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过去20 a间,全球气候发生了巨大变化,对生态系统的结构和功能产生了深远影响[1]。气候改变会导致植物体内非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)的变化。有研究表明:气候变暖显著降低了陆地植被的NSC、可溶性糖和淀粉质量分数[2]。NSC主要由可溶性糖和淀粉组成,参与植物细胞在逆境下的渗透调节过程[3]。NSC在植物体内的累积量一定程度上可以反映植物体内碳的供需平衡关系,对维持植物体渗透调节、水力传输和生长发育,缓冲树木在年际、季节和器官间碳供需关系至关重要[4]。NSC质量分数是反映植物生存策略的重要指标[5−7],在改善植物对干旱环境的适应性、保持植物不利条件下的生长和提高植物存活率方面发挥着关键作用[8]。
降水格局变化是全球气候变化的研究热点[9],深刻影响着区域干旱[10−11]、地表径流[12−14]、河流水量[14−15]等,同时也间接作用于生态系统的弹性与安全[16]。降水是植物获取水分的重要来源,是植物生长的关键因素[17]。降水量减少会导致树木死亡,严重损害森林生态系统的固碳能力[18−19]。目前,有关降水格局变化对植物NSC的影响仅在少数植物,如红砂Reaumuria soongarica[20]和马尾松Pinus massoniana[21]等上有研究。其中,红砂幼苗NSC质量分数在干旱胁迫下随胁迫时间的增加而增加[20],持续隔离降水导致马尾松针叶NSC质量分数先显著增加后减少[21]。这说明不同树种在面临干旱条件时可能会采取不同方式调节各器官的NSC质量分数来适应干旱,但是目前对南方造林面积最大的树种杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata鲜有报道。因此,研究中国亚热带地区降水格局变化下先锋树种杉木的生理生态特性,对预测未来气候条件下基于碳水化合物调节的杉木适应降水变化的生理机制极具价值。
杉木作为一种重要的速生针叶木材种类,以其迅速的生长速度、笔直的干形和上乘的材料而著称[22],在中国人工林木材资源中占比很大[23−24]。但是,季节性干旱事件的频繁发生,对杉木人工林生产能力带来的负面影响逐渐加剧。杉木的树高与胸径比值较高,使其更容易受到极端气候的影响[25]。然而关于杉木幼苗不同器官NSC及其相关组分对降水格局变化的响应策略以及在降水格局变化时杉木人工林应制定的管理策略尚不清楚。本研究通过分析杉木幼苗不同器官NSC及其相关组分(可溶性糖、淀粉)在不同降水量和不同降水间隔的变化与分配情况,旨在全面和深入掌握杉木生长季中不同器官NSC对不同降水格局变化的响应,为亚热带地区杉木人工林的科学抚育管理提供理论指导和科学依据。
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降水量对杉木幼苗不同器官可溶性糖质量分数具有极显著影响(P<0.01),降水间隔则整体无显著影响(表1)。由图1可知:降水间隔对运输根和叶的可溶性糖质量分数有显著影响(P<0.05),对吸收根、枝干和枝条无显著影响。T5处理下,随着降水量的减少,可溶性糖质量分数在吸收根、叶和枝条中呈先增加后减少的趋势,其中,枝条可溶性糖质量分数在W-80%处理下最小,显著低于ck (P<0.05),比ck降低了71.9%;可溶性糖质量分数在运输根和枝干中表现为持续减少,均在W-80%处理下最小,显著低于ck (P<0.05),分别降低了72.8%和63.1%。T10处理下,随着降水量减少,可溶性糖质量分数在吸收根、叶和枝条中呈先增加后减少的趋势,其中,吸收根的可溶性糖质量分数在W-30%处理下最大,显著高于ck (P<0.05),为ck的9.6倍;在运输根和枝干中可溶性糖质量分数表现为先减少后增加再减少,均在W-80%处理下最小,显著低于ck (P<0.05),分别降低了87.9%和65.8%。
表 1 降水格局对杉木幼苗不同器官可溶性糖、淀粉、NSC质量分数影响的线性混合模型分析
Table 1. Effect of precipitation patterns on soluble sugar, starch and NSC content of different organs of C. lanceolata seedlings based on analysis of linear mixed-effects models
影响因素 可溶性糖 淀粉 NSC F P F P F P W 29.06 <0.001 87.72 <0.001 129.55 <0.001 T 0.98 0.320 0.20 0.660 2.73 0.100 G 66.30 <0.001 119.74 <0.001 98.46 <0.001 W×T 2.56 <0.100 2.18 <0.100 9.28 <0.001 W×G 5.42 <0.001 11.79 <0.001 20.13 <0.001 T×G 3.83 <0.010 0.38 0.820 3.98 <0.010 W×T×G 0.96 0.490 4.57 <0.001 4.03 <0.001 说明:W. 不同降水量处理;T. 不同降水间隔处理;G. 杉木幼苗不同器官;×表示交互作用。P<0.01表示差异极显著。 -
