Volume 31 Issue 5
Sep.  2014
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CHEN Lei, SUN Bing, LIAO Shaobo, CHEN Yong, ZHANG Jing, HUANG Yingfeng. Research progress on the cultivation of Bombax malabaricum resource and its landscape application[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2014, 31(5): 798-804. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2014.05.022
Citation: CHEN Lei, SUN Bing, LIAO Shaobo, CHEN Yong, ZHANG Jing, HUANG Yingfeng. Research progress on the cultivation of Bombax malabaricum resource and its landscape application[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2014, 31(5): 798-804. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2014.05.022

Research progress on the cultivation of Bombax malabaricum resource and its landscape application

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2014.05.022
  • Received Date: 2013-10-21
  • Rev Recd Date: 2013-12-30
  • Publish Date: 2014-10-20
  • Bombax malabaricum, a native species in the south and southwest of China, has drawn wide attention because of its high ornamental and medicinal values. From the perspectives of characteristics, forest plantation, and landscape application of Bombax malabaricum, the paper reviewed its distribution, morphology, seed propagation, clone, transplanting, growth characters, ornamental value and landscape application. The paper also proposed some suggestions for the further plantation cultivation, development and utilization of Bombax malabaricum resource, including germplasm resource collection, improved varieties breeding, afforestation technology, utilization of tourism and landscape resources.
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Research progress on the cultivation of Bombax malabaricum resource and its landscape application

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2014.05.022

Abstract: Bombax malabaricum, a native species in the south and southwest of China, has drawn wide attention because of its high ornamental and medicinal values. From the perspectives of characteristics, forest plantation, and landscape application of Bombax malabaricum, the paper reviewed its distribution, morphology, seed propagation, clone, transplanting, growth characters, ornamental value and landscape application. The paper also proposed some suggestions for the further plantation cultivation, development and utilization of Bombax malabaricum resource, including germplasm resource collection, improved varieties breeding, afforestation technology, utilization of tourism and landscape resources.

CHEN Lei, SUN Bing, LIAO Shaobo, CHEN Yong, ZHANG Jing, HUANG Yingfeng. Research progress on the cultivation of Bombax malabaricum resource and its landscape application[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2014, 31(5): 798-804. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2014.05.022
Citation: CHEN Lei, SUN Bing, LIAO Shaobo, CHEN Yong, ZHANG Jing, HUANG Yingfeng. Research progress on the cultivation of Bombax malabaricum resource and its landscape application[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2014, 31(5): 798-804. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2014.05.022
  • 木棉Bombax malabaricum又名红棉、英雄树(广州)、攀枝花(四川)、斑芝棉、斑芝树(台湾)、攀枝(福建),为木棉科Bombacaceae木棉属Bombax落叶大乔木,广泛分布于中国云南、四川、贵州、广西、江西、广东、福建、台湾等省区[1]:也分布于南亚的印度、尼泊尔和东南亚等地区[2-3]。木棉用途广泛,花大色艳,树形优美,常用于庭院、公园绿化,供行道树、独赏树等。木棉还具有极高的药用价值。清代何克谏《生草药性备要》记载:木棉花性味甘,凉,具有清热利湿,解毒,止血等功效,主治肠炎、泄泻、痔疮出血、细菌性痢疾[4]。现代研究发现,木棉花、根系、叶片及树皮中含有多种活性物质,进一步的动物及临床试验证实,这些活性物质对人体具有多种独特的生理和药理功能[5-7]。此外,木棉果中纤维可作枕、褥、救生圈等填充材料:种子榨油可作润滑油、制肥皂:木材轻软,可用作蒸笼、箱板、火柴梗、造纸等用[1]。迄今为止,相关学者对木棉做了大量研究,但多数集中在药用价值方面,而对其资源培育等研究较少,更缺乏相应的综述。因此,本研究就木棉的分布、资源培育现状、观赏价值及园林应用等方面研究展开综述,旨在为今后开展木棉资源培育与利用提供参考。

