2011 Vol. 28, No. 5
2011, 28(5): 687-693.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2011.05.001
Abstract:
To reveal the soil phosphorus（P）status and its leaching risk for Phyllostachys praecox stands under intensive management with winter mulching and excessive fertilization，10 compositing surface（0 -30 cm） soil samples were collected in typical sites located across 5 villages in Linan，Zhejiang. The soil P loss threshold value and its potential for Ph. praecox stands were then determined by isothermal adsorption-desorption and the Langmuir isotherm equation. Results showed that the average available phosphorus for the ten soils sampled was 169.25 mgkg－1. Some good fitting Langmuir equations with R2 ranged between 0.987- 0.999** were yielded. For six sites，Equilibrium Phosphorus Concentration at Zero Sorption （CEPC0） ＞ 0.02 mgL－1；the average Degree of Phosphorus Saturation（DPS）of ten sites was 46.18% with 82.94% being the highest and seven sites being higher than the critical value 25% greatly. There was also a significant linear correlation（R2 = 0.835**） between the CaCl2-P and Bray-P. The threshold Bray-P for phosphorus leaching from soils was 52.52 mgkg－1，and with nine out of ten sites were higher than the threshold，and the highest was 5.45 times greater than this threshold. By application of Langmuir equation calculating the phosphate requirement for Ph. praecox stands was 8.14 - 64.66 kghm－2 with an average of 27.41 kghm－2.［Ch，2 fig. 2 tab. 29 ref.］
To reveal the soil phosphorus（P）status and its leaching risk for Phyllostachys praecox stands under intensive management with winter mulching and excessive fertilization，10 compositing surface（0 -30 cm） soil samples were collected in typical sites located across 5 villages in Linan，Zhejiang. The soil P loss threshold value and its potential for Ph. praecox stands were then determined by isothermal adsorption-desorption and the Langmuir isotherm equation. Results showed that the average available phosphorus for the ten soils sampled was 169.25 mgkg－1. Some good fitting Langmuir equations with R2 ranged between 0.987- 0.999** were yielded. For six sites，Equilibrium Phosphorus Concentration at Zero Sorption （CEPC0） ＞ 0.02 mgL－1；the average Degree of Phosphorus Saturation（DPS）of ten sites was 46.18% with 82.94% being the highest and seven sites being higher than the critical value 25% greatly. There was also a significant linear correlation（R2 = 0.835**） between the CaCl2-P and Bray-P. The threshold Bray-P for phosphorus leaching from soils was 52.52 mgkg－1，and with nine out of ten sites were higher than the threshold，and the highest was 5.45 times greater than this threshold. By application of Langmuir equation calculating the phosphate requirement for Ph. praecox stands was 8.14 - 64.66 kghm－2 with an average of 27.41 kghm－2.［Ch，2 fig. 2 tab. 29 ref.］
2011, 28(5): 694-700.
Abstract:
This study aims to understand the composition structure and function characteristics of the soil seed banks in the Pinus bungeana forestland of the Huanglong Mountain area. A comparative study in species composition，vertical distribution，diversity，and other community ecological factors of soil seed banks in Pinus bungeana forests，which was undertaken by adopting the germination and grain combining methods. Treatments included three layers：0-5，5-10，and 10-15 cm layers and analysis included three indexes：the Margalef abundance，Shannon-Wiener diversity，and Pielou evenness degree. Regeneration and succession for four structural types namely，trees，shrubs，herbs，and lianas were also compared（12 plots，3 replications）. The results indicated that the germination period was identical to the seed period in species structure. The soil seed bank contained 44 species belonging to 34 genera and 26 families in 2009. For individual seed number and species number，a significant difference（P＜0.01）was found among soil layers with：0－5 cm ＞5－10 cm＞10－15 cm. Index averages were Margalef abundance：3.87，Shannon-Wiener diversity index：3.63，and Pielou evenness degree index：1.15. For regeneration and succession，P. bungeana had a stronger regeneration capability with seeds at 39.2% of all tree species. Also，the herbaceous plants were 19.00% more than the woody plants in seeds and 36.36% in species number. Our results show there are significant differences in the vertical distribution of soil seed banks，and the composition of species remained relatively stable in the Huanglong Mountain area.［Ch，3 fig. 1 tab. 21 ref.］
This study aims to understand the composition structure and function characteristics of the soil seed banks in the Pinus bungeana forestland of the Huanglong Mountain area. A comparative study in species composition，vertical distribution，diversity，and other community ecological factors of soil seed banks in Pinus bungeana forests，which was undertaken by adopting the germination and grain combining methods. Treatments included three layers：0-5，5-10，and 10-15 cm layers and analysis included three indexes：the Margalef abundance，Shannon-Wiener diversity，and Pielou evenness degree. Regeneration and succession for four structural types namely，trees，shrubs，herbs，and lianas were also compared（12 plots，3 replications）. The results indicated that the germination period was identical to the seed period in species structure. The soil seed bank contained 44 species belonging to 34 genera and 26 families in 2009. For individual seed number and species number，a significant difference（P＜0.01）was found among soil layers with：0－5 cm ＞5－10 cm＞10－15 cm. Index averages were Margalef abundance：3.87，Shannon-Wiener diversity index：3.63，and Pielou evenness degree index：1.15. For regeneration and succession，P. bungeana had a stronger regeneration capability with seeds at 39.2% of all tree species. Also，the herbaceous plants were 19.00% more than the woody plants in seeds and 36.36% in species number. Our results show there are significant differences in the vertical distribution of soil seed banks，and the composition of species remained relatively stable in the Huanglong Mountain area.［Ch，3 fig. 1 tab. 21 ref.］
2011, 28(5): 701-705.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2011.05.003
Abstract:
Forest community structure is the physical foundation to form forest landscape effect. 30 plots of landscape forest were selected in Chunan，Jinhua and Dongyang Cities in Zhejiang Province by standard quadrat method，and their forest community structures and the forest landscape effects were measured. The forest community structure was represented by character factors such as species diversity，stand density，community richness，vertical layer，and distribution patterns of species groups. The forest landscape effect was represented by landscape factors including tree height，canopy density，under-branch height，coverage of grass-vegetation layer，colur reaction of stand，species composition，distribution of trees and leavings of felling. The correlation between forest community structure factors and forest landscape effect factors was analyzed. The results showed that each forest community structure factor had correlation only with a certain individual factor of forest landscape. Each forest landscapee effect factor was generated from correlated forest community structure factor；forest landscape effect was a synthesis reflection of the whole character of forest community structure and forest management situation.［Ch，1 fig. 2 tab. 16 ref.］
