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杜鹃花Rhododendron是举世公认的名贵观赏花卉,被誉为“世界之花”“花木之王”,也是国内的“十大名花”之一[1]。杜鹃花喜阴凉、潮湿环境,高温是限制杜鹃花正常生长和广泛利用的关键性因子,因此开展杜鹃花耐热等抗逆研究显得尤为重要[2-5]。丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)是陆地生态系统的重要成员[6],是一种能与90%以上的植物形成共生关系的微生物[7]。有研究表明:接种AMF可以显著促进植物的生长[8-9],提高植物抗连作障碍的能力[10],并能在一定程度上降低逆境胁迫,增强植物的抗逆性[11-14]。但接种AMF对杜鹃花抗热性影响的研究还未见报道。本研究对杜鹃花苗接种AMF,测定杜鹃花叶片的各项生理指标参数和解剖结构指标,以探讨在高温胁迫下,AMF对杜鹃花苗耐热性的影响,为杜鹃花在华北地区园林绿化中的应用提供科学依据。
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由图 1可知:常温条件下3种AMF对杜鹃花根系的根侵染率不同。其中Gi侵染率最高,为49.6%,而Ge(37.4%)侵染率较低。
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由表 1可见,常温下接种AMF对杜鹃花叶片的可溶性糖的影响不显著,随着温度的增加,试验组和对照组的可溶性糖质量分数均有所增加。胁迫5 d,接种Gi和Gm的可溶性糖质量分数显著高于对照组(P<0.05),胁迫10 d,接种Gi的可溶性糖质量分数升高最为显著。
表 1 不同AMF对杜鹃花叶片生理参数的影响
Table 1. Effects of different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on physiological parameters of azaleas leaves
胁迫时间/d 处理 可溶性糖/(μg·g-1) 可溶性蛋白质/(g·L-1) 细胞膜透性/% 丙二醛/(μmol·g-1) 脯氨酸/(μg·g-1) 0 Gi 22.950 ± 1.345 a 3.307 ± 0.237 a 20.820 ± 1.049 c 3.473 ± 0.183 a 19.392 ± 2.455 b Gm 15.084 ± 1.154 b 3.601 ± 0.344 a 21.085 ± 0.996 c 4.025 ± 0.740 a 30.642 ± 1.982 a Ge 20.130 ± 2.602 ab 3.473 ± 0.075 a 27.715 ± 0.849 b 3.975 ± 0.344 a 28.726 ± 4.992 ab ck 14.716 ± 1.602 b 3.040 ± 0.256 b 33.557 ± 0.579 a 4.607 ± 0.144 a 19.231 ± 1.476 b 5 Gi 24.061 ± 0.814 a 3.977 ± 0.530 a 36.619 ± 0.842 b 3.980 ± 0.645 b 33.965 ± 5.216 b Gm 24.355 ± 0.972 ab 6.945 ± 0.483 b 36.838 ± 3.856 a 4.150 ± 0.838 b 41.802 ± 2.896 ab Ge 18.141 ± 1.460 b 4.856 ± 0.632 a 33.201 ± 1.905 c 5.592 ± 0.132 ab 46.653 ± 1.784 a ck 19.537 ± 2.286 b 4.174 ± 0.074 b 37.478 ± 0.932 a 5.768 ± 0.172 a 31.615 ± 1.247 b 10 Gi 31.410 ± 2.253 a 2.007 ± 0.129 a 37.922 ± 5.388 b 4.168 ± 0.166 d 46.833 ± 4.306 a Gm 25.178 ± 0.761 b 2.184 ± 0.208 a 38.416 ± 0.792 b 5.149 ± 0.141 c 54.546 ± 3.557 a Ge 23.615 ± 2.954 b 2.205 ± 0.320 a 37.049 ± 0.724 c 5.717 ± 0.235 b 47.249 ± 3.049 a ck 23.494 ± 1.444 b 1.528 ± 0.152 a 40.125 ± 1.896 a 6.508 ± 0.008 a 45.626 ± 1.953 a 说明:同列中不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05) -
由表 1可见:常温下接种AMF对可溶性蛋白质质量浓度的影响不大,胁迫5 d,接种Gi,Gm,Ge和ck分别比常温下增加了20.3%,92.9%,39.8%,37.3%,其中接种Gm最为显著。随着胁迫天数增加,可溶性蛋白质质量浓度呈递减趋势,造成这一情况的原因可能是持续高温导致可溶性蛋白质合成所需的酶丧失活性,进而阻碍了可溶性蛋白质的合成。高温胁迫10 d,接种Ge的效果最好,比ck增加了40.3%。在高温胁迫5 d和10 d,Gm和Ge分别表现出较强的优势。
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由表 1可见:随着胁迫天数的增加,脯氨酸质量分数随之增加。高温胁迫5 d,接种Gi,Gm和Ge的叶片脯氨酸质量分数分别比ck增加了7.4%,32.2%,47.6%,高温胁迫10 d,接种Gm表现最优,比ck增加了19.5%。
