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断奶是反刍动物饲养过程中必须经历的一个阶段,而早期断奶是为提高生产效率所采用的技术手段之一。断奶前瘤胃的充分发育为断奶成功实施和缓解断奶应激有着重要的意义[1]。近年来,瘤胃上皮细菌的变化受到研究学者的关注。有研究认为:不同于瘤胃内容物相关的细菌群落[2],瘤胃上皮细菌群落在幼龄反刍动物中具有某些特定的功能(宿主代谢、免疫应答和瘤胃发育)[3−4]。瘤胃内容物相关细菌受到诸多宿主因素影响,如日粮、年龄、抗生素摄入以及宿主的健康;此外,这些菌群也受到环境因素的影响,如地理位置、季节和饲养方式等[5]。然而上述因素对瘤胃上皮相关菌群影响还未见报道。因此,准确认识瘤胃上皮细菌在反刍动物生长过程中的演化,有利于进一步通过营养手段调控瘤胃上皮细菌的组成,促进瘤胃上皮细菌的尽早成熟,为调控幼龄反刍动物的发育提供新思路。鉴于此,本研究以湖羊Ovis aries羔羊为研究对象,探讨了2个日龄羔羊瘤胃上皮细菌群落结构以及多样性的差异,为幼龄反刍动物实施早期断奶技术提供理论依据。
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选用10只出生体质量相近[(3.60±0.37) kg]的初生湖羊羔羊,于日龄5 d时饲喂代乳粉,每天3次,自由采食;并于日龄10 d开始饲喂开食料及羊草。代乳粉、开食料和羊草的营养水平见表1。羔羊分别于日龄30 d (D30)和45 d (D45)屠宰5只(n=5)。屠宰后,立即将瘤胃组织用无菌磷酸盐缓冲盐水(pH 7.4)冲洗3次,以清除不能附着的细菌,先置于液氮中,后迅速转移至−80 ℃保存。
表 1 饲料的化学成分组成
Table 1. Chemical composition of the feeds
饲料类别 饲料成分干物质质量分数/(g·kg−1) 干物质 粗蛋白 中性洗
涤纤维酸性洗
涤纤维钙 磷 粗灰分 代乳粉 945.0 184.0 36.0 9.0 7.2 6.3 41.0 开食料 914.0 174.0 169.0 73.0 12.1 5.9 73.0 羊草 929.0 84.9 659.0 384.0 2.4 1.0 60.0 说明:开食料为每100.0 g干物质中,由58.5 g玉米、10.0 g小麦粉、27.0 g豆粕、1.1 g碳酸氢钙、1.4 g石灰石、1.0 g氯化钠和1.0 g维生素矿物质组成的预混料。 -
羔羊瘤胃上皮样品送至上海锐翌生物科技有限公司进行测序及微生物多样性分析。提取羔羊瘤胃上皮细菌总DNA后,用341F/806R通用引物(上游为5′-ACTCCTACGGGRSGCAGCAG-3′;下游为5′-GGACTACVVGGGTATCTAATC-3′)扩增16S rDNA保守区域V3~V4区,并对产物进行纯化,定量和均一化形成测序文库,测序平台为Illumina HiSeq PE250。测序完成后,对原始数据进行全质控,通过97%相似度的标准聚类,得到操作分类单元(OTU),每个OTU被认为可代表1个物种。将具有代表性的OTU序列与数据库比对,得到每个OTU对应的物种分类信息以及从门到属水平各样品的群落组成情况[6]。原始数据提交到美国生物技术信息中心(NCBI),序列号为PRJNA857329。
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数据采用Excel 2010进行整理,结果采用SAS 8.0软件Duncan’s方差分析对各处理组进行多重比较。
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下机序列经拼接、优化、质控后共得到460 073条优质序列,平均每个样品为(57 509±7 989)条。共获得OTU为503个,平均每个样品OTU有(252±38)个。2组瘤胃上皮细菌的稀疏曲线见图1,虽然没有得到完全的平缓,但斜率在不断的减小,说明趋向于饱和。
从α多样性指数(表2)可知:D45组羔羊瘤胃上皮细菌的OTU个数显著多于D30组羔羊(P<0.05),Chao1指数D45组有增加的趋势(P=0.07),但是Shannon指数和Simpson指数2组间均差异不显著(P>0.05),Coverage指数2组均在99%以上。因此,说明测序深度能准确反映湖羊瘤胃上皮微生物组成。
表 2 不同日龄羔羊瘤胃上皮细菌多样性指数
Table 2. Ruminal epithelial bacterial diversity of Hu lambs at different ages
项目 OTU数 Chao1
指数Shannon
指数Simpson
指数Coverage
指数D30 171 b 243±28 a 4.98±0.16 a 0.93±0.02 a 99.90±0.04 a D45 211 a 290±33 a 5.32±0.39 a 0.93±0.04 a 99.80±0.02 a 均值标准误 11.100 15.400 0.148 0.014 0.000 P 0.040 0.070 0.152 0.932 0.338 说明:同列不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。 从韦恩图(图2)可见:不同日龄湖羊羔羊瘤胃细菌共有的OTU数为271个,D45组羔羊特有的OTU为169个,而D30组羔羊特有的OTU数较少,为63个。
