0.239 0.665 0.947 −0.189 −0.160 −0.452 说明：**为极显著相关( P＜0.01)，*为显著相关( P＜0.05)
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表 7 高格斯台罕乌拉自然保护区各植被类型内大型真菌物种的相似系数
Table 7. Similarity coefficients of various macrofungi in GaogesitaiHanwula National Nature Reserve
植被类型 Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅰ 1.00 0.14 0.22 0.17 0.18 Ⅱ 0.14 1.00 0.20 0.27 0.20 Ⅲ 0.22 0.20 1.00 0.14 0.16 Ⅳ 0.17 0.27 0.14 1.00 0.22 Ⅴ 0.18 0.20 0.16 0.22 1.00
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