Volume 34 Issue 5
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CHEN Hu, JIA Jie, LUO Qunfeng, WU Dongshan, YANG Zhangqi. Cloning and expression analysis of the PmGPX gene encoding glutathione peroxidase in Pinus massoniana[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2017, 34(5): 856-863. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2017.05.012
Citation: CHEN Hu, JIA Jie, LUO Qunfeng, WU Dongshan, YANG Zhangqi. Cloning and expression analysis of the PmGPX gene encoding glutathione peroxidase in Pinus massoniana[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2017, 34(5): 856-863. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2017.05.012

Cloning and expression analysis of the PmGPX gene encoding glutathione peroxidase in Pinus massoniana

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2017.05.012
  • Received Date: 2016-07-05
  • Rev Recd Date: 2016-09-16
  • Publish Date: 2017-10-20
  • The study PmGPX genes was played a role in Pinus massoniana insect resistance, that the great significance for in-depth insect-resistant resistance mechanism in Pinus massoniana. PmGPX, a cDNA region encoding glutathione peroxidase, was cloned in the transcriptome sequencing analysis of one insect-resistant material in Pinus massoniana. Analyses included an amino acid sequence and an expression (qRT-PCR) analysis. Results showed that the total length of open reading frame (ORF) was 741 bp encoding 246 amino acids. The amino acid sequence analysis showed three high conservative character fields of the GPX gene family for this gene. The isoelectric point of PmGPX was PI 8.29, and the protein molecular weight was 27.08 kDa. In genetic clustering, compared with some other plants, PmGPX showed a higher homology with Picea sitchensis (91%) but a low homology with other monocots and dicotyledonous plants (64%-80%). However, homologies of the three typical conservative GPX family domains (G1, G2, G3) reached a higher level with other plants (82%-100%). The expression analysis indicated that PmGPX was expressed in all kinds of tissues with higher expression levels in leaves (P < 0.01), especially in young leaves (33.45 times more than the expression level in roots). Daily expression patterns were same in different insect-resistant materials and showed up-down-up-regulated trend the day. In insect-resistant material, expression of PmGPX reached a higher point earlier than that of control (P < 0.05 in old leaves and tender stem). The expression analysis also indicated that PmGPX was involved in the insect-resistant defense system of P. massoniana. This study laid a foundation for further analysis of the PmGPX biological function and its role in insect-resistant defense with Pinus massoniana.
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Cloning and expression analysis of the PmGPX gene encoding glutathione peroxidase in Pinus massoniana

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2017.05.012

Abstract: The study PmGPX genes was played a role in Pinus massoniana insect resistance, that the great significance for in-depth insect-resistant resistance mechanism in Pinus massoniana. PmGPX, a cDNA region encoding glutathione peroxidase, was cloned in the transcriptome sequencing analysis of one insect-resistant material in Pinus massoniana. Analyses included an amino acid sequence and an expression (qRT-PCR) analysis. Results showed that the total length of open reading frame (ORF) was 741 bp encoding 246 amino acids. The amino acid sequence analysis showed three high conservative character fields of the GPX gene family for this gene. The isoelectric point of PmGPX was PI 8.29, and the protein molecular weight was 27.08 kDa. In genetic clustering, compared with some other plants, PmGPX showed a higher homology with Picea sitchensis (91%) but a low homology with other monocots and dicotyledonous plants (64%-80%). However, homologies of the three typical conservative GPX family domains (G1, G2, G3) reached a higher level with other plants (82%-100%). The expression analysis indicated that PmGPX was expressed in all kinds of tissues with higher expression levels in leaves (P < 0.01), especially in young leaves (33.45 times more than the expression level in roots). Daily expression patterns were same in different insect-resistant materials and showed up-down-up-regulated trend the day. In insect-resistant material, expression of PmGPX reached a higher point earlier than that of control (P < 0.05 in old leaves and tender stem). The expression analysis also indicated that PmGPX was involved in the insect-resistant defense system of P. massoniana. This study laid a foundation for further analysis of the PmGPX biological function and its role in insect-resistant defense with Pinus massoniana.