Forest community structure is the physical foundation to form forest landscape effect. 30 plots of landscape forest were selected in Chunan，Jinhua and Dongyang Cities in Zhejiang Province by standard quadrat method，and their forest community structures and the forest landscape effects were measured. The forest community structure was represented by character factors such as species diversity，stand density，community richness，vertical layer，and distribution patterns of species groups. The forest landscape effect was represented by landscape factors including tree height，canopy density，under-branch height，coverage of grass-vegetation layer，colur reaction of stand，species composition，distribution of trees and leavings of felling. The correlation between forest community structure factors and forest landscape effect factors was analyzed. The results showed that each forest community structure factor had correlation only with a certain individual factor of forest landscape. Each forest landscapee effect factor was generated from correlated forest community structure factor；forest landscape effect was a synthesis reflection of the whole character of forest community structure and forest management situation.［Ch，1 fig. 2 tab. 16 ref.］
2011, 28(5): 706-712.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2011.05.004
Abstract:
Forest subcompartment data for the survey years of 1998，2004 and 2009 were used to systematically analyze the dynamics of landscape spatial structure at Experimental Centre of Tropical Forestry of Chinese Academy of Forestry，in terms of landscape index by using Geographic Information Systems （GIS）. It is found that the area of forest landscape element accounted for over 49% of all landscape elements area from 1998 to 2009 and showed the characteristics such as large area， many patches and high dominance index， which played a leading role in the landscape structure and function of Experimental Centre of Tropical Forestry. The afforestation for undeveloped forests，non-forests and no stumpage forests were reduced by 283.83，538.84，1 507.11 hm2 during 1998 - 2009，respectively，while the open forest land area disappeared in 2004 and 2009. However，forestation-suitable land area was growing，and nursery and auxiliary production area which were used to serve the business afforestation displayed a slight rise. These changes were related to the strengthening of the forest cultivation，the fine forest management and the adjustment of forest land-use patterns.［Ch，3 tab. 26 ref.］
Forest subcompartment data for the survey years of 1998，2004 and 2009 were used to systematically analyze the dynamics of landscape spatial structure at Experimental Centre of Tropical Forestry of Chinese Academy of Forestry，in terms of landscape index by using Geographic Information Systems （GIS）. It is found that the area of forest landscape element accounted for over 49% of all landscape elements area from 1998 to 2009 and showed the characteristics such as large area， many patches and high dominance index， which played a leading role in the landscape structure and function of Experimental Centre of Tropical Forestry. The afforestation for undeveloped forests，non-forests and no stumpage forests were reduced by 283.83，538.84，1 507.11 hm2 during 1998 - 2009，respectively，while the open forest land area disappeared in 2004 and 2009. However，forestation-suitable land area was growing，and nursery and auxiliary production area which were used to serve the business afforestation displayed a slight rise. These changes were related to the strengthening of the forest cultivation，the fine forest management and the adjustment of forest land-use patterns.［Ch，3 tab. 26 ref.］
2011, 28(5): 713-719.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2011.05.005
Abstract:
Stumping is one of the important methods for tending management and restoration of population stability. In order to understand the adjustment regulation of density change which could provide scientific basis for population restoration and management of stump sprout，the density dynamic of stump sprout population was studied. Based on measurement of all individuals in a population of Hippophae rhamnoides subsp. sinensis at different successional stages，model adjustments of density dynamics and stump sprouts in the Mu Us sandy lands of north central China were analyzed using a spatial series substituted for a time series and plots arranged by age. In a model with variables of individual number，ramet morphology，and biomass adjustments were made by changing sprout and surviral rates of regenerated plants，ramet number，and plant density. Results showed that （1） population density had three stages increasing，decreasing and steady in turn；（2） morphological changes of regenerated plant included an increased population base diameter a decreased ratio of complex axis and an increased ratio of single axis；（3） biomass distribution constantly changed with sprout and survival adjustments. As the population base diameter increased，the dead branch biomass ratio increased and leaf biomass ratio decreased. Meanwhile，the ratios of clonal organs and mean root all decreased. Since growth and survivability could improve with a further stump sprouting，individual number and ramet morphology could be improved by adjusting the sprout and survival rate of clonal plants and ramets to help realize a rational utilization of the resource and maintenance of the population.［Ch，3 fig. 1 tab. 22 ref.］
Stumping is one of the important methods for tending management and restoration of population stability. In order to understand the adjustment regulation of density change which could provide scientific basis for population restoration and management of stump sprout，the density dynamic of stump sprout population was studied. Based on measurement of all individuals in a population of Hippophae rhamnoides subsp. sinensis at different successional stages，model adjustments of density dynamics and stump sprouts in the Mu Us sandy lands of north central China were analyzed using a spatial series substituted for a time series and plots arranged by age. In a model with variables of individual number，ramet morphology，and biomass adjustments were made by changing sprout and surviral rates of regenerated plants，ramet number，and plant density. Results showed that （1） population density had three stages increasing，decreasing and steady in turn；（2） morphological changes of regenerated plant included an increased population base diameter a decreased ratio of complex axis and an increased ratio of single axis；（3） biomass distribution constantly changed with sprout and survival adjustments. As the population base diameter increased，the dead branch biomass ratio increased and leaf biomass ratio decreased. Meanwhile，the ratios of clonal organs and mean root all decreased. Since growth and survivability could improve with a further stump sprouting，individual number and ramet morphology could be improved by adjusting the sprout and survival rate of clonal plants and ramets to help realize a rational utilization of the resource and maintenance of the population.［Ch，3 fig. 1 tab. 22 ref.］