降水量对杉木幼苗不同器官淀粉质量分数具有极显著影响(P<0.01),降水间隔则整体无显著影响(表1)。由图2可知:T5处理下,随着降水量的减少,淀粉质量分数在吸收根、运输根和叶中呈先增加后减少的趋势,其中,运输根和叶的淀粉质量分数在W-30%处理下最大,均显著高于ck (P<0.05),分别为ck的2.6和1.9倍。T10处理下,随着降水量的减少,淀粉质量分数在吸收根、运输根、叶、枝干和枝条中均呈先增加后减少的趋势,其中,运输根的淀粉质量分数在W-80%处理下最小,显著低于ck (P<0.05),比ck降低了78.0%;叶的淀粉质量分数在W-30%处理下最大,显著高于ck (P<0.05),为ck的2.5倍;枝干的淀粉质量分数在W-50%处理下最大,显著高于ck (P<0.05),为ck的1.8倍。
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降水量对杉木幼苗不同器官NSC质量分数具有极显著影响(P<0.01),降水量和降水间隔的共同作用对NSC质量分数整体有极显著影响(P<0.01),降水间隔则整体无显著影响(表1)。T5处理下,随着降水量的减少,NSC质量分数在吸收根、运输根、叶和枝条中呈先增加后减少的趋势(图3),其中,吸收根和叶的NSC质量分数在W-50%处理下最大,均显著高于ck (P<0.05),分别为ck的3.6和2.2倍;运输根和枝条的NSC质量分数在W-80%处理下最小,均显著低于ck (P<0.05),分别降低了79.5%和63.3%;NSC质量分数在枝干中表现为持续减少,在W-80%处理下最小,显著低于ck (P<0.05),比ck降低了53.9%。T10处理下,随着降水量的减少,NSC质量分数在吸收根、叶和枝条中呈先增加后减少的趋势,且吸收根、叶和枝条的NSC质量分数均在W-50%处理下最大,显著高于ck (P<0.05),分别为ck的5.3、3.0和1.7倍;NSC质量分数在运输根中表现为先减少后增加再减少,在枝干中表现为持续减少,均在W-80%处理下最小,显著低于ck (P<0.05),分别降低了88.7%和61.5%。
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降水格局变化对杉木幼苗不同器官非结构性碳水化合物的影响
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20240253
Effects of precipitation pattern change on non-structural carbohydrates in different organs of Cunninghamia lanceolata seedlings
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摘要:
目的 全球气温上升和降水格局变化导致的频繁干旱对森林生态系统造成了重大影响,因此,研究植物干旱前后水分利用和适应的机制至关重要。 方法 以杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata幼苗为研究对象,设置4个降水量梯度和2个降水间隔的双因素控制试验,研究杉木幼苗不同器官中非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)及其相关组分质量分数对降水量和降水间隔变化的响应。 结果 随着降水量减少,杉木幼苗的NSC质量分数在吸收根、运输根、枝条和叶中均呈先增加后减少的趋势,在枝干中则持续下降,杉木幼苗通过增加运输根、吸收根、叶和枝条的NSC质量分数,同时将吸收根的淀粉水解转化成可溶性糖,来调节细胞内的水势;可溶性糖质量分数在运输根和枝干中均呈持续减少的趋势,在吸收根、叶和枝条中先增加后减少;淀粉质量分数在所有器官中均呈先增加后减少的趋势;当降水量过少时,杉木幼苗会消耗体内的NSC,优先供给吸收根的生存需求,导致运输根、枝条和枝干的NSC质量分数显著下降(P<0.05)。延长降水间隔,杉木幼苗叶和运输根的NSC质量分数显著上升(P<0.05);叶的可溶性糖质量分数显著下降(P<0.05),运输根的可溶性糖质量分数显著上升(P<0.05)。 结论 土壤含水量应保持在当地多年旱季月平均降水量的50%以上,可提高杉木人工林在降水格局变化下的存活率,降水量较高的地区可以适当延长浇水间隔。图3表1参51 -
关键词:
- 降水格局 /
- 杉木 /
- 不同器官 /
- 非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)
Abstract:Objective Frequent droughts caused by global temperature rise and precipitation pattern change have significant impacts on forest ecosystems, so information of plant water utilization and adaptation during and after droughts is crucial. Method The seedlings of Cunninghamia lanceolata were used as test material. A two-factor controlled experiment with 4 precipitation amount and 2 precipitation intervals gradients was set to investigate the response of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) and