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木材作为一种具有高强重比/可再生的材料,在不同领域得到广泛应用。然而,由于人工林速生树材生物耐久性较弱,尺寸稳定性差,极大的限制了其使用范围[1]。在众多木材改性手段中,热处理作为环境友好型改性方法受到广泛关注。热处理木材是通过蒸汽、氮气等气体或导热油作为保护介质和传热介质,将木材加热至150~260 ℃并保持数小时所制得,木材中的半纤维素和无定型区部分纤维素发生热降解,木质素在热处理过程中发生交联反应,最终木材形成了新的纤维-木质素网络-交联结构[2-4]。热处理使木材化学成分和结构发生热降解和交联反应等造成处理材材色更深沉优雅,其尺寸稳定性得到有效提升,并且抗微生物能力有所提高。热处理木材以其环境友好特性、沉稳典雅的木材材色、优异的尺寸稳定性和耐久性等受到市场广泛青睐[5-8],因此,热处理木制品被广泛用于家庭装潢、桑拿房、家具、室外用栅栏、建筑物的外墙板以及海港码头建材等[7-9]。1920年TIEMANN[10]通过高温干燥方式降低了木材的平衡含水率;1937年,STAMM等[11]利用多种气体加热木材以降低其干缩湿胀性,1945年进一步研究了热处理对木材尺寸稳定性的影响[1, 3]。近年来关于热处理对木材性能影响的研究较多,大多集中于不同热处理工艺对木材尺寸稳定性[2-5]、木材材色[12-13]、化学组分变化[14-15]或力学性能等的影响[16-18],而探究热处理工艺与处理材质量损失率、结构构成、力学性能和漆膜附着力等的相关关系是优化热处理工艺和预测热处理材产品质量的重要途径和手段之一。本文详述了热处理对木材结晶性、化学组分、力学性能和漆膜性能等的影响,以期为今后热处理木材的材性预测和产品质量控制提供详尽的理论支持。
Research review of material prediction and quality control of heat-treated wood
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摘要: 木材热处理技术作为一种绿色、环境友好的木材物理改性方法,不仅能够提高木材尺寸稳定性和生物耐久性,同时能有效改善木材材色,因此被广泛应用于人工林速生材的功能性改良。讨论了基于热处理技术研究的部分代表性成果,总结了当前木材热处理的主要工艺,并对未来研究提出了展望。目前木材热处理的研究主要集中于:①高温热处理对木材尺寸稳定性、材色和结晶性等性能的影响机理;②高温环境对木材主要化学组分的含量及抽提物挥发和裂解过程的影响;③木质素中酚羟基和表面自由基数量变化和反应活性研究;④热处理对木材渗透性、漆膜附着力和耐久性等的影响。在此基础上,进一步分析了热处理前后木材特征性能(质量或表面色度指数)变化与热处理强度的相关关系。其中质量损失率、处理材色差及氧碳元素比等木材本身特征参数是预测处理材材性的重要参数。未来木材热处理研究应集中于细胞水平的微观力学性能变化与宏观力学性能的影响,降低木材热处理工艺能耗水平的催化剂开发。结合热处理木材主元素含量或比例、表面材色等特性快速高精度预测其生物耐久性、环境学特性和力学特性等。另一方面,根据使用环境和要求,利用预测模型确定热处理的主要工艺参数,为后续研究提供借鉴和参考。参48Abstract: As an environmental-friendly wood physical modification method, wood heat treatment can not only improve the dimensional stability and biological durability but also effectively improve wood color, and is widely used in the functional improvement of fast-growing wood. Some representative research achievements on heat treatment technology are discussed. The traditional processes of wood heat treatment are summarized, and the future research is prospected. The present research on wood heat treatment mainly focuses on the following aspects: (1) the influence mechanism of high temperature heat treatment on such properties as wood dimensional stability, color and crystallization; (2) effects of high temperature environment on the content of the main chemical components, the volatile evaporations and degradation process of wood extraction; (3) changes and reactivity of phenolic hydroxyl and surface free radicals in lignin; (4) effects of heat treatment on wood permeability, paint film adhesion and durability. On this basis, the correlation between changes of wood characteristics (mass or surface chromaticity index) before and after heat treatment and heat treatment intensity is further analyzed. The characteristic parameters of wood such as mass loss rate, color difference of treated wood and the ratio of oxygen to carbon elements are important parameters to predict the properties of heat-treated wood. The future research on wood heat treatment should focus on the relation of micromechanical properties at the cell level and the macro-mechanical properties, and the development of catalysts to reduce the energy consumption of wood heat treatment. The biological durability, environmental and mechanical properties of heat-treated wood can be predicted rapidly and accurately based on the content or proportion of the main elements, surface color and other characteristics. On the other hand, the main parameters of heat treatment process are determined by using the prediction model according to the application environment and requirements, which can provide reference for the follow-up study. [Ch, 48 ref.]
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Key words:
- wood science /
- heat treatment /
- dimensional stability /
- lightness /
- properties prediction /
- review
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