2011, 28(5): 720-726.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2011.05.006
Abstract:
Regarding to complicated analysis，large computing and the status of lack of effective analysis tool，this paper try to develop plugin Analysis System of Spatial Forest Structure（ASFSS） to meet the complex application requirements. Based on plugin technology of .Net framework，C# and ArcGIS ENGINE components were combined to design and develop ASFSS，realizing forest spatial structure analysis with platform adding plugins mode. The users can use forest survey data storage in Excel to compute mixed index，competitive index，aggression index，and analysis competitive relationship and spatial pattern. This system fulfilled the reconstruction and visualization for forest spatial structure，providing a convenient support tool for relevant research and forest managers. Under this plugin mode，the users merely need to do is add or replace plugins if one wants to expand or upgrade the system，extremely improve systems portability and extensively. Flexible plugin design provides convenient way for future upgrade on spatial forest structure analysis. ［Ch，7 fig. 13 ref.］
Regarding to complicated analysis，large computing and the status of lack of effective analysis tool，this paper try to develop plugin Analysis System of Spatial Forest Structure（ASFSS） to meet the complex application requirements. Based on plugin technology of .Net framework，C# and ArcGIS ENGINE components were combined to design and develop ASFSS，realizing forest spatial structure analysis with platform adding plugins mode. The users can use forest survey data storage in Excel to compute mixed index，competitive index，aggression index，and analysis competitive relationship and spatial pattern. This system fulfilled the reconstruction and visualization for forest spatial structure，providing a convenient support tool for relevant research and forest managers. Under this plugin mode，the users merely need to do is add or replace plugins if one wants to expand or upgrade the system，extremely improve systems portability and extensively. Flexible plugin design provides convenient way for future upgrade on spatial forest structure analysis. ［Ch，7 fig. 13 ref.］
2011, 28(5): 727-734.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2011.05.007
Abstract:
Zoning of a forest by ecosystem services is a current concern guiding modern forestry development. This study was conducted in Chunan County，Zhejiang Province to strengthen the status of forest ecological development，to achieve an optimal combination of forest resources，and to obtain the best layout between a structural and a functional based forest. Factors related to regional forest ecological sensitivity were selected and an evaluation system built. Then，the law of polygons was used to evaluate the composite index of each unit. Finally，the Statistical Package for Social Sciences（SPSS） was employed for a Q-type cluster analysis. Based on spatial differentiation，the county was divided into four functional areas and implemented. These results could help strengthen forest ecological development，forest industry，and forest cultural systems；deal with ecological threats；develop special economic products；and improve regional economies and social development.［Ch，4 fig. 2 tab. 11 ref.］
Zoning of a forest by ecosystem services is a current concern guiding modern forestry development. This study was conducted in Chunan County，Zhejiang Province to strengthen the status of forest ecological development，to achieve an optimal combination of forest resources，and to obtain the best layout between a structural and a functional based forest. Factors related to regional forest ecological sensitivity were selected and an evaluation system built. Then，the law of polygons was used to evaluate the composite index of each unit. Finally，the Statistical Package for Social Sciences（SPSS） was employed for a Q-type cluster analysis. Based on spatial differentiation，the county was divided into four functional areas and implemented. These results could help strengthen forest ecological development，forest industry，and forest cultural systems；deal with ecological threats；develop special economic products；and improve regional economies and social development.［Ch，4 fig. 2 tab. 11 ref.］
2011, 28(5): 735-740.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2011.05.008
Abstract:
To evaluate the suitability for board-making of Bambusa sinospinosa which is one of the large sympodial bamboos，the biomass distribution pattern of organs over-ground and culm form characteristics of Bambusa sinospinosa were studied and compared with those of Phyllostachys pubescens. The results showed that among the organs over-ground，the culm biomass was 72.7%，much more than those of the branches（15.9%） and leaves（11.4%）. The characteristic indexes of culm form included diameter at breast height（HDB），culm height，culm weight，culm taper，wall thickness. The model of whole culm height（y，m）to HDB（x，cm）was y = 1.345 6x + 1.706 8（R2 = 0.954 6，P = 0.000 0），and when culm was thin （HDB ＜ 8 cm），the whole culm height was a little smaller than that of Ph. pubescens，however，it was becoming higher as HDB increased （HDB8 cm）. The model of fresh culm weight （y，kg） to HDB （x，cm） was y = 0.138 2x2.481 2（R2 = 0.975 5，P =0.002 2，and the culm weight was heavier than that of Ph. pubescens with the same HDB. About the vertical change of culm diameter and wall thickness，the taper was smaller than that of P. edulis，but the thickness changed a little faster. Thus，Bambusa sinospinosa has a larger development prospects as raw materials.［Ch，5 fig. 3 tab. 21 ref.］
To evaluate the suitability for board-making of Bambusa sinospinosa which is one of the large sympodial bamboos，the biomass distribution pattern of organs over-ground and culm form characteristics of Bambusa sinospinosa were studied and compared with those of Phyllostachys pubescens. The results showed that among the organs over-ground，the culm biomass was 72.7%，much more than those of the branches（15.9%） and leaves（11.4%）. The characteristic indexes of culm form included diameter at breast height（HDB），culm height，culm weight，culm taper，wall thickness. The model of whole culm height（y，m）to HDB（x，cm）was y = 1.345 6x + 1.706 8（R2 = 0.954 6，P = 0.000 0），and when culm was thin （HDB ＜ 8 cm），the whole culm height was a little smaller than that of Ph. pubescens，however，it was becoming higher as HDB increased （HDB8 cm）. The model of fresh culm weight （y，kg） to HDB （x，cm） was y = 0.138 2x2.481 2（R2 = 0.975 5，P =0.002 2，and the culm weight was heavier than that of Ph. pubescens with the same HDB. About the vertical change of culm diameter and wall thickness，the taper was smaller than that of P. edulis，but the thickness changed a little faster. Thus，Bambusa sinospinosa has a larger development prospects as raw materials.［Ch，5 fig. 3 tab. 21 ref.］