  • 木棉树干可高达30 m。树干通直,树皮灰黑色,粗糙,基部形成板根:幼树树皮浅灰色,树干有短粗的圆锥状皮刺:侧枝近轮生。掌状复叶互生,小叶5~7,长椭圆形,长7~17 cm,宽5~7 cm,全缘[8]。花簇生于枝端,先叶开放:花朵硕大,红色或橙红,花瓣肉质:雄蕊多数,集成5束。蒴果长圆形,内有丝状长毛,成熟时纵裂,裂片木质,露出丝状棉絮,种子埋于棉絮中。花期3-4月,果期5月。

  • 木棉是典型的热带和南亚热带的指示植物,在中国主要分布于海拔1 400~1 700 m以下的干热河谷及稀树草原,也生长在沟谷季雨林内[1]。通常情况下,在干热地区,木棉趋于散生[9]:而在湿热环境中则会成林,甚至形成纯林。李保贵等[10]在西双版纳发现的木棉天然林就呈典型的纯林状态。在该林分中,整个乔木层除有1株八宝树Duabanga grandiflora外,均由木棉单种构成。

    中国木棉栽培历史悠久,在野外很难区分是人工栽培、次生繁殖还是天然野生群体。汪书丽等[11]对云南、广西和海南木棉的遗传多样性分析发现,这些地区间木棉具有较高水平的遗传多样性,但是居群间遗传分化却并不明显。而Chaturvedi等[2]对印度东部6个不同气候带的木棉种遗传分化进行了研究,却认为木棉居群存在丰富遗传变异。这也说明中国现有的木棉资源很可能源于人工栽培品种。但是,由于南亚和东南亚地区等国外木棉分布区[2-3]距离云南、四川和广西等省份较近,并不能排除境内部分野生木棉资源来源于自然扩散。因此,在木棉种质资源收集和调查时,应进一步增加其居群和样本数量,以充分反映其种质资源的变异。

  • 木棉种子是典型的顽拗性种子,不耐储藏。采收后会立即发生种子劣变现象。采后置于室温环境中种子外种皮由白色转为浅褐色、深褐色以至黑褐色。分析显示,在褐变过程中多酚氧化酶活性和种子外渗液电导率逐渐上升,这也说明其种子内部组织已经开始被破坏[12]。另由于其种子较轻,其千粒质量约为39.08 g[13],易随棉絮飘散进而不利于种子收集,因此应及时采收,并及时播种。与普通顽拗性种子不同的是,木棉种子通过适当的处理,仍然能够延长其储藏时间。陈光仪等[14]将木棉种子在密封隔氧条件下快速脱水,使含水量降到12%~13%,15 ℃储藏,能延长种子寿命1 a。木棉种子在萌发过程中容易受到外界因素的影响。研究证实其种子萌发对渗透胁迫较为敏感,在聚乙二醇(PEG)质量浓度达到150 g·L-1时便无法萌芽[13]。同时,高温和干旱是限制木棉种子成功萌发的关键因子。研究发现,在干热河谷内,木棉成年树木有大量结实的情况下,其周围却依然很少有种苗出现[13]。而在适当的水肥管理条件下,却可使当年发芽率达到70%~80%[11]。这说明高温和干旱限制木棉种子的成功萌发。此外,木棉种子萌发还受到自身化感物质的影响。Khan等[15]发现,木棉衰老花药提取物能够显著影响种子萌发和幼苗生长。

