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青藏高原生态系统脆弱,对全球气候变化非常敏感,高寒草甸是青藏高原极具代表性的生态系统和主要牧场[1]。放牧是高寒草甸的主要利用方式[2],但过度放牧已对高寒草甸生态系统产生较大影响,致使草地退化严重[3]。由于人类活动已影响到高寒草甸生态系统的可持续性,因此,探索放牧利用方式对高寒草甸的影响机制,成为迫切需要解决的问题[3]。
土壤酶是由植物根、微生物分泌和动植物残体分解释放的活性物质[4],能够调控和反映土壤微生物和植物对养分的需求[5−7]。土壤酶主要分为氧化还原酶、水解酶、转移酶、裂合酶、连接酶和异构酶共6类[4],其中土壤水解酶参与土壤养分的水解,在土壤微生物和植物养分供应上发挥着重要的作用[4, 8]。相较于土壤理化指标,土壤水解酶活性对外界环境的变化更为敏感,能较早地预警生态系统的改变[5]。土壤水解酶活性和土壤功能紧密相关[9],能够反映环境胁迫下土壤功能的退化程度[10−11]。
家畜采食是对高寒草甸影响面积最广、最主要的放牧行为[12−14]。现阶段,对家畜采食行为的研究集中在其对牧草品质、土壤有机碳储量、土壤养分、地上地下生物量的影响[15−16]等方面,并且研究对象主要在低海拔地区[17−18]。关于采食行为对土壤水解酶活性的影响存在较大争议[18],产生争议的原因可能是草地生态系统的不同,也可能是采食时间和采食强度上的不同。例如,在内蒙古草地生态系统中,家畜秋季采食对碳获取水解酶活性无显著影响[19];加拿大平原草原生态系统中,家畜在草地生长季采食会降低碳获取β-葡萄糖苷酶、纤维素酶活性,提高磷获取酸性磷酸酶活性[20];在高寒草甸生态系统生长季初期,家畜轻度采食会提高亮氨酸氨基肽酶、N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶活性,但重度采食会降低N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶活性[21]。但关于不同采食强度对高寒草甸土壤水解酶活性的系统性研究极为缺乏。
本研究以青藏高原东缘高寒草甸为研究对象,通过刈割留茬模拟家畜不同采食强度,研究3 a禁牧牧场夏季家畜采食行为对土壤水解酶活性的影响。研究的土壤水解酶包括:碳获取水解酶(蔗糖酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶、β-木糖苷酶、纤维二糖水解酶),氮获取水解酶(脲酶、亮氨酸氨基肽酶、N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶)和酸性磷酸酶。通过分析生长季家畜不同采食强度下高寒草甸土壤水解酶活性和土壤理化性质的变化规律,阐明在家畜不同采食强度下土壤水解酶活性变化的主要控制因子,为指导高寒草甸合理有效利用提供理论依据。
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双因素方差分析显示:模拟采食对土壤溶解性有机碳和硝态氮有显著影响(P<0.05),但是这种影响在不同采样时间下存在显著差异(P<0.05)(表1和表2)。总体上,采食行为主要影响9月土壤的理化性质,并且会显著提高土壤溶解性有机碳和硝态氮的质量分数(P<0.05),不同采食强度对高寒草甸土壤有机碳质量分数有不同影响,LD处理显著提高土壤有机碳质量分数,而HD处理显著降低土壤有机碳质量分数(P<0.05);高寒草甸土壤温度、pH、有机碳、溶解性有机碳、铵态氮、全氮、水溶性氮和微生物量碳存在显著的时间波动,但是这些指标在不同采食强度下差异不显著,其中土壤有机碳、溶解性有机碳、硝态氮质量分数在采食强度和时间共同作用下存在显著交互效应(P<0.05)(表1、表2和图1)。
表 1 不同采样时间和采食强度下的土壤理化性质
Table 1. Soil physical and chemical properties under different defoliation intensity and sampling time
月份 采食
行为土壤含
水量/%土壤温
度/℃pH 土壤有机碳/
(g·kg−1)可溶性有机碳/
(mg·kg−1)铵态氮/
(mg·kg−1)硝态氮/
(mg·kg−1)全氮/
(g·kg−1)水溶性氮/