2011, 28(5): 741-746.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2011.05.009
Abstract:
This study was conducted to determine the effect of fertilization for Phyllostachys pubescens on the culm form and to help optimize fertilizer application. Based on a participatory rural appraisal（PRA） survey to households of Longquan City of Zhejiang，38 pole-dominated dual-purpose（pole and bamboo shoots） standard plots（20 m 30 m， site slope ＜ 30） were identified among which 7 plots were typical sampled for recommended fertilization stands（N ∶ P ∶ K ＝ 17 ∶ 8 ∶ 5，1 125 kghm-2，ditch-fertilizing，over 5 years）and for unfertilized stands （over 10 years） respectively. The pole growth between the recommended fertilized stands and unfertilized stands were compared and regression equations were developed for internode length versus DBH， pole weight distribution， wall thickness and taper to reflect Ph. pubescens culm form. Ducans multiple comparisons and significance test showed that the density of fertilized stands was 930 culmshm-2 higher than the unfertilized but the culm weight for fertilized stands was 6.8% lighter than the unfertilized， both reaching significant difference level. Covariance analysis and t-test showed insignificant difference of fertilization effect on pole weight distribution， wall thickness and taper（P＞0.05）. Therefore，after fertilization the Ph. pubescens stands culm weight dropped but the culm diameter and stands density increased over time indicating that optimal fertilization could increase stands level bio-productivity.［Ch，5 fig. 3 tab. 16 ref.］
This study was conducted to determine the effect of fertilization for Phyllostachys pubescens on the culm form and to help optimize fertilizer application. Based on a participatory rural appraisal（PRA） survey to households of Longquan City of Zhejiang，38 pole-dominated dual-purpose（pole and bamboo shoots） standard plots（20 m 30 m， site slope ＜ 30） were identified among which 7 plots were typical sampled for recommended fertilization stands（N ∶ P ∶ K ＝ 17 ∶ 8 ∶ 5，1 125 kghm-2，ditch-fertilizing，over 5 years）and for unfertilized stands （over 10 years） respectively. The pole growth between the recommended fertilized stands and unfertilized stands were compared and regression equations were developed for internode length versus DBH， pole weight distribution， wall thickness and taper to reflect Ph. pubescens culm form. Ducans multiple comparisons and significance test showed that the density of fertilized stands was 930 culmshm-2 higher than the unfertilized but the culm weight for fertilized stands was 6.8% lighter than the unfertilized， both reaching significant difference level. Covariance analysis and t-test showed insignificant difference of fertilization effect on pole weight distribution， wall thickness and taper（P＞0.05）. Therefore，after fertilization the Ph. pubescens stands culm weight dropped but the culm diameter and stands density increased over time indicating that optimal fertilization could increase stands level bio-productivity.［Ch，5 fig. 3 tab. 16 ref.］
2011, 28(5): 747-752.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2011.05.010
Abstract:
In order to reveal intra-species variations in Torreya grandis，an important oil species with dry fruit and to lay a foundation for further breeding，physico-chemical traits of 110 single tree-based germplasm resources collected based on interview with local farmer households to have an understanding of variations in germplasm，which included the length，diameter and weight of seeds with and without peel as well as protein and fat contents that affect the post-processing taste，and a correlation among the physical traits of seeds were analyzed. It was revealed that not only physical traits but also chemical ingredients varied greatly，with 3 individuals had a fat content and 9 ones had a protein content higher than or close to those of Torreya grandis Merrillii. The shape index between the seeds with and without peel was most significantly correlated，so was the correlation between the weight of seeds with or without peel and length as well as diameter of the seeds with or without peel. The size of seeds without peel varied with seed shape，viz. a long and pointed-shaped seed is generally small in weight. This study has made us have a better understanding of the natural Torreya grandis population and found that some germplasm resources have potential for further cultivation and extension，which would break the phenomenon that only Torreya grandisMerrillii is under cultivation for more than one thousand years. In addition，it is revealed that for such tree species as Torreya grandis that has been in cultivation for more than 1 000 years，field investigation and interview with farmer households are a feasible means for selection and breeding.［Ch，2 fig. 4 tab. 10 ref.］
In order to reveal intra-species variations in Torreya grandis，an important oil species with dry fruit and to lay a foundation for further breeding，physico-chemical traits of 110 single tree-based germplasm resources collected based on interview with local farmer households to have an understanding of variations in germplasm，which included the length，diameter and weight of seeds with and without peel as well as protein and fat contents that affect the post-processing taste，and a correlation among the physical traits of seeds were analyzed. It was revealed that not only physical traits but also chemical ingredients varied greatly，with 3 individuals had a fat content and 9 ones had a protein content higher than or close to those of Torreya grandis Merrillii. The shape index between the seeds with and without peel was most significantly correlated，so was the correlation between the weight of seeds with or without peel and length as well as diameter of the seeds with or without peel. The size of seeds without peel varied with seed shape，viz. a long and pointed-shaped seed is generally small in weight. This study has made us have a better understanding of the natural Torreya grandis population and found that some germplasm resources have potential for further cultivation and extension，which would break the phenomenon that only Torreya grandisMerrillii is under cultivation for more than one thousand years. In addition，it is revealed that for such tree species as Torreya grandis that has been in cultivation for more than 1 000 years，field investigation and interview with farmer households are a feasible means for selection and breeding.［Ch，2 fig. 4 tab. 10 ref.］
2011, 28(5): 753-760.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2011.05.011
Abstract:
The original way of maintenance management of urban green land in Hangzhou is traditional and simple. No prompt information delivery, many mistakes，too complicated steps，slow rectifying and improving， hard data statistical analysis, and not low carbon，the above are the existing problems in the management. In 2005, Green Management Station Centre of Hangzhou City developed the network management of Hangzhou urban green land maintenance and quality evaluation system independently. It is an internet immediate processing system with management contents of urban green land maintenance quality. It adopts B/S technical structure and ASP＋ACCESS technical framework. By the 3 functional modules of the system，daily maintenance of urban green land has been a thorough, systematical and dynamic supervision. According to the application results of this system in 2005－2008，the system has obtained strong effects：（1）strengthen，initiative of supervision；（2）digitlization and networking maintenance of urban green land. （3）bring much social benefit. ［Ch，7 fig. 3 tab. 4 ref.］
The original way of maintenance management of urban green land in Hangzhou is traditional and simple. No prompt information delivery, many mistakes，too complicated steps，slow rectifying and improving， hard data statistical analysis, and not low carbon，the above are the existing problems in the management. In 2005, Green Management Station Centre of Hangzhou City developed the network management of Hangzhou urban green land maintenance and quality evaluation system independently. It is an internet immediate processing system with management contents of urban green land maintenance quality. It adopts B/S technical structure and ASP＋ACCESS technical framework. By the 3 functional modules of the system，daily maintenance of urban green land has been a thorough, systematical and dynamic supervision. According to the application results of this system in 2005－2008，the system has obtained strong effects：（1）strengthen，initiative of supervision；（2）digitlization and networking maintenance of urban green land. （3）bring much social benefit. ［Ch，7 fig. 3 tab. 4 ref.］
2011, 28(5): 761-766.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2011.05.012
Abstract:
To provide some practical methods and strategies concerning street planting for garden-city development，a street-planting survey in Nanning，a city with a northern-subtropical climate，was conducted using a community ecology approach to determine the plant community structure along 22 major streets. Results showed a total of 63 tree species from 27 families and 49 shrub species from 26 families. The tree species with the greatest number was Amygdalus communis（63%），and the shrub species with the most individuals was Ficus microcarpaGolden Leaves（73%）. The ratio of tree species to shrub species was 1.3∶1，and the ratio of evergreen to deciduous tree species was 11∶1. The three-dimensional structure of tree，shrub，and herb was found on 11 （50%）of the streets. ［Ch，2 fig. 2 tab. 14 ref.］
To provide some practical methods and strategies concerning street planting for garden-city development，a street-planting survey in Nanning，a city with a northern-subtropical climate，was conducted using a community ecology approach to determine the plant community structure along 22 major streets. Results showed a total of 63 tree species from 27 families and 49 shrub species from 26 families. The tree species with the greatest number was Amygdalus communis（63%），and the shrub species with the most individuals was Ficus microcarpaGolden Leaves（73%）. The ratio of tree species to shrub species was 1.3∶1，and the ratio of evergreen to deciduous tree species was 11∶1. The three-dimensional structure of tree，shrub，and herb was found on 11 （50%）of the streets. ［Ch，2 fig. 2 tab. 14 ref.］
2011, 28(5): 767-770.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2011.05.013
Abstract:
Wood drying is an important link in the utilization of wood processing with a reasonable drying process being very important to ensure drying quality and to improve the wood utilization rate. To obtain the basic drying characteristics and to prepare a reasonable drying schedule for Tsoongiodendron odorum wood， drying characteristics were determined using the 100 C test method. Results showed that T. odorum wood dried easily with the cross-sectional deformation degree being light（from grades 1 to 2） and the drying speed being fast （grade 2）. However，there were serious problems with the initial checks （judged to be grade 3） and with the degree of twist deformation（grade 3） having no internal cracks and a small volumetric drying shrinkage coefficient. Considering the main drying defect level and the defect level of the 100C test method as well as the drying conditions corresponding to the drying defects，a reference drying schedule for T. odorum wood with a thickness of 25-30 mm was drawn up to provide a theoretical basis for control in a practical，kiln-dried process. ［Ch，1 fig. 2 tab. 13 ref.］
Wood drying is an important link in the utilization of wood processing with a reasonable drying process being very important to ensure drying quality and to improve the wood utilization rate. To obtain the basic drying characteristics and to prepare a reasonable drying schedule for Tsoongiodendron odorum wood， drying characteristics were determined using the 100 C test method. Results showed that T. odorum wood dried easily with the cross-sectional deformation degree being light（from grades 1 to 2） and the drying speed being fast （grade 2）. However，there were serious problems with the initial checks （judged to be grade 3） and with the degree of twist deformation（grade 3） having no internal cracks and a small volumetric drying shrinkage coefficient. Considering the main drying defect level and the defect level of the 100C test method as well as the drying conditions corresponding to the drying defects，a reference drying schedule for T. odorum wood with a thickness of 25-30 mm was drawn up to provide a theoretical basis for control in a practical，kiln-dried process. ［Ch，1 fig. 2 tab. 13 ref.］
2011, 28(5): 771-774.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2011.05.014
Abstract:
According to fractal theory, bamboo charcoals porous structure and anisotropy characteristics, reference scanning electron microscopy（SEM） images of bamboo charcoal, and imitation of the Sierpinski carpet generation method，a random fractal model of bamboo charcoal was established. Then, using Matlab software to simulate porous bamboo charcoal pore space distribution, the relationship between porosity and specific surface area for a number of iterations was obtained. When the number of iterations was 10 and the smallest diameter was 1 nm, the bamboo charcoal fractal model porosity was 0.825 with a specific surface area of 213.6 m2g－1. ［Ch，6 fig. 1 tab. 10 ref.］