  • 在林木育种中,由于一些变异品种的遗传物质并不稳定,其种子繁殖的子代并不能维持亲本性状,因此良种无性系化成为繁育过程的必经之路。常见的无性繁殖方式主要包括扦插、嫁接和组织培养等。木棉扦插和嫁接技术的研究已经取得良好进展。林奖等[16]利用多年生木棉枝条进行扦插,其生根率达到了97%,而且3-5月扦插成活率较高,扦插时使用1 000~1 100 mg·L-1ABT生根粉处理,可取得良好效果。潘宏兵等[17]则对木棉嫁接繁殖开展了多项研究,取得良好的效果。以攀枝花地区为例,木棉嫁接宜在2-3月和6-7月进行,同时避开雨天,所选的接穗径粗以0.17~1.20 cm,芽眼间距以1~2 cm为佳。在木棉组织培养研究方面,通过组织培养技术建立木棉快速繁殖体系是国内外关注的热点。程广有等[18]通过无根苗接于MS(Murashige and Skoog)+ 2.0 mg·L-16-BA(6-苄基腺嘌呤)培养基中,10 d后,在无根苗与培养基接触部位形成愈合组织:3周后致密的愈合组织开始分化出不定芽。刘娟旭等[19]以木棉下胚轴为外植体,初步建立了下胚轴高效再生体系。该研究认为:使用MS+115 mg·L-16-BA + 0.1 mg·L-1 NAA(萘乙酸)+ 0.5 mg·L-1 KT(激动素)+ 1.0 mg·L-1硝酸银(AgNO3)+30 g·L-1蔗糖培养基,可使不定芽分化率达72%,平均每外植体分化不定芽数达3.85个。此外,较适生根培养基为MS+ 0.5 mg·L-1NAA,生根率达到90%。Manisha等[20]以未成熟合子胚为材料,认为BA的诱导体细胞胚胎发生率要高于生长素,但是其诱导率与BA浓度呈反比,其中,0.44 μmol·L-1BA的效果最好。综上可知,木棉并不是一类繁殖困难的树种,无论是扦插、嫁接还是组织培育,只要方法得当,增殖效果令人满意。然而,迄今为止,并未形成严格的木棉快速繁殖体系,也未对无性繁殖进行系统研究。此外,这些研究尚未针对木棉品种进行,因而导致研究适用面较为狭窄。

  • 在播种繁殖或扦插获得幼苗之后,仍然需要进一步管理,以提升木棉幼苗成活率。研究[21]显示:木棉幼苗适宜在土壤容重大、含水量和总孔隙度较小,pH值较高的土壤基质中生长,证实体积百分比50%黄心土+50%塘泥和50%泥炭土+50%塘泥为木棉苗期培育较适宜的营养基质,能够显著促进幼苗生长并提高成活率。木棉苗期抚育过程对营养元素需求较为严格。研究显示:木棉幼苗生长与土壤氮素负相关,但是与土壤磷素成正相关[21]

    木棉作为一种优良的园林绿化树种,在幼苗长到一定阶段就可以对苗木进行进一步的移栽。合理的移栽措施是保证木棉移栽成活的关键。何天华等[22]以苗高50~70 cm的1年生木棉越冬苗为材料,认为7 m的苗床以及行间距1.2 m × 1.2 m的密度木棉苗移栽成活率最高,而且按照生长节律追肥能使木棉苗高、地径、冠幅生长分别提高9.18%,3.14%,4.16%。

    除了小苗外,在一些特殊绿化场合仍然需要移栽部分大树。然而,木棉萌芽能力较弱,其大树移栽技术与其他树种相比存在一定的特殊性。大树移栽实践显示,在移植木棉大树时,至少需要保留2.0 m以上根系,同时先对树冠进行修整,防止水分蒸散过多导致枯死,以有效提高大树移栽的成活率[23]

  • 木棉作为南亚热带和热带地区的乡土树种,广泛应用于这些地区的造林绿化。研究[24-25]普遍认为木棉造林成活率相对较高。然而,在不同研究中,木棉造林初期生长速度也不尽相同。与南亚热带和热带地区其他造林树种相比,木棉造林初期生长速度中等[24-26]。但吴永彬等[27]于广州市郊区帽峰山林场营造生态示范林,木棉初期高生长率达到了204.9%,冠幅达到了244.8%,与其他树种相比,其冠幅生长较快。此外,在油页岩废渣场生态恢复过程中发现,木棉生长速度相对较快,较适宜用于该立地恢复[28]。但是,在木棉造林技术方面的研究仍然较为缺乏。

  • 木棉花色艳丽,可分为深红色、红色和桔红色。此外,朱有佩[29]在对海南木棉资源调查过程中发现十分罕见的黄花木棉。除了这些颜色外,在印度,Bachulkar[30]证实了浅黄色木棉花存在,而Santapau[31]也报道过白花木棉。可见木棉花色繁多,色系也较为丰富,主要以黄色和红色为主。通常情况下,植物花色主要受到β-胡萝卜素和花色苷等色素控制,因此木棉花色素调控也将成为影响其观赏价值的重要内容。但是,木棉花色并非其观赏价值的唯一指标。王健等[32]通过观测研究海南不同地区木棉的树干、株型、花型、花色等因素,细致探讨了木棉的观赏价值,经聚类分析和主成分分析,认为花朵大小是定义木棉观赏价值的一级分类标准。可见,影响木棉观赏价值的因素非常复杂,而木棉分布广泛,不同产地间观赏性状差异仍需进一步研究。