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由表 1可见:随着胁迫天数的增加,细胞膜结构受到破坏,细胞膜透性增加。高温下接种AMF有效降低了细胞膜透性。高温胁迫5 d,接种Ge叶片细胞膜透性比ck降低了12.9%,高温胁迫10 d,接种Gi,Gm,Ge的杜鹃花叶片比ck各降低了5.8%,4.5%,8.3%。丙二醛是膜脂过氧化产物,它可以与细胞膜上的蛋白质和酶等结合,导致细胞膜完整性遭到破坏,丧失选择透性,引起电导率的上升。高温胁迫下,杜鹃花叶片的丙二醛质量摩尔浓度显著增加,对植物造成一定的伤害,接种AMF有限缓解了丙二醛的积累。其中接种Gi,Gm最为明显,5 d时,比ck减少了44.9%,39.0%。10 d,比ck减少了56.1%,26.4%。
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随着温度的升高和胁迫时间的增加,接种AMF和对照组杜鹃花的叶绿素和类胡萝卜素质量分数均有所降低(图 2)。高温胁迫10 d,叶绿素和类胡萝卜素质量分数逐渐降低,而接种AMF的杜鹃花叶片叶绿素和类胡萝卜素质量分数均高于ck。接种Gi的杜鹃花叶片的叶绿素a、叶绿素和类胡萝卜素质量分数最高,分别比ck增加了39.7%,33.0%,16.3%,接种Gm的杜鹃花叶片的叶绿素b效果最为显著,比ck增加了33.3%,Gi次之。
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从图 3可以看出:叶片解剖结构由叶表皮、栅栏组织、海绵组织及叶脉组成。叶表皮包括上表皮和下表皮,上、下表皮均为单层细胞且呈不规则扁长方形,排列紧密,表皮无毛。栅栏组织排列较为紧密,呈长柱形,海绵组织位于栅栏组织和叶片下表皮之间,且排列较为疏松。常温条件下,试验组栅栏组织排列较整齐,且呈长柱,ck栅栏组织整齐度变差。在高温下,ck和试验组栅栏组织和海绵组织厚度呈减小趋势,接种AMF的杜鹃花叶片解剖结构的部分栅栏组织细胞变短变粗,ck栅栏组织大部分发生短缩,排列参差不齐且海绵组织细胞排列零散,细胞间隙大。
由表 2可知:接种不同AMF并不同温度处理的杜鹃花叶片的叶肉细胞解剖结构指标差异显著(P<0.05)。常温条件下叶片平均厚度为186.49~201.75 μm,高温条件下叶片平均厚度126.41~187.49 μm,其中高温下ck叶片最薄(126.41 μm),常温下接种Gi菌的杜鹃花叶片最厚,为201.75 μm。海绵组织排列较为疏松,厚度均大于栅栏组织厚度,因此栅栏海绵组织比(简称栅栏比)均小于1。在高温条件下,接种AMF的杜鹃花叶片的栅栏比显著高于对照组(P<0.05),而细胞组织结构疏松度小于对照组。常温条件下,对照组和实验组表现不明显。
表 2 不同AMF对杜鹃花叶片叶肉组织结构的影响
Table 2. Effect of different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on mesophyll structure of Rhododendron
温度 处理 叶片厚度/μm 栅栏组织/μm 海绵组织/μm 栅栏组织/海绵组织 组织结构紧密度 组织结构疏松度 高温 Gi 187.49 ± 8.86 a 67.37 ± 3.56 a 97.32 ± 0.97 a 0.69 ± 0.06 a 0.35 ± 0.02 a 0.52 ± 0.03 ab Gm 180.81 ± 6.62 a 56.19 ± 3.19 a 81.78 ± 5.45 a 0.69 ± 0.15 a 0.31 ± 0.05 a 0.45 ± 0.04 c Ge 160.49 ± 7.17 a 67.31 ± 4.45 a 102.90 ± 4.92 a 0.66 ± 0.11 a 0.30 ± 0.03 ab 0.47 ± 0.03 b ck 126.41 ± 4.66 b 30.12 ± 2.80 b 60.44 ± 5.68 b 0.49 ± 0.06 b 0.26 ± 0.04 b 0.53 ± 0.04 a 常温 Gi 201.75 ± 6.15 a 59.14 ± 2.46 c 97.25 ± 6.59 a 0.62 ± 0.08 c 0.29 ± 0.02 b 0.48 ± 0.03 a Gm 191.68 ± 3.04 ab 58.50 ± 1.66 c 95.33 ± 3.02 a 0.61 ± 0.04 c 0.30 ± 0.02 b 0.50 ± 0.08 a Ge 186.49 ± 1.48 b 64.51 ± 1.03 a 86.61 ± 1.45 a 0.74 ± 0.02 a 0.35 ± 0.01 a 0.47 ± 0.01 a ck 186.52 ± 4.99 b 64.30 ± 6.08 b 107.11 ± 3.07 a 0.57 ± 0.06 b 0.32 ± 0.02 b 0.57 ± 0.02 a -
对以上生理指标(可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、脯氨酸、丙二醛、细胞膜透性、叶绿素)进行隶属函数分析(表 3)。根据平均隶属度排序,最终表明高温下,接种Gi效果最明显,其次是Gm,接种Ge的效果最差。
表 3 不同AMF耐热性综合评价
Table 3. Comprehensive evaluation on heat resistance of different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