According to fractal theory, bamboo charcoals porous structure and anisotropy characteristics, reference scanning electron microscopy（SEM） images of bamboo charcoal, and imitation of the Sierpinski carpet generation method，a random fractal model of bamboo charcoal was established. Then, using Matlab software to simulate porous bamboo charcoal pore space distribution, the relationship between porosity and specific surface area for a number of iterations was obtained. When the number of iterations was 10 and the smallest diameter was 1 nm, the bamboo charcoal fractal model porosity was 0.825 with a specific surface area of 213.6 m2g－1. ［Ch，6 fig. 1 tab. 10 ref.］
2011, 28(5): 775-778.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2011.05.015
Abstract:
To better predict pine-wilt disease in Zhejiang，one of the provinces with a serious problem in disease prevention often lagging behind occurrence and harm，the disease was monitored from 2004 - 2008 and combined with meteorological data for Ninghai，Zhejiang using the Statistical Analysis System（SAS）to determine the variables affecting the degree of pine-wilt disease the most. Then，stepwise regression was employed to produce a forecasting model. Results showed that dead trees per hectare（x3），mid-July longicorn feather number （x9），and average temperature in July （x26） were significant （P＜0.05）variables. The forecasting model with stepwise regression was: y = 0.300 67 + 1.578 97x3－0.012 22x9 + 0.001 84x26. This model will contribute to prevention countermeasures and provide technical support for sustainably controlling pine-wilt disease. ［Ch，1 fig. 3 tab. 11 ref.］
To better predict pine-wilt disease in Zhejiang，one of the provinces with a serious problem in disease prevention often lagging behind occurrence and harm，the disease was monitored from 2004 - 2008 and combined with meteorological data for Ninghai，Zhejiang using the Statistical Analysis System（SAS）to determine the variables affecting the degree of pine-wilt disease the most. Then，stepwise regression was employed to produce a forecasting model. Results showed that dead trees per hectare（x3），mid-July longicorn feather number （x9），and average temperature in July （x26） were significant （P＜0.05）variables. The forecasting model with stepwise regression was: y = 0.300 67 + 1.578 97x3－0.012 22x9 + 0.001 84x26. This model will contribute to prevention countermeasures and provide technical support for sustainably controlling pine-wilt disease. ［Ch，1 fig. 3 tab. 11 ref.］
2011, 28(5): 779-782.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2011.05.016
Abstract:
The last-instar larval external morphologies of Spodoptera exigua（Hbner)and Seasamia inferens （Walker）of Amphipyrinae is described and illustrated．［En，2 fig. 9 ref.］
The last-instar larval external morphologies of Spodoptera exigua（Hbner)and Seasamia inferens （Walker）of Amphipyrinae is described and illustrated．［En，2 fig. 9 ref.］
2011, 28(5): 783-788.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2011.05.017
Abstract:
Based on the household survey data of 4 forest farmerscooperatives（FFCs）containing 77 FFC members and 62 non-FFC members in Longquan County，Zhejiang Province，this paper makes a regression analysis of the impacts of FFCs on forest farmers incomes by Eviews statistic software. The result shows that joining FFCs will increase farmers per capita forestry income by 25.82 per cent and per capita net income by 21.23 per cent，which indicating that joining FFCs can indeed increase forest farmers incomes. FFCs impact on farmers per capita forestry income is 4.59 per cent greater than that on per capita income, which means that FFCs are very significant for the development of forestry economy in mountainous areas. Therefore， government should do their best to encourage and support FFCs development. FFCs should constantly enhance their ability construction, strengthen publicity for FFCs, and encourage more farmers to participate in FFCs. ［Ch，5 tab. 14 ref.］
Based on the household survey data of 4 forest farmerscooperatives（FFCs）containing 77 FFC members and 62 non-FFC members in Longquan County，Zhejiang Province，this paper makes a regression analysis of the impacts of FFCs on forest farmers incomes by Eviews statistic software. The result shows that joining FFCs will increase farmers per capita forestry income by 25.82 per cent and per capita net income by 21.23 per cent，which indicating that joining FFCs can indeed increase forest farmers incomes. FFCs impact on farmers per capita forestry income is 4.59 per cent greater than that on per capita income, which means that FFCs are very significant for the development of forestry economy in mountainous areas. Therefore， government should do their best to encourage and support FFCs development. FFCs should constantly enhance their ability construction, strengthen publicity for FFCs, and encourage more farmers to participate in FFCs. ［Ch，5 tab. 14 ref.］
2011, 28(5): 789-793.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2011.05.018
Abstract:
Although the brand building of special local produces has entered a rapid development period， today the majority of special local produces have weak brands or no brands. Both the quantity and quality of brands of special local produces are lag behind that of commercial brands. This paper gives the idea that the brand images building of special local produces consist of regional brand image building and corporate brand image building from a perspective of commercial design. As to the regional brand building, the local governments and the industry associations should take the leading responsibility for building the full set of brand image standards and the brands promotion. The corporate brand image can be divided into middle-end， low-end and high-end brands images. The former two brands can be developed by the image of regional brand. The later is the representative of regional brand. As to the high-end brands，brand personality should be emphasized and use the ecological design idea to build the high-end brand image and to develop high-end consumers. ［Ch，11 ref.］
Although the brand building of special local produces has entered a rapid development period， today the majority of special local produces have weak brands or no brands. Both the quantity and quality of brands of special local produces are lag behind that of commercial brands. This paper gives the idea that the brand images building of special local produces consist of regional brand image building and corporate brand image building from a perspective of commercial design. As to the regional brand building, the local governments and the industry associations should take the leading responsibility for building the full set of brand image standards and the brands promotion. The corporate brand image can be divided into middle-end， low-end and high-end brands images. The former two brands can be developed by the image of regional brand. The later is the representative of regional brand. As to the high-end brands，brand personality should be emphasized and use the ecological design idea to build the high-end brand image and to develop high-end consumers. ［Ch，11 ref.］
2011, 28(5): 794-798.