    除了具有较强的观赏价值外,木棉还具有较高的生态价值。李晓征等[33]对木棉行道树小气候效益进行研究,认为木棉树下的空气温度和大气辐射都有明显的降低。除了小气候效益外,研究显示,与其他观赏树种相比,木棉具有较强的吸收二氧化硫(SO2)能力,但是对二氧化氮(NO2)吸收能力一般[34]。然而,木棉对二氧化硫的耐受能力却较差,在一定浓度胁迫下净光合速率仅为对照的49%[35]。彭长连等[36]也认为在城市环境中,木棉对工业废气和机动车尾气反应极为敏感。

  • 木棉作为中国南亚热带和热带地区典型的乡土树种,不仅具有较高的观赏价值,还具有极为丰富的文化含义。由于其树干挺拔,花色通常血红色,且先花后叶,远望如一团火焰,象征着英雄奋发向上的精神,因而又称为“英雄树”。正因为具有积极的文化含义,木棉广受岭南和西南地区人们的喜爱,并广泛用于当地公园、市民广场及居民区、工厂及学校绿化中[37],也是南亚热带地区13个主要城市行道树的骨干树种[38]。在广州9大公园中,木棉的出现频率达到了27.12%[39]。李伟华等[40]对中山小榄镇的绿地植物调查认为木棉出现的频率相对较高,特别是道路中间和两旁绿化。从胸径生长角度来看,木棉非常适合作为行道树。在广州工业大道上,木棉的平均胸径达到了40 cm[41]:佛山市禅城区205条道路调查中则显示胸径超过36 cm的木棉达到了总数的12%[42]

    相比其他树种,木棉在园林绿化过程中表现出较强的适应性,很少出现病虫害威胁[43]。但是,木棉耐寒能力较差,其生长最适温度为23~31 ℃,在受到寒潮影响时,生长受阻且花期推后[44]。王梅松等[45]通过对福建省102种引种植物的热量需求研究,认为木棉生长的温度最适范围为170.5~183.4 ℃·月-1,仅能在闽南一带生长。实际上,厦门城市公园的植被调查显示,木棉为典型的乔木优势种[46]。此外,厦门天竺山森林公园林分改造过程中,也通过木棉造林以获得理想的景观效果[47]

  • 在中国,木棉分布横跨华南和西南多个省份,而且这些区域环境条件变化剧烈,既有炎热干燥的干热河谷,也有湿热的热带雨林。复杂的环境势必会导致不同区域内木棉形态和内含物分化,进而形成不同类型的品种。而且木棉作为一种多用途树种,在种源收集和试验的基础上,可以根据经营目的(观赏、纤维用、药用等),筛选出优良地理种源,以满足木棉相关产业规模化生产需要。在观赏方面,可以选择树形美观、花色艳丽等观赏价值高,且生长快速、适用性强的品种用于推广:在纤维用途方面,应该着重考虑结实早、产量高、纤维质量好的品种,以满足工业和棉纺织需求:在药用方面,则需要考虑药用部位生长更新快速、活性成分含量较高的品种,且容易快速繁殖,进而能够较快的建立起木棉工业原料林,为木棉相关药品和保健品发展提供资源保障。

  • 在经过种质资源收集和良种筛选之后,无论是观赏、纤维还是药用品种,必须经过进一步扩繁和无性系化。现阶段,木棉快速繁殖技术已有零星报道,但是这些研究尚未形成完整体系,仍需对其快速繁育体系进行系统研究。经过扩繁之后,需对木棉绿化造林技术进行进一步研究。由于培育与应用目标差异,木棉人工林需要实行定向培育。在培育生态风景林时,应考虑林分密度、树种配置、林龄结构、混交技术、林下植被竞争等对林分生长、生态效益和观赏价值的影响:在培育木棉根、叶和树皮用工业原料林时,应着重考虑立地条件、施肥技术、林分密度和轮伐期长短对目标收获物产量和质量(活性物质)的影响:在培育以花和纤维用的工业原料林时,应着重考虑立地条件、施肥、林分密度、林下间作、修剪技术等对花和果产量和质量、始花和挂果树龄的影响。

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