图 2 不同日龄湖羊羔羊瘤胃细菌OTU韦恩图
Figure 2. Venn diagram showing the unique and shared OTUs at different ages in bacterial communities of Hu lambs
基于UniFrac的加权主坐标分析其第1主成分和第2主成分的贡献率分别为44.50%和19.51%(图3)。两组羔羊个体差异较为显著,分布较为涣散,然而D30组和D45组分离较远,说明随着日龄的增长羔羊瘤胃上皮细菌分布存在差异。
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瘤胃上皮细菌门分类图(图4)显示:瘤胃上皮细菌主要归于厚壁菌门Firmicutes、拟杆菌门Bacteroidetes、变形菌门Proteobacteria和放线菌门Actinobacteria四大类。D45组(14.10%)放线菌门的相对丰度较D30组(4.36%)高。
由图5可知:羔羊瘤胃上皮细菌中,普雷沃氏菌属Prevotella、弯曲杆菌属Campylobacter、欧陆森氏菌属Olsenella和拟杆菌属Bacteroides为优势菌属,其中普雷沃氏菌属Prevotella所占比例为25%。
Kruskal-Wallis非参数检验获得的组间总体差异结果显示(图6):与D30组羔羊相比,D45组羔羊瘤胃上皮弯曲杆菌属和肠单胞菌Intestinimonas的相对丰度显著降低(P<0.05),拟杆菌属和小杆菌属Dialister的相对丰度有降低的趋势(P=0.083);而萨顿氏菌属Suttonella、脱硫弧菌属Desulfobulbus和单胞菌属Brachymonas的相对丰度显著增加(P<0.05),琥珀酸菌属Succiniclasticum有增加的趋势(P=0.083)。
结合瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸、瘤胃乳头长度和宽度[7],与瘤胃上皮微生物进行相关性分析发现(图7):萨顿氏菌属与瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸呈正相关(P<0.05),拟杆菌属、琥珀酸菌属、瘤胃球菌属Ruminococcus和奇异菌属Atopobium与瘤胃乳头长度呈负相关(P<0.001),琥珀酸菌属与瘤胃乳头宽度呈正相关(P<0.001)。
Differences of ruminal epithelial bacterial diversity of Hu lambs at different ages
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摘要:
目的 比较不同日龄湖羊Ovis aries羔羊瘤胃上皮细菌多样性及菌群组成差异,为幼龄反刍动物早期断奶提供理论依据。 方法 选用10只出生体质量相近的初生湖羊羔羊,分别于日龄30 d (D30)和45 d (D45)各屠宰5只以获得瘤胃上皮组织,对其进行测序及微生物多样性分析。 结果 D45组羔羊瘤胃上皮细菌的操作分类单元(OTU)个数显著多于D30组羔羊(P<0.05),Chao1指数D45组有增加的趋势(P=0.07)。与D45组相比,D30组羔羊瘤胃细菌弯曲杆菌属Campylobacter和肠单胞菌Intestinimonas的相对丰度显著降低(P<0.05),拟杆菌属Bacteroides和小杆菌属Dialister的相对丰度有降低的趋势(P=0.083);而萨顿氏菌属Suttonella、脱硫弧菌属Desulfobulbus和单胞菌属Brachymonas的相对丰度显著增加(P<0.05),琥珀酸菌属Succiniclasticum有增加的趋势(P=0.083)。相关性分析发现:萨顿氏菌属与瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸含量呈正相关(P<0.05),拟杆菌属、琥珀酸菌属、瘤胃球菌属Ruminococcus和奇异菌属Atopobium与瘤胃乳头长度呈负相关(P<0.01),琥珀酸菌属与瘤胃乳头宽度呈正相关(P<0.01)。 结论 不同日龄羔羊的瘤胃上皮细菌定植存在差异,这些菌群参与瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸代谢及瘤胃乳头发育。