Abstract:
On the basis of western economic theory and using data of The Demand Analysis of Beijing Flower Market which was finished by the Beijing Forestry University study group in 2004，this article analyses the characters of flower products such as supply and demand，cost of production，income of residents，seasonal changes，and consumer preferences. With the comprehensive construction of a well-off society and the substantially increase of the living standards, the flower industry is entering the public demand and consumption opportunity era. The flower production enterprises should make innovations of various flower products in order to meet the demand for different consumer preferences in different areas and seasons. They should also reduce the cost of flower products, improve service quality and keep an exuberant flower market，to gradually formed the modern flower industry with Chinese characteristics and provide lots of colorful flower products for the harmonious society.［Ch， 5 fig. 3 ref.］
On the basis of western economic theory and using data of The Demand Analysis of Beijing Flower Market which was finished by the Beijing Forestry University study group in 2004，this article analyses the characters of flower products such as supply and demand，cost of production，income of residents，seasonal changes，and consumer preferences. With the comprehensive construction of a well-off society and the substantially increase of the living standards, the flower industry is entering the public demand and consumption opportunity era. The flower production enterprises should make innovations of various flower products in order to meet the demand for different consumer preferences in different areas and seasons. They should also reduce the cost of flower products, improve service quality and keep an exuberant flower market，to gradually formed the modern flower industry with Chinese characteristics and provide lots of colorful flower products for the harmonious society.［Ch， 5 fig. 3 ref.］
2011, 28(5): 799-804.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2011.05.020
Abstract:
The mulched technique with organic materials in bamboo forest is an efficient approach to rise temperature，hold temperature and moisture in order to enhance shoot bud differentiation and early germination. The measure can improve economic output of bamboo forest，so that the technique has been applied extensively in bamboo forest of Phyllostachys praecox，Ph. propinqua and Ph. iridescens. The paper analyzes the problems such as influence of mulched technique of moso bamboo（Ph. pubescens）forest on maintaining productivity and high-yield forest structure，bamboo resistance and soil insect occurrence，ecological and environmental protection，and selection criteria of moso bamboo forest and technique mature degree. Some technical and practical problems such as soil deterioration，shoot keeping for bamboo culms，cultivated with lower input and environmental protection，and ecological control of underground pests of moso bamboo mulching need urgent solutions are discussed. ［Ch，31 ref.］
The mulched technique with organic materials in bamboo forest is an efficient approach to rise temperature，hold temperature and moisture in order to enhance shoot bud differentiation and early germination. The measure can improve economic output of bamboo forest，so that the technique has been applied extensively in bamboo forest of Phyllostachys praecox，Ph. propinqua and Ph. iridescens. The paper analyzes the problems such as influence of mulched technique of moso bamboo（Ph. pubescens）forest on maintaining productivity and high-yield forest structure，bamboo resistance and soil insect occurrence，ecological and environmental protection，and selection criteria of moso bamboo forest and technique mature degree. Some technical and practical problems such as soil deterioration，shoot keeping for bamboo culms，cultivated with lower input and environmental protection，and ecological control of underground pests of moso bamboo mulching need urgent solutions are discussed. ［Ch，31 ref.］
2011, 28(5): 805-809.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2011.05.021
Abstract:
Green infrastructure which has the foundational service functions is a systematic solution to contemporary urban environmental issues, as the role of urban natural life support system. This paper gives a general description of the concept of green infrastructure，the researches overseas，the evolution process of the practice，and the elements including hubs，links，and sites. The constructing method of green infrastructure system includes the principles，the procedures，and the implementation approach，emphasizing the great significance to sustainable urban development.［Ch，1 fig. 13 ref.］
Green infrastructure which has the foundational service functions is a systematic solution to contemporary urban environmental issues, as the role of urban natural life support system. This paper gives a general description of the concept of green infrastructure，the researches overseas，the evolution process of the practice，and the elements including hubs，links，and sites. The constructing method of green infrastructure system includes the principles，the procedures，and the implementation approach，emphasizing the great significance to sustainable urban development.［Ch，1 fig. 13 ref.］
2011, 28(5): 810-814.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2011.05.022
Abstract:
In order to understand the implementation of conversion of farmland back to forests project over the last 10 years，this research conducted a deep investigation of 793 households of six provinces in the northwest China who were involved in conversion of farmland back to forests project. The results indicate that the ecological environment，the eco-awareness and livelihoods of the households have been improved significantly than that before the implementation of the project. The related policies have reached the designated position and been supported by farmers. Subsidy issue is a common concern. The paper analyzes the existing problems including the low level of cashing the subsidy，inadequate transparency and inspection，unrealistic requirements for the ratio of tree species，inadequate publicity and low harvest in the land recovered from project，extensive management and weak technology. Then the paper proposes some policy recommendations to address the existing problems.［Ch，1 fig. 1 tab. 10 ref.］
In order to understand the implementation of conversion of farmland back to forests project over the last 10 years，this research conducted a deep investigation of 793 households of six provinces in the northwest China who were involved in conversion of farmland back to forests project. The results indicate that the ecological environment，the eco-awareness and livelihoods of the households have been improved significantly than that before the implementation of the project. The related policies have reached the designated position and been supported by farmers. Subsidy issue is a common concern. The paper analyzes the existing problems including the low level of cashing the subsidy，inadequate transparency and inspection，unrealistic requirements for the ratio of tree species，inadequate publicity and low harvest in the land recovered from project，extensive management and weak technology. Then the paper proposes some policy recommendations to address the existing problems.［Ch，1 fig. 1 tab. 10 ref.］