CHEN Hu, JIA Jie, LUO Qunfeng, WU Dongshan, YANG Zhangqi. Cloning and expression analysis of the PmGPX gene encoding glutathione peroxidase in Pinus massoniana[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2017, 34(5): 856-863. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2017.05.012
Citation: CHEN Hu, JIA Jie, LUO Qunfeng, WU Dongshan, YANG Zhangqi. Cloning and expression analysis of the PmGPX gene encoding glutathione peroxidase in Pinus massoniana[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2017, 34(5): 856-863. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2017.05.012
  • 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GPXs)是一种重要的过氧化物分解酶,能清除活性氧,阻止脂膜氧化,起到保护细胞免受氧化胁迫的作用,具有重要的生理功能[1]。自CRIQUI等[2]从烟草Nicotiana tabacum中获得GPX基因后,先后从柑橘Citrus[3],番茄Lycopersicon esculentum[4],水稻Oryza sativa[5],香蕉Musa nana[6],荷花Nelumbo nucifera[7],枣Ziziphus jujube[8]等植物中获得GPX基因。近年来,对于植物GPXs的研究主要集中在生物胁迫和非生物胁迫(如高温、低温、干旱、重金属毒害、耐盐等)方面,尤其是GPXs在非生物胁迫中的功能作用,证实了GPX基因与植物抗逆性紧密相关。在非生物胁迫下,GPX基因在转录水平发生变化,参与相关氧化还原途径[9]。如苹果Malus MdGSTU1提高苹果的耐盐能力[10],过量表达NtGPX基因提高烟草的抗冻性[11],番茄LePHGPX基因的过量表达提高植株耐高温能力[12]。研究人员对拟南芥Arabidopsis thaliana GPX基因的功能研究取得较大进展,新的GPX被不断发掘(拟南芥目前已知8个),对其中7个GPX基因的研究证实,全部对非生物胁迫有应答反应,转基因可提高植物抵御胁迫的能力[13],如AtGPX3能显著增强植株的抗旱性[14]AtGPX1具有抗高温下的氧化胁迫能力[15]。目前虽有多种植物GPX基因被发现,并开展相关功能研究,但主要集中于单子叶和双子叶植物,对裸子植物的研究较少。马尾松Pinus massoniana属裸子植物松科Pinaceae松属Pinus植物,是中国南方重要的用材林树种[16],但在马尾松生长过程中常受到病虫害的危害,给林业经济带来严重损失,制约了马尾松人工林的健康发展。本研究在高通量测序分析基础上结合cDNA末端快速扩增(RACE)技术,获得谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶基因,对其进行生物学分析,利用实时定量聚合酶链式反应(qRT-PCR)技术研究其不同组织、不同抗性材料、不同时间表达模式,为探求马尾松虫害防御机制提供依据。

  • 植物材料包括抗虫马尾松品种‘松韵’‘Songyun’和对照GC101无性系,材料选自广西马尾松桐棉种源,采自广西马尾松种质资源库。该库栽植于2007年,树龄8年生,栽植株行距为4 m × 4 m,根、茎、叶、花、果采自普通马尾松无性系,雌雄球花样品采自2015年2月,其他组织采自2015年4月。日变化叶和茎的材料采自2015年5月,采样时间分别在当日的7:00,10:00,13:00,16:00,19:00,所有样品采摘后放入液氮中保鲜,带回实验室存放于-80 ℃冰箱中备用。

  • 实验所有样品的RNA采用多酚多糖植物RNA提取试剂盒(天根公司)进行提取,具体步骤按说明书进行。提取完成后进行凝胶电泳检查质量,参照M-MLV逆转录酶合成cDNA,进行凝胶检查和浓度测定(采用核酸定量仪)后备用。根据前期马尾松转录组测序结果中PmGPX的部分cDNA序列进行比对,根据获得的序列在2端设计特异引物,3′端引物(5′-ATGGCATCCTCTTTCGCAGCATCT-3′),5′端引物(5′-TGCAGCAAGCAGATTCTGTATATCC-3′)。以不同组织等量混合cDNA为模板进行扩增。设定退火温度为56.0 ℃,具体聚合酶链式反应(PCR)扩增体系和参数参照Taq DNA聚合酶说明书进行操作,扩增产物经凝胶电泳检查获得目的条带后,用胶回收试剂盒进行回收纯化,连接、转化后进行菌液PCR检查正确后测序。

  • 采用在线SOSUI和Plant-mPLoc亚细胞定位,利用Proteomics Server,SignalP 4.1 Server,SOPMA,TargetP 1.1 Server,DAS软件分析基因等电点、信号肽、二级结构、亲水性和跨膜结构,利用Motif Scan和SMART分析基因的功能结构域。将PmGPX基因完整氨基酸序列在美国生物技术信息中心(NCBI)进行覆盖率和同源性比较,利用DNAMAN软件构建PmGPX与其他植物的进化树。

  • 根据马尾松内参基因筛选结果[17],利用UBI4基因和CYP基因作为内参基因,内参引物分别为UBI4F: AGCTCCGACACCATTGATAA,UBI4R: CCAAAGTACGTCCAT CTTCCA,CYPR: CAAGGGTTCGTCGTTCCAC,CYPF: GGCAAACTTCTCGCCGTA,同时设计PmGPX基因引物,PmGPX1F: TCAAACTCCCCGTCTTATGG,PmGPX1R:GCTCCAACTGAATCCT TGC。参照SYBR Premix Ex Taq Ⅱ(Prefect real-time)试剂盒,构建qRT-PCR体系和扩增程序,其中退火为58 ℃,采用45个循环作熔解曲线。设生物学重复3个·样品-1,根据2-ΔΔCt[18]计算相对表达量。