处理 隶属度 平均隶属度 耐热性排序 可溶性糖 可溶性蛋 脯氨酸 丙二醛 细胞膜透性 叶绿素 高温Gi 1.000 0.447 0.135 1.000 0.290 1.000 0.645 1 高温Gm 0.213 0.611 1.000 0.581 0.587 0.742 0.619 2 高温Ge 0.015 0.613 0.182 0.307 1.000 0.182 0.036 3 高温ck 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 4
Heat resistance of Rhododendron with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
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摘要: 为研究丛枝菌根真菌对杜鹃花耐热性的影响,以杜鹃花品种‘笔止’Rhododendron ‘Bi Zhi’为试验材料,利用人工气候法,研究根内球囊霉Glimus intraradices(Gi),摩西球囊霉Glomus mosseae(Gm)和幼套球囊霉Glomus etunicatum(Ge)等3种丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)在高温胁迫下对杜鹃花幼苗生理生化指标的影响,比较高温胁迫下接种前后杜鹃花叶片解剖结构中栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度、栅栏海绵组织比的差异,筛选出最佳AMF。结果表明:高温胁迫下,接种AMF不仅延缓了叶片的可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、游离脯氨酸和叶绿素质量分数的下降,并且使细胞膜透性和丙二醛摩尔质量分数保持相对较低的水平。此外,接种AMF后杜鹃花叶片解剖结构受损较轻,栅栏海绵组织比明显提高。根据平均隶属函数度对AMF提高杜鹃花的耐热性进行评价,其从强到弱排序为Gi,Gm和Ge,其中接种Gi的效果最为显著。因此,AMF能在一定程度上提高杜鹃花品种‘笔止’的耐热性。Abstract: To determine the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on heat resistance of Rhododendron and to choose the best AMF, Rhododendron 'Bi Zhi' was selected as the test material. Three AMF, Glomus intraradices (Gi), Glomus mosseae (Gm), and Glomus etunicatum (Ge) were used to study the effects on physiological and biochemical indexes of Rhododendron under high temperature stress. Analysis included the average subordinate function method to comprehensively evaluate the heat resistance with the three kinds of AMF and azalea. A comparison of the leaf anatomic structural characteristics before and after inoculation with the three fungi was conducted for heat stress by observing the performance. Results showed that under high temperature stress, the three AMF could colonize azalea roots. The colonization percentage of Gi was the highest (49.6%), while Ge the lest (37.4%). The contents of soluble sugar, soluble protein, chlorophyll, and proline increased compared to the control. At the same time the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and membrane permeability in azalea inoculated Gi stayed at a relatively low level. Furthermore, the anatomic structure of leaves inoculated with AMF was less damaged, and the ratio of palisade sponge tissue of the AMF inoculated leaf was much higher than that of the non-AMF control. According to the average subordinate function method, the heat resistance for azalea with AMF was in the order Gi > Gm > Ge. Thus, AMF could improve the heat resistance of the azalea cultivars to some extent.
