Spatial variability and affecting factors of soil fertility in Chinese hickory stands at village scale
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摘要:
目的 为村级尺度山核桃Carya cathayensis林地合理培肥提供科学依据。 方法 在浙江省岛石镇大山川村山核桃主产区，系统采集土壤(0~30 cm)样品134个，运用地统计学与地理信息系统(GIS)相结合的方法、主成分分析法(PCA)探究林地土壤肥力空间变异结构特征、土壤肥力状况及其主控因素。 结果 山核桃林地土壤pH 5.39，土壤容重为1.14 g·cm−3，有机质、全氮质量分数分别为42.13和2.33 g·kg−1，土壤碱解氮、速效钾、有效磷质量分数均值分别为115.89、82.69、1.47 mg·kg−1；容重、全氮、有效磷和速效钾的块基比均小于25%，具有强烈的空间相关性，结构因素为主导。pH、有机质具有中等空间相关性，碱解氮受随机因素影响较大；相关性分析表明：土壤pH、有机质、速效钾和碱解氮与海拔、容重显著相关(P＜0.05)；土壤综合肥力指数均值为0.66，肥力水平适中。主成分分析表明：有机质和碱解氮在第1主成分上具有较大载荷。 结论 山核桃林地土壤酸化及养分失衡现象严重，土壤肥力呈中部高四周低的分布格局。有机质、碱解氮是影响土壤肥力水平的主控因子，受海拔、容重影响显著。今后可按照“大配方，小调整”的原则补施生石灰、氮、磷、钾等单一肥料，以改良山核桃林地土壤酸化并提升土壤肥力质量。图4表5参28 Abstract:Objective This study, with an investigation of a total of 134 topsoil samples (0−30 cm) systematically collected from Chinese hickory (Carya cathayensis) plantation in Dashanchuan village, Daoshi town, Zhejiang Province, is aimed to provide scientific basis for rational soil fertility management of Chinese hickory plantation at village scale. Method GIS and geostatistics were utilized to reveal the spatial heterogeneity of soil fertility properties, whereas principal component analysis (PCA) was used to explore the main controlling factors affecting the soil fertility. Result (1) Soil in Dashanchuan village was acidic (pH 5.39) on the whole with the average of bulk density (BD) being 1.14 g·cm−3 while organic matter (OM), available nitrogen (AN), available potassium (AK) and total nitrogen (TN) were moderate with average concentrations of 42.13 g·kg−1, 115.89 mg·kg−1, 82.69 mg·kg−1 and 2.33 g·kg−1 respectively. (2) Available phosphorus (AP) was low with average concentrations of 1.47 mg·kg−1 with the nugget coefficients of BD, TN, AP and AK below 25%, featured with a strong spatial autocorrelation. (3) Soil pH and OM showed moderately spatial autocorrelation. (4) AN fit the weak spatial autocorrelation, which indicated that random factors had a significant influence. (5) The results of correlation analysis revealed that pH, OM, AK and AN had significant correlation with altitude and bulk density (P＜0.05) while the integrated fertility index (IFI) of study area ranged from 0.20 to 0.90 with an average of 0.66, indicating moderate fertility level. (6) Principal component analysis showed that OM and AN had a high load in PC1. Conclusion The study area suffered serious the soil acidification and nutrient imbalances with the soil fertility being high in the middle but low in the surrounding areas. Besides, OM and AN, are the main controlling factors affecting soil fertility quality of the study area, with their contents significantly affected by elevation and BD. Therefore, to improve soil acidification and soil fertility quality so as to better manage the soil, single element fertilizers including quicklime, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium could be applied under the principle of “large formula, small adjustment” based on formula fertilizer. [Ch, 4 fig. 5 tab. 28 ref.] -