  • 对马尾松不同抗虫材料高通量测序比对发现,有个基因在抗虫材料中大量表达(log2.Fold_1.1491),该基因在KEGG代谢途径中只参与谷胱甘肽代谢(glutathione metabolism)和花生四烯酸代谢(arachidonic acid metabolism)途径。这2个途径中只有该基因上调表达,通过对序列在NCBI进一步比对,确定为谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase)基因。通过进行扩增、比对,获得了该基因完整开放阅读框(ORF)序列,命名为PmGPX。该基因完整开放阅读框(ORF)共包括741 bp,编码246个氨基酸(图 1)。

    Figure 1.  cDNA and amino acid sequence of PmGPX

  • 利用生物信息学软件对PmGPX编码的氨基酸序列进行分析,结果显示:该基因不含信号肽,有6个丝氨酸(Ser)和1个色氨酸(Try)磷酸化位点,2个糖基化位点;二级结构预测中:α-螺旋占30.49%,随机卷曲占38.62%,延伸链占20.33%,β-转角占10.57%;该基因等电点为8.29,蛋白分子量为27.08,在113~117个氨基酸处存在1个跨膜结构,亚细胞定位于叶绿体。

    对PmGPX蛋白进行功能结构域显示,具有3个N-糖基化位点,4个N-酰基化位点,2个酪蛋白激酶Ⅱ磷酸化位点,4个蛋白激酶c磷酸化位点,二硫键氧化还原酶结构域、硫氧还蛋白结构域、固氮铁蛋白、抗氧化蛋白AhpC/TSA家族结构域、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶结构域,以及谷胱甘肽氧化酵素活性部位和信号位点(图 1)。

  • PmGPX核酸序列进行比对发现,序列同源性在62%~100%,相似度在74%~94%,与白云杉Picea glauca和北美云杉Picea sitchensis相似度最近,与葡萄Vitis vinifera,烟草,龙眼Dimocarpus longan等植物相似度为74%~78%。氨基酸序列比对发现,序列同源性在64%~100%,除与北美云杉相似度在91%外,与其他相似度为58%~81%,大部分为64%~80%,与山嵛菜Eutrema yunnanense,亚麻芥Camelina sative,菜豆Phaseolus vulgaris的相似度低,总体上除与针叶类同源性较高外,其他都较低。但对谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶保守域同源性比对时发现,PmGPX氨基酸序列与其他植物具有很高的同源性,特别是在3个特征性结构域G1,G2,G3高度保守,PmGPX构成GPX催化三联体的3个氨基酸(Cys119,Gln150,Trp209),具有植物GPX蛋白活性中心的3个保守半胱氨酸(Cys)残基Cys119,Cys148,Cys167图 2)。

    Figure 2.  Multiple sequence alignment of amino acid of the PmGPX proteins isolated

    采用邻接法(neighbor-joining method)对20个植物的GPX基因构建进化关系树,马尾松与北美云杉聚为一类,并且与大叶藻的同源关系较近,与山嵛菜,亚麻芥,菜豆,无油樟Amborella trichopoda,小米Setaria italica和玉米Zea mays的同源关系较远。推测马尾松PmGPX基因与针叶植物,尤其是与云杉的该基因在进化过程是相似的,而与其他植物则存在较大差异,单子叶植物玉米、香瓜Cucumis melo同源关系较远,双子叶植物间相对的分化较小(图 3)。

    Figure 3.  Amino acid sequences cladogram analysis between PmGPX and other GPX

  • 实时荧光定量对根、茎、叶、花、果中PmGPX基因的表达特征进行分析表明,PmGPX基因在所有组织中都有表达,但表达量存在明显的差异。PmGPX基因主要表达于针叶和茎中,在针叶中的表达量要高于其他组织,在嫩叶中的表达量为根中表达量的33.45倍,针叶成熟度的不同表达量差异也明显,嫩叶中表达量是成熟叶的2.72倍。PmGPX基因在不同成熟茎中的表达量差异不明显,虽仅次于在叶中的表达量,但相差11.04倍,在根、雌雄花、果等4个组织中的表达量相差不大,表达量均较少(图 4)。

    Figure 4.  Expression of PmGPX gene in different organs by fluorescent quantitative RT-PCR