(mg·kg−1)7 ck 17.98±0.98 Aa 23.60±2.50 Aa 5.71±0.02 Ba 63.84±3.90 Ab 67.78±6.35 Aa 36.33±3.42 Aa 10.68±0.69 Ba 7.07±0.15 Aa 17.66±1.11 Aa LD 17.18±1.41 Ba 23.13±2.65 Aa 5.56±0.05 Ba 54.57±1.34 Cc 63.63±4.11 Ba 35.67±2.90 ABa 9.59±0.56 Ba 7.02±0.26 Aa 19.54±0.82 Ba HD 19.40±1.10 Aa 23.05±2.81 Aa 5.72±0.04 Aa 71.68±0.70 Aa 75.59±1.47 Aa 39.74±4.67 ABa 8.93±1.42 Ca 7.51±0.23 Aa 15.69±1.61 Ca 8 ck 19.18±0.63 Aa 18.20±1.22 ABa 5.81±0.03 Aa 70.14±2.73 Aa 53.45±6.51 Aab 16.37±1.14 Ba 14.54±2.60 Ba 6.26±0.15 Ba 32.17±3.87 Ba LD 15.90±1.07 Ba 18.13±0.89 ABa 5.82±0.03 Aa 71.35±2.39 Ba 46.10±3.75 Cb 27.37±2.23 Ba 13.90±1.52 Ba 6.27±0.14 Ba 33.83±1.99 Aa HD 18.35±1.28 Aa 18.33±0.78 ABa 5.73±0.03 Aa 73.14±1.54 Aa 68.53±6.35 Aa 22.36±6.03 BCa 10.87±1.76 Ba 6.09±0.11 Ba 33.82±3.66 Aa 9 ck 18.20±2.24 Aa 13.25±0.69 Ba 5.42±0.03 Ca 72.57±0.45 Ab 55.81±4.70 Ab 7.25±1.66 Ca 24.54±2.90 Ab 5.30±0.12 Cab 20.93±1.20 Ba LD 22.33±0.98 Aa 13.20±0.74 Ba 5.49±0.03 Ca 77.64±1.01 Aa 79.62±1.48 Aa 10.18±2.57 Ca 25.15±1.42 Aab 5.54±0.11 Ca 21.69±1.96 Ba HD 20.00±0.82 Aa 13.33±0.80 Ba 5.47±0.05 Ba 66.98±0.53 Bc 75.78±2.99 Aa 12.93±2.49 Ca 32.93±3.06 Aa 5.22±0.05 Cb 25.51±1.65 Ba 说明:不同大写字母表示同一采食强度不同时间差异显著(P<0.05);不同小写字母表示同一时间不同采食强度间差异显著(P<0.05) 表 2 双因素方差分析检验采食强度和采样时间对土壤理化性质的影响
Table 2. Two-way ANOVA of the effects of defoliation intensity and sampling time on soil physicochemical properties
因素 土壤含水量 土壤温度 pH 土壤有机碳 可溶性有机碳 铵态氮 硝态氮 全氮 水溶性氮 微生物量碳 微生物量氮 采食强度 0.404 0.003 0.175 1.511 7.711** 1.345 0.385 0.171 0.406 0.830 0.188 采样时间 3.131 24.117** 62.138** 19.465** 8.957** 38.195** 69.507** 101.126** 38.269** 9.595** 3.170 采食强度×采样时间 2.523 0.033 1.330 12.816** 4.009* 1.648 3.232* 2.104 0.863 1.864 0.873 说明:数值为方差分析的F值;*表示P<0.05;**表示P<0.01 -
由表3和图2可以看出:土壤水解酶活性在不同采样时间下均存在显著的时间变异(P<0.05),并且采食强度对土壤碳获取水解酶纤维二糖水解酶和氮获取水解酶亮氨酸氨基肽酶、N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶活性有显著影响(P<0.05)。其中:LD处理会增加碳获取纤维二糖水解酶的活性(9月)(P<0.05),而HD处理会降低碳获取酶纤维二糖水解酶的活性(8月)(P<0.05);采食行为(特别是LD处理)总体上会增加土壤氮获取酶亮氨酸氨基肽酶、N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶以及磷获取酶酸性磷酸酶的活性(P<0.05)。
表 3 双因素方差分析检验采食强度和采样时间对土壤胞外酶活性的影响
Table 3. Two-way ANOVA of the effects of defoliation intensity and sampling time on soil extracellular enzyme activities
因素 蔗糖酶 β-葡萄糖苷酶 β-木糖苷酶 纤维二糖水解酶 脲酶 亮氨酸氨基肽酶 N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶 酸性磷酸酶 采食强度 1.749 0.435 1.534 9.232** 1.108 12.470** 32.906** 0.324 采样时间 94.212** 24.420** 46.811** 59.608** 9.623** 358.530** 6.536** 11.718** 采食强度×采样时间 0.759 1.920 1.898 2.117 1.028 50.590** 8.497** 12.521** 说明:数值为方差分析的F值;**表示P<0.01 -