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表 1 不同AMF对杜鹃花叶片生理参数的影响
Table 1. Effects of different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on physiological parameters of azaleas leaves
胁迫时间/d 处理 可溶性糖/(μg·g-1) 可溶性蛋白质/(g·L-1) 细胞膜透性/% 丙二醛/(μmol·g-1) 脯氨酸/(μg·g-1) 0 Gi 22.950 ± 1.345 a 3.307 ± 0.237 a 20.820 ± 1.049 c 3.473 ± 0.183 a 19.392 ± 2.455 b Gm 15.084 ± 1.154 b 3.601 ± 0.344 a 21.085 ± 0.996 c 4.025 ± 0.740 a 30.642 ± 1.982 a Ge 20.130 ± 2.602 ab 3.473 ± 0.075 a 27.715 ± 0.849 b 3.975 ± 0.344 a 28.726 ± 4.992 ab ck 14.716 ± 1.602 b 3.040 ± 0.256 b 33.557 ± 0.579 a 4.607 ± 0.144 a 19.231 ± 1.476 b 5 Gi 24.061 ± 0.814 a 3.977 ± 0.530 a 36.619 ± 0.842 b 3.980 ± 0.645 b 33.965 ± 5.216 b Gm 24.355 ± 0.972 ab 6.945 ± 0.483 b 36.838 ± 3.856 a 4.150 ± 0.838 b 41.802 ± 2.896 ab Ge 18.141 ± 1.460 b 4.856 ± 0.632 a 33.201 ± 1.905 c 5.592 ± 0.132 ab 46.653 ± 1.784 a ck 19.537 ± 2.286 b 4.174 ± 0.074 b 37.478 ± 0.932 a 5.768 ± 0.172 a 31.615 ± 1.247 b 10 Gi 31.410 ± 2.253 a 2.007 ± 0.129 a 37.922 ± 5.388 b 4.168 ± 0.166 d 46.833 ± 4.306 a Gm 25.178 ± 0.761 b 2.184 ± 0.208 a 38.416 ± 0.792 b 5.149 ± 0.141 c 54.546 ± 3.557 a Ge 23.615 ± 2.954 b 2.205 ± 0.320 a 37.049 ± 0.724 c 5.717 ± 0.235 b 47.249 ± 3.049 a ck 23.494 ± 1.444 b 1.528 ± 0.152 a 40.125 ± 1.896 a 6.508 ± 0.008 a 45.626 ± 1.953 a 说明:同列中不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05) 表 2 不同AMF对杜鹃花叶片叶肉组织结构的影响
Table 2. Effect of different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on mesophyll structure of Rhododendron
温度 处理 叶片厚度/μm 栅栏组织/μm 海绵组织/μm 栅栏组织/海绵组织 组织结构紧密度 组织结构疏松度 高温 Gi 187.49 ± 8.86 a 67.37 ± 3.56 a 97.32 ± 0.97 a 0.69 ± 0.06 a 0.35 ± 0.02 a 0.52 ± 0.03 ab Gm 180.81 ± 6.62 a 56.19 ± 3.19 a 81.78 ± 5.45 a 0.69 ± 0.15 a 0.31 ± 0.05 a 0.45 ± 0.04 c Ge 160.49 ± 7.17 a 67.31 ± 4.45 a 102.90 ± 4.92 a 0.66 ± 0.11 a 0.30 ± 0.03 ab 0.47 ± 0.03 b ck 126.41 ± 4.66 b 30.12 ± 2.80 b 60.44 ± 5.68 b 0.49 ± 0.06 b 0.26 ± 0.04 b 0.53 ± 0.04 a 常温 Gi 201.75 ± 6.15 a 59.14 ± 2.46 c 97.25 ± 6.59 a 0.62 ± 0.08 c 0.29 ± 0.02 b 0.48 ± 0.03 a Gm 191.68 ± 3.04 ab 58.50 ± 1.66 c 95.33 ± 3.02 a 0.61 ± 0.04 c 0.30 ± 0.02 b 0.50 ± 0.08 a Ge 186.49 ± 1.48 b 64.51 ± 1.03 a 86.61 ± 1.45 a 0.74 ± 0.02 a 0.35 ± 0.01 a 0.47 ± 0.01 a ck 186.52 ± 4.99 b 64.30 ± 6.08 b 107.11 ± 3.07 a 0.57 ± 0.06 b 0.32 ± 0.02 b 0.57 ± 0.02 a 表 3 不同AMF耐热性综合评价
Table 3. Comprehensive evaluation on heat resistance of different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
处理 隶属度 平均隶属度 耐热性排序 可溶性糖 可溶性蛋 脯氨酸 丙二醛 细胞膜透性 叶绿素 高温Gi 1.000 0.447 0.135 1.000 0.290 1.000 0.645 1 高温Gm 0.213 0.611 1.000 0.581 0.587 0.742 0.619 2 高温Ge 0.015 0.613 0.182 0.307 1.000 0.182 0.036 3 高温ck 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 4 -
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https://zlxb.zafu.edu.cn/article/doi/10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2019.04.013