    为进一步研究PmGPX基因在不同材料1 d内的变化模式,采用qRT-PCR进行分析, 结果如图 5所示。在嫩叶和老叶中,2个材料PmGPX基因表达变化趋势相似,都是“升—降—升”模式。在嫩叶中抗虫材料在10:00时表达量达到最大值,是7:00表达量的2.65倍,而对照中该基因从7:00-16:00的表达量变化不大,只有到19:00时才达到峰值。老叶中2种材料的表达规律一致,不同的是PmGPX在抗虫材料中的表达要高于对照,在13:00时表达量要高于对照。从茎中的表达模式分析,PmGPX在不同成熟茎和不同抗性材料中的变化趋势一致,随时间推移,表达量不断上升。不同的是在嫩茎中前4个时间点,2种材料的表达量基本相同,在19:00时抗虫材料的表达量才出现明显的上升。而在老茎抗虫材料中PmGPX的表达量始终高于对照,在13:00时两者的表达量相差3.48倍。

    Figure 5.  Expression of PmGPX gene in resistant and susceptible varieties of Pinus massoniana by qRT-PCR

  • 在马尾松抗虫材料转录组测序差异分析发现,在谷胱甘肽代谢存在唯一大量上调表达的基因,并且参与了花生四烯酸代谢途径,通过克隆比对确定为谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶基因,命名为PmGPX。该基因与针叶植物云杉同源性较高,在谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶保守域与其他植物同源性也较高,说明植物GPX基因在进化过程中虽然N端序列发现了改变,但在GPX基因功能结构域中的变化不大。另外,在PmGPX序列具有GPX中3个保守的特征性结构域,及GPX蛋白活性中心的3个保守半胱氨酸(Cys)残基。目前已知的植物GPX的活性位点由Cys作为催化残基来代替动物体内的硒代半胱氨酸[6, 19],马尾松PmGPX也在Cys119处替代了动物PHGPXs中的硒代半胱氨酸残基,进一步证明PmGPX是GPX的家族成员。

    PmGPX存在二硫键氧化还原酶结构域、硫氧还蛋白结构域、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶结构域等功能结构域,在植物体内GPXs是含有巯基的过氧化物酶类,通过催化GSH来减少过氧化氢或有毒化合物,起到解毒和保护细胞免受破坏[20-21]

    MILLA等[13]推测拟南芥中的GPX基因分布于3条染色体上,定位在叶绿体、线粒体、胞质等亚细胞器中,如AtGPX2定位于细胞质。本研究PmGPX预测定位于叶绿体中,推测AtGPX1与抵御光氧化胁迫有关。活性氧在植物细胞代谢中主要来源于叶绿体、线粒体,亚细胞定位与功能有直接关系,马尾松PmGPX发挥的作用可能与光合或产生活性氧有关。

    本研究中马尾松PmGPX在所有组织中均有表达,与已有研究结果一致,说明PmGPX在马尾松生长过程中起到清除细胞内活性氧(ROS)的作用[13],但PmGPX基因在叶和茎中的表达最高,这与拟南芥[13]和油菜Brassica napus[22]的研究结果一致,而香蕉MaGPX在花和根中表达量较高[6],白菜Brassica pekinensis BrGPX6a在早期子叶胚中的表达量较高,在成熟胚中表达较低[23]。不同植物或同一植物GPX在不同组织中的表达均有所差别,可能与不同组织中活性氧的分布有关联[7, 13, 24]。由于PmGPX基因在叶中,尤其是嫩叶中的表达量最高,而在雌雄花和根中表达量极低,进一步验证了该基因亚细胞定位于叶绿体的可能。

    PmGPX基因在不同抗性材料同一组织中的表达模式基本一致,主要区别在于抗性品种PmGPX基因表达量始终高于对照,并且随时间延长,表达量提升速度和达到峰值的时间均比对照要早。从选出的抗逆性材料来看,耐铝小麦Triticum sestivum和水稻品种,在受到铝胁迫后GPX活性明显提高,而对照则出现下降趋势[25-26],同样耐盐品种在盐胁迫下,本身含有或能够迅速提高植株的抗氧化能力,对照则较低[27]。从非生物胁迫下,香蕉MaGPX在盐、干旱等胁迫下表达量上升[7],拟南芥AtGPX1表达量的上升,会提高抵御光氧化胁迫[15]

    目前,有关GPX基因在植物抗虫功能的研究还较少,马尾松PmGPX基因在抗虫材料中的高表达,现有研究表明:植物中GSH合成和酶活性提高,能够增加植物对多种胁迫的抵抗能力,相反在环境胁迫下GPXs的mRNA水平也会提高,在谷胱甘肽代谢中GPX基因表达量提高,能够提高氧化谷胱甘肽量,从而转化成GSH,提高植物抵御环境胁迫的能力[28-29]。马尾松PmGPX在抗虫材料中高表达,提高了防御虫害的能力,另外,PmGPX基因在抗虫材料花生四烯酸代谢中高量表达,推测该基因可能提高该途径15-oxoETE和5-oxoETE代谢物含量,从而提高丙酮含量,提高了防御抗虫的能力,但通过何种信号传导途径参与来起作用[14],有利于抵御虫害次生代谢物质的产生,起到抗虫效果还有待进一步研