由表4可见:蔗糖酶活性与铵态氮、全氮、微生物量碳、土壤温度呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与硝态氮呈极显著负相关(P<0.01)。β-葡萄糖苷酶活性与铵态氮、土壤温度呈显著正相关(P<0.05),与全氮呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与水溶性氮呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。β-木糖苷酶活性与铵态氮、全氮、土壤温度呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与硝态氮呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。纤维二糖水解酶活性与全氮呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与水溶性氮呈极显著负相关(P<0.01)。亮氨酸氨基肽酶活性与全氮、土壤温度呈显著负相关(P<0.05),与pH、微生物量碳呈极显著负相关(P<0.01)。由图3中红色箭头表示土壤环境因子,黑色箭头表示土壤酶活性。可以看出:环境因子共同解释了土壤水解酶活性的66.88%,且全氮、pH、微生物量碳、硝态氮是解释度较高的4个环境因子,其中,全氮解释了土壤酶活性变异的42.3%,是土壤酶活性变化的最关键因子。整体来看,冗余分析同相关分析一致,全氮与大部分碳获取相关水解酶呈正相关。水溶性氮与所有碳、氮、磷获取相关的水解酶活性呈负相关。硝态氮与土壤碳获取水解酶活性呈负相关。微生物量碳与蔗糖酶活性呈正相关。
表 4 土壤水解酶活性和土壤环境因子的关系
Table 4. Correlations between soil hydrolytic enzyme activities and the environmental factors
土壤性质 蔗糖酶 β-葡萄糖苷酶 β-木糖苷酶 纤维二糖水解酶 亮氨酸氨基肽酶 硝态氮 −0.74** −0.32 −0.67** −0.38 0.38 铵态氮 0.74** 0.61* 0.63** 0.55 −0.52 全氮 0.79** 0.69** 0.83** 0.76** −0.59* pH 0.45 0.22 0.51 0.22 −0.72** 水溶性氮 −0.28 −0.58* −0.37 −0.64** 0.36 微生物量碳 0.64** 0.17 0.48 0.13 −0.80** 土壤温度 0.83** 0.61* 0.67** 0.47 −0.60* 说明:*表示P<0.05;**表示P<0.01
Responses of soil enzyme activities to different defoliation intensities in alpine meadow
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摘要:
目的 探究家畜采食对高寒草甸土壤酶活性的影响,为揭示人为干扰下高寒草甸的退化机制提供依据。 方法 用刈割留茬模拟家畜轻度采食(LD)和重度采食(HD)行为,以未放牧的草地为对照(ck),测定土壤碳、氮、磷获取的酶活性以及土壤理化性质变化特征。 结果 总体上,土壤碳获取酶土壤蔗糖酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶和土壤氮获取酶脲酶的活性在不同采食强度下不存在显著差异,但呈现明显的时间变异; LD处理可显著提高纤维素二糖水解酶活性(P<0.05),而HD处理能降低纤维素二糖水解酶活性;LD处理也会提高氮获取酶亮氨酸氨基肽酶、N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶以及磷获取酸性磷酸酶的活性;家畜的采食行为可能通过改变土壤养分来影响土壤酶活性;高寒草甸土壤酶活性的时间变异受控于土壤温度和土壤养分的变化。 结论 轻度采食行为可能会提高土壤水解酶活性,有助于维持土壤质量。