related fractions content in different organs that suffer different precipitation amount and intervals. Result With the decrease of precipitation, NSC content of the seedlings showed an overall trend of firstly increasing and then decreasing in absorbing roots, transport roots, branches and leaves, and continuous decreasing in branches and trunks. C. lanceolata seedlings increased NSC content in transport roots, absorbing roots, leaves and branches, while hydrolyzed and converted the starch from the absorbing roots to soluble sugars to regulate intracellular water potentials; soluble sugars content showed an overall trend of continuous decreasing in transport roots and trunks, and an overall trend of firstly increasing and then decreasing in absorbing roots, leaves and branches; starch content of all organs showed an overall trend of firstly increasing and then decreasing. When precipitation was too low, C. lanceolata seedlings would consume NSC to preferentially meet the survival needs of absorbing roots, which led to a significant decrease of NSC content in transport roots, branches and twigs (P<0.05). When precipitation intervals increased, NSC content in leaves and transport roots of the seedlings increased significantly (P<0.05); soluble sugar content of leaves decreased significantly (P<0.05), and soluble sugar content of transported roots increased significantly (P<0.05). Conclusion To improve the survival of C. lanceolata plantation forests under changes in precipitation patterns, soil water content should be maintained at more than 50% of the average monthly precipitation in the local multi-year dry season, and watering intervals can be extended in areas with higher precipitation. [Ch. 3 fig. 1 tab. 51 ref.] -
表 1 降水格局对杉木幼苗不同器官可溶性糖、淀粉、NSC质量分数影响的线性混合模型分析
Table 1. Effect of precipitation patterns on soluble sugar, starch and NSC content of different organs of C. lanceolata seedlings based on analysis of linear mixed-effects models
影响因素 可溶性糖 淀粉 NSC F P F P F P W 29.06 <0.001 87.72 <0.001 129.55 <0.001 T 0.98 0.320 0.20 0.660 2.73 0.100 G 66.30 <0.001 119.74 <0.001 98.46 <0.001 W×T 2.56 <0.100 2.18 <0.100 9.28 <0.001 W×G 5.42 <0.001 11.79 <0.001 20.13 <0.001 T×G 3.83 <0.010 0.38 0.820 3.98 <0.010 W×T×G 0.96 0.490 4.57 <0.001 4.03 <0.001 说明:W. 不同降水量处理;T. 不同降水间隔处理;G. 杉木幼苗不同器官;×表示交互作用。P<0.01表示差异极显著。 -
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