图7表2参32 Abstract:Objective This study, with a comparison of the diversity and composition of rumen epithelial bacteria among Hu lambs (Ovis aries) of different ages, is aimed to provide basic data for early weaning of young ruminants. Method Ten male Hu lambs, with similar birth weight, were used in this study. At 30 days of age (D30) and 45 days of age (D45), five lambs were randomly selected and slaughtered to obtain rumen epithelial tissues (n=5), respectively. Sequencing and microbial diversity analysis were performed on them. Result The Operational Taxonomic Unit (OTU) number in D45 group was larger than that in D30 group (P<0.05), with the Chao1 index in D45 group showing a tendency to increase (P=0.07). The relative abundances of Campylobacter and Intestinimonas declined (P<0.05) with age, while the relative abundances of Suttonella, Desulfobulbus and Brachymonas increased (P<0.05) with age. The relative abundances of Bacteroides and Dialister tended to decrease (P=0.083), whereas Succiniclasticum tended (P=0.083) to increase. The abundance of Suttonella was positively (P<0.05) correlated with rumen total volatile fatty acid concentration, while the abundances of Bacteroides, Succiniclasticum, Ruminococcus and Atopobium were negatively (P<0.01) correlated with ruminal papillae length, and the abundance of Succiniclasticum was positively (P<0.01) correlated with rumen papillae width. Conclusion It was revealed that colonization by ruminal epithelial bacteria is age related and might participate in the metabolism of volatile fatty acid and ruminal papillae development of the rumen. [Ch, 7 fig. 2 tab. 32 ref.] -
Key words:
- age /
- Hu lambs /
- rumen epithelial /
- ruminal bacteria
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表 1 饲料的化学成分组成
Table 1. Chemical composition of the feeds
饲料类别 饲料成分干物质质量分数/(g·kg−1) 干物质 粗蛋白 中性洗
涤纤维酸性洗
涤纤维钙 磷 粗灰分 代乳粉 945.0 184.0 36.0 9.0 7.2 6.3 41.0 开食料 914.0 174.0 169.0 73.0 12.1 5.9 73.0 羊草 929.0 84.9 659.0 384.0 2.4 1.0 60.0 说明:开食料为每100.0 g干物质中,由58.5 g玉米、10.0 g小麦粉、27.0 g豆粕、1.1 g碳酸氢钙、1.4 g石灰石、1.0 g氯化钠和1.0 g维生素矿物质组成的预混料。 表 2 不同日龄羔羊瘤胃上皮细菌多样性指数
Table 2. Ruminal epithelial bacterial diversity of Hu lambs at different ages
项目 OTU数 Chao1
指数Shannon
指数Simpson
指数Coverage
指数D30 171 b 243±28 a 4.98±0.16 a 0.93±0.02 a 99.90±0.04 a D45 211 a 290±33 a 5.32±0.39 a 0.93±0.04 a 99.80±0.02 a 均值标准误 11.100 15.400 0.148 0.014 0.000 P 0.040 0.070 0.152 0.932 0.338 说明:同列不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。 -
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https://zlxb.zafu.edu.cn/article/doi/10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20220482