图3表4参44 Abstract:Objective This study aims to investigate the effects of livestock defoliation on soil enzyme activities of alpine meadow, so as to provide evidence for revealing the degradation mechanisms of alpine meadow under human disturbance. Method Livestock defoliation behaviors, including light-intensity defoliation (LD) and heavy-intensity defoliation (HD) were simulated by cutting plants, and the non-grazed meadow was taken as the control (ck). The activity of enzymes obtained by carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as the change characteristics of soil physical and chemical properties were measured. Result Generally, the activities of invertase, β-glucosidase (BG), and urease did not show any significant differences under different defoliation intensities, but there was significant time variation. The activity of cellobiohydrolase (CBH) increased in LD treatment (P<0.05), while it decreased in HD treatment. LD treatment also enhanced the activities of leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) and acid phosphatase (AP). Defoliation behavior of livestock might affect soil enzyme activity by changing soil nutrients. The temporal variation of soil enzyme activity in alpine meadow was controlled by the changes of soil temperature and soil nutrients. Conclusion Mild defoliation behavior may increase soil hydrolase activities, which helps maintain soil quality. [Ch, 3 fig. 4 tab. 44 ref.] -
Key words:
- grazing /
- defoliation /
- soil hydrolase /
- alpine meadow
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表 1 不同采样时间和采食强度下的土壤理化性质
Table 1. Soil physical and chemical properties under different defoliation intensity and sampling time
月份 采食
行为土壤含
水量/%土壤温
度/℃pH 土壤有机碳/
(g·kg−1)可溶性有机碳/
(mg·kg−1)铵态氮/
(mg·kg−1)硝态氮/
(mg·kg−1)全氮/
(g·kg−1)水溶性氮/
(mg·kg−1)7 ck 17.98±0.98 Aa 23.60±2.50 Aa 5.71±0.02 Ba 63.84±3.90 Ab 67.78±6.35 Aa 36.33±3.42 Aa 10.68±0.69 Ba 7.07±0.15 Aa 17.66±1.11 Aa LD 17.18±1.41 Ba 23.13±2.65 Aa 5.56±0.05 Ba 54.57±1.34 Cc 63.63±4.11 Ba 35.67±2.90 ABa 9.59±0.56 Ba 7.02±0.26 Aa 19.54±0.82 Ba HD 19.40±1.10 Aa 23.05±2.81 Aa 5.72±0.04 Aa 71.68±0.70 Aa 75.59±1.47 Aa 39.74±4.67 ABa 8.93±1.42 Ca 7.51±0.23 Aa 15.69±1.61 Ca 8 ck 19.18±0.63 Aa 18.20±1.22 ABa 5.81±0.03 Aa 70.14±2.73 Aa 53.45±6.51 Aab 16.37±1.14 Ba 14.54±2.60 Ba 6.26±0.15 Ba 32.17±3.87 Ba LD 15.90±1.07 Ba 18.13±0.89 