2011, 28(5): 815-822.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2011.05.023
Abstract:
In order to protect germplasm resources of endangered plant：Pseudolarix amabilis，genetic diversity of Pseudolarix amabilis from different sources in Zhejiang Province were analyzed using an optimal protocol of random amplified polymorphism DNA（RAPD） followed by a cluster analysis in this study. Results showed that for 62 individuals with 18 random primers，172 repetitive loci were detected，among which 170 were polymorphic for a species level polymorphic loci rate of 99.2%. The cluster analysis showed that materials from the same sources were classified together. Thus，RAPD polymorphism classification for natural populations of P. amabilis was mostly related to geographic distribution, genetic diversity was high among the P. amabilis population，and both in situ preservation and ex-situ conservation were possible. ［Ch，2 fig. 3 tab. 31 ref.］
In order to protect germplasm resources of endangered plant：Pseudolarix amabilis，genetic diversity of Pseudolarix amabilis from different sources in Zhejiang Province were analyzed using an optimal protocol of random amplified polymorphism DNA（RAPD） followed by a cluster analysis in this study. Results showed that for 62 individuals with 18 random primers，172 repetitive loci were detected，among which 170 were polymorphic for a species level polymorphic loci rate of 99.2%. The cluster analysis showed that materials from the same sources were classified together. Thus，RAPD polymorphism classification for natural populations of P. amabilis was mostly related to geographic distribution, genetic diversity was high among the P. amabilis population，and both in situ preservation and ex-situ conservation were possible. ［Ch，2 fig. 3 tab. 31 ref.］
2011, 28(5): 823-828.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2011.05.024
Abstract:
The allelopathic effect of Eucalyptus urophylla Eucalyptus grandis forest soil on the content of chlorophyll，proline，and soluble sugar was tested by treating growth medium of four crops：Brassica parachinensis（false pakchoi），Brassica pekinensis（Peking cabbage），Oryza sativa（rice），and Raphanus sativus（radish）with aqueous extracts of the soil. Results showed highly significant differences（P＜0.01）on content of chlorophyll，proline，and soluble sugar for the four crop plants. With an increase in aqueous extract concentration，chlorophyll content in receptor plant leaves decreased. Also，proline content rose first and then decreased as did soluble sugar of rice. Soluble sugar content from the four crop plants also declined. Thus， allelochemical resistance of rice was stronger than the other crops，and it was certain that there were some allelochemicals in the soil that caused different effects on the four species.［Ch，3 tab. 23 ref.］
The allelopathic effect of Eucalyptus urophylla Eucalyptus grandis forest soil on the content of chlorophyll，proline，and soluble sugar was tested by treating growth medium of four crops：Brassica parachinensis（false pakchoi），Brassica pekinensis（Peking cabbage），Oryza sativa（rice），and Raphanus sativus（radish）with aqueous extracts of the soil. Results showed highly significant differences（P＜0.01）on content of chlorophyll，proline，and soluble sugar for the four crop plants. With an increase in aqueous extract concentration，chlorophyll content in receptor plant leaves decreased. Also，proline content rose first and then decreased as did soluble sugar of rice. Soluble sugar content from the four crop plants also declined. Thus， allelochemical resistance of rice was stronger than the other crops，and it was certain that there were some allelochemicals in the soil that caused different effects on the four species.［Ch，3 tab. 23 ref.］
2011, 28(5): 828-832.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2011.05.025
Abstract:
This research used geostatistics method to analyze the spatial characteristics of a 20-year，intensively managed, moso bamboo（Phyllostachys pubescens） forest in Hegan of Anji County. Results showed that 1） organic matter，pH，total nitrogen（TN），rapidly available nitrogen（N），available phosphorus（P） and rapidly available potassium （K） of the bamboo forest soil were moderately variant；2） natural factors mainly caused spatial variability in N and K, but random and natural factors together caused spatial variability of TN and organic matter；3） the order of fractal values for the moso bamboo forest was P ＞ N ＞ K ＞ organic matter ＞ TN. ［Ch，3 tab. 11 ref.］
This research used geostatistics method to analyze the spatial characteristics of a 20-year，intensively managed, moso bamboo（Phyllostachys pubescens） forest in Hegan of Anji County. Results showed that 1） organic matter，pH，total nitrogen（TN），rapidly available nitrogen（N），available phosphorus（P） and rapidly available potassium （K） of the bamboo forest soil were moderately variant；2） natural factors mainly caused spatial variability in N and K, but random and natural factors together caused spatial variability of TN and organic matter；3） the order of fractal values for the moso bamboo forest was P ＞ N ＞ K ＞ organic matter ＞ TN. ［Ch，3 tab. 11 ref.］
2011, 28(5): 833-836.
doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2011.05.026
Abstract:
Rhizome diameter，internode length，and the number of cross rhizomes and jumping rhizomes of a Phyllostachys pubescens forest which was used for both bamboo shoots and bamboo poles and whose rhizome shoots were dug out and removed for 8 years were studied. Results showed that compared with the rhizome shoot forests that were not removed：（1） cross rhizome diameters decreased 0.1 cm than main rhizome diameters；（2） the average diameter of the all rhizomes increased 0.30 cm；（3） the average diameter of the main rhizomes increased 0.30 － 0.70 cm；（4） the average internode length of the all rhizomes increased 0.31 cm； （5） the cross rhizome number significantly increased two（t = 6.006＞t0.01 = 3.355）；and （6） in rhizome shoot forests that were removed，there were no jumping rhizomes. ［Ch， 4 tab. 11 ref.］
Rhizome diameter，internode length，and the number of cross rhizomes and jumping rhizomes of a Phyllostachys pubescens forest which was used for both bamboo shoots and bamboo poles and whose rhizome shoots were dug out and removed for 8 years were studied. Results showed that compared with the rhizome shoot forests that were not removed：（1） cross rhizome diameters decreased 0.1 cm than main rhizome diameters；（2） the average diameter of the all rhizomes increased 0.30 cm；（3） the average diameter of the main rhizomes increased 0.30 － 0.70 cm；（4） the average internode length of the all rhizomes increased 0.31 cm； （5） the cross rhizome number significantly increased two（t = 6.006＞t0.01 = 3.355）；and （6） in rhizome shoot forests that were removed，there were no jumping rhizomes. ［Ch， 4 tab. 11 ref.］
