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香榧Torreya grandis‘Merrillii’是榧树Torreya grandis经人工嫁接繁殖而成的优良栽培类型[1],具有极高的经济价值、生态价值和文化价值,是集材用、药用、果用、油用和观赏于一体的多功能珍贵树种[2-3]。近几年香榧产业发展迅速,使得香榧产区有了很大的扩展。新老产区香榧林多为纯林,在相对单一的生态环境中易成片感染各种病虫害。香榧瘿螨Nalepella abiesis是香榧的主要虫害之一,其种名最初鉴定为冷杉大嘴瘿螨Rhyncaphytopus abiesis[4],2013年经重新分类后更名为Nalepella abiesis[5]。国外尚无该种瘿螨的相关报道。瘿螨是一类古老的高度微型化、形态简化和多样化的植食性寄生螨[6],大多数种类对寄主植物具有高度专一性[7]。瘿螨靠其螯肢演化的口针刺入寄主组织,以吸食细胞里的汁液和营养物质为生[8]。瘿螨可以为害植物的叶、芽、果实、茎干等部位,大部分瘿螨属于自由生活型,寄生在植物表面,少部分能引起寄主植物产生各种虫瘿、毛毡等症状[9],使寄主植物器官发生畸形,组织结构发生改变。香榧瘿螨属于寡食性昆虫,且自由生活在香榧树体地上部分的器官表面,以叶片为主要寄生场所。目前,关于香榧瘿螨的研究甚少,仅有一些关于香榧瘿螨生物学特性和发生规律[4, 10-11]及防治[11]的研究报道,但针对瘿螨吸食为害香榧叶片部位却存在着不同说法[12]。本研究从植物形态解剖学的角度探究香榧瘿螨为害对香榧叶片结构及叶绿素质量分数的影响,以期对香榧瘿螨的为害机理和防治提供理论基础。
Leaf structure and chlorophyll content in Torreya grandis 'Merrillii' with Nalepella abiesis infestation
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摘要:
目的 研究香榧瘿螨Nalepella abiesis对香榧Torreya grandis ‘Merrillii’叶片的为害机制,对叶片结构及叶绿素质量分数的影响,可为香榧瘿螨的防治提供理论依据。 方法 利用正置显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜研究螨害对香榧叶片组织结构、气孔结构以及叶绿体超微结构的动态变化,并用分光光度法测定叶绿素质量分数的动态变化。 结果 随着螨害时间的持续,香榧叶片叶肉栅栏细胞形状改变,细胞数量减少;螨害第40天时,栅栏组织厚度明显减小,海绵细胞亦缩水变小,海绵组织更为松散;气孔区域部分角质钉结构破损,保卫细胞缩小,气孔器有明显的损伤和萎缩。叶肉细胞逐渐膨胀变形,细胞间隙变大,叶绿体数量逐渐减少,并出现膨大的淀粉粒;螨害第12天时,叶绿体内嗜锇颗粒数量明显增多,基粒片层排列逐渐散乱,结构不清晰,螨害第25天时则变得模糊,到螨害第40天时片层结构瓦解消失。接种瘿螨的处理与未接种瘿螨的对照相比,0~12 d叶绿素质量分数无显著差异,但在25~40 d叶绿素质量分数差异显著(P < 0.05);随着螨害时间的持续,叶绿素质量分数下降更多。 结论 香榧瘿螨吸食破坏了香榧叶片叶肉细胞和气孔器的结构,使得叶绿素质量分数减少,从而影响了香榧叶片正常的光合作用。 Abstract:Objective The aim is to provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of Nalepella abiesis and to study the damage mechanism and chlorophyll content from N. abiesis on leaves of Torreya grandis 'Merrillii'. Method Dynamic changes in leaf tissue structure, stomatal structure, chloroplast ultrastructure, and chlorophyll content were studied using the fluorescence microscope, transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and spectrophotometer. Result The palisade cells changed in shape and decreased in number for an increase in days after inoculation (DAI) with mites. By the 40th day, thickness of the palisade tissue decreased considerably; spongy cells shrank; spongy tissue became looser; around stomata the cuticular peg was destroyed; guard cells shrank; and stomata shrank revealing obvious injury. Mesophyll cells gradually swelled and became deformed with the gap between cells becoming larger and larger. Also, the number of chloroplasts gradually decreased with the appearance of starch grains. By the 12th day, the number of osmiophilic granules within the chloroplast had increased with grana lamellae becoming more and more irregular in structure, especially on the 25th day, and finally disintegrating and disappearing on the 40th day. There was no significant difference in chlorophyll content between ck and the treatment with mite infection from 0 to 12 d, but a significant difference occurred from 25 to 40 d(P < 0.05). Compared to the ck, the decrease in chlorophyll content continued as time increased. Conclusion N. abiesis infestation could destroy the structure of the mesophyll cells and leaf stomata of T. grandis 'Merrillii' leading to a decreased chlorophyll content that could affect photosynthesis. -
Key words:
- forest protection /
- Torreya grandis 'Merrillii' /
- Nalepella abiesis /
- leaf structure /
- stomata /
- chloroplast /
- chlorophyll content
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https://zlxb.zafu.edu.cn/article/doi/10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2020.02.014