ABa 5.82±0.03 Aa 71.35±2.39 Ba 46.10±3.75 Cb 27.37±2.23 Ba 13.90±1.52 Ba 6.27±0.14 Ba 33.83±1.99 Aa HD 18.35±1.28 Aa 18.33±0.78 ABa 5.73±0.03 Aa 73.14±1.54 Aa 68.53±6.35 Aa 22.36±6.03 BCa 10.87±1.76 Ba 6.09±0.11 Ba 33.82±3.66 Aa 9 ck 18.20±2.24 Aa 13.25±0.69 Ba 5.42±0.03 Ca 72.57±0.45 Ab 55.81±4.70 Ab 7.25±1.66 Ca 24.54±2.90 Ab 5.30±0.12 Cab 20.93±1.20 Ba LD 22.33±0.98 Aa 13.20±0.74 Ba 5.49±0.03 Ca 77.64±1.01 Aa 79.62±1.48 Aa 10.18±2.57 Ca 25.15±1.42 Aab 5.54±0.11 Ca 21.69±1.96 Ba HD 20.00±0.82 Aa 13.33±0.80 Ba 5.47±0.05 Ba 66.98±0.53 Bc 75.78±2.99 Aa 12.93±2.49 Ca 32.93±3.06 Aa 5.22±0.05 Cb 25.51±1.65 Ba 说明:不同大写字母表示同一采食强度不同时间差异显著(P<0.05);不同小写字母表示同一时间不同采食强度间差异显著(P<0.05) 表 2 双因素方差分析检验采食强度和采样时间对土壤理化性质的影响
Table 2. Two-way ANOVA of the effects of defoliation intensity and sampling time on soil physicochemical properties
因素 土壤含水量 土壤温度 pH 土壤有机碳 可溶性有机碳 铵态氮 硝态氮 全氮 水溶性氮 微生物量碳 微生物量氮 采食强度 0.404 0.003 0.175 1.511 7.711** 1.345 0.385 0.171 0.406 0.830 0.188 采样时间 3.131 24.117** 62.138** 19.465** 8.957** 38.195** 69.507** 101.126** 38.269** 9.595** 3.170 采食强度×采样时间 2.523 0.033 1.330 12.816** 4.009* 1.648 3.232* 2.104 0.863 1.864 0.873 说明:数值为方差分析的F值;*表示P<0.05;**表示P<0.01 表 3 双因素方差分析检验采食强度和采样时间对土壤胞外酶活性的影响
Table 3. Two-way ANOVA of the effects of defoliation intensity and sampling time on soil extracellular enzyme activities
因素 蔗糖酶 β-葡萄糖苷酶 β-木糖苷酶 纤维二糖水解酶 脲酶 亮氨酸氨基肽酶 N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶 酸性磷酸酶 采食强度 1.749 0.435 1.534 9.232** 1.108 12.470** 32.906** 0.324 采样时间 94.212** 24.420** 46.811** 59.608** 9.623** 358.530** 6.536** 11.718** 采食强度×采样时间 0.759 1.920 1.898 2.117 1.028 50.590** 8.497** 12.521** 说明:数值为方差分析的F值;**表示P<0.01 表 4 土壤水解酶活性和土壤环境因子的关系
Table 4. Correlations between soil hydrolytic enzyme activities and the environmental factors
土壤性质 蔗糖酶 β-葡萄糖苷酶 β-木糖苷酶 纤维二糖水解酶 亮氨酸氨基肽酶 硝态氮 −0.74** −0.32 −0.67** −0.38 0.38 铵态氮 0.74** 0.61* 0.63** 0.55 −0.52 全氮 0.79** 0.69** 0.83** 0.76** −0.59* pH 0.45 0.22 0.51 0.22 −0.72** 水溶性氮 −0.28 −0.58* −0.37 −0.64** 0.36 微生物量碳 0.64** 0.17 0.48 0.13 −0.80** 土壤温度 0.83** 0.61* 0.67** 0.47 −0.60* 说明:*表示P<0.05;**表示P<0.01 -
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