Key words:
- Chinese hickory /
- village scale /
- geostatistics /
- principal component analysis /
- spatial varibility /
- soil
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图 1 研究区海拔及采样点分布示意图
Figure 1 Elevation and sampling point distribution map of the study area
图 2 山核桃林地土壤肥力指标空间分布示意图
Figure 2 Spatial distribution map of soil fertility properties in Chinese hickory plantation
图 3 山核桃林地土壤肥力的相关分析
Figure 3 Correlation analysis of soil indicators in Chinese hickory plantation
图 4 山核桃林地土壤肥力等级空间分布示意图
Figure 4 Soil fertility level distribution map of Chinese hickory plantation
表 1 土壤肥力指标的平均相关系数和权重系数
Table 1. Average correlation coefficients and weight value of soil fertility indexes
指标 相关系数平均值 权重系数 pH 0.16 0.13 BD 0.19 0.15 OM 0.33 0.27 AN 0.23 0.19 AP 0.07 0.05 AK 0.09 0.08 TN 0.16 0.13 
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表 2 土壤肥力水平分级标准及各等级所占比例
Table 2. Classification standard of soil fertility and its proportion
等级 IFI 各等级比例/% 肥力水平 Ⅴ ≤0.40 2.99 差 Ⅳ (0.40~0.60] 23.88 较差 Ⅲ (0.60~0.70] 33.58 中等 Ⅱ (0.70~0.80] 20.15 良好 Ⅰ ＞0.80 19.40 优秀
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表 3 山核桃林地土壤肥力指标描述性统计
Table 3. Descriptive statistics of soil fertility properties in Chinese hickory plantation
项目 pH BD/(g·cm−3) OM/(g·kg−1) TN/(g·kg−1) AN/(mg·kg−1) AP/(mg·kg−1) AK/(mg·kg−1) 均值 5.39 1.14 42.13 2.33 115.89 1.47 82.69 最小值 4.60 0.58 10.51 0.32 1.39 0.03 10.04 最大值 8.24 1.70 153.11 12.31 311.57 16.94 273.72 标准差 0.55 0.16 22.22 1.58 57.73 2.23 46.26 变异系数/% 10.25 14.04 52.75 67.62 49.82 151.21 55.94 偏度 2.215(1.67) −0.110 2.262(0.22) 3.753(0.12) 0.670 3.515(0.01) 1.671(−0.33) 峰度 7.330(4.48) 1.800 7.226(0.89) 19.613(2.84) 1.070 17.839(−0.03) 3.709(1.18) K-S 0.024(0.07) 0.129 0.003(0.68) 0.000(0.07) 0.448 0.000(0.20) 0.004(0.64) 说明：括号内分别为经对数、Box-Cox转换后的偏度、峰度和K-S检验的显著性水平；n=134
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表 4 山核桃林地土壤肥力指标半方差函数理论模型及其相关参数
Table 4. Semi-variogram model and parameters of soil fertility properties in Chinese hickory plantation
指标 理论模型 块金值 $ \left({C}_{0}\right) $ 基台值 $ {(C}_{0}+C) $ 变程/m 块基比 $ [{C}_{0} $/( $ {C}_{0}+C $)]/% R2 pH 球状模型 0.000 5 0.001 8 732 26.33 0.98 BD 指数模型 0.001 6 0.025 3 390 6.32 0.83 OM 高斯模型 0.029 5 0.067 9 2 364 66.55 0.83 TN 高斯模型 0.002 3 0.045 9 327 5.01 0.86 AN 指数模型 2 798.202 6 3 432.030 4 1 951 81.53 0.63 AP 球状模型 0.013 0 1.447 0 342 0.90 0.94 AK 球状模型 0.004 0 0.057 2 272 7.00 0.80
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表 5 土壤各肥力指标的主成分分析
Table 5. Principal component analysis of soil fertility properties
主成分 pH BD OM AN AP AK TN 特征根 方差贡献率/% 累计方差贡献率/% PC1 0.567 −0.782 0.925 0.838 0.036 0.045 0.383 2.641 37.735 37.735 PC2 0.186 0.156 0.018 0.019 0.790 0.722 −0.201 1.246 17.805 55.540 PC3 0.406 0.237 −0.025 0.188 −0.260 0.526 0.695 1.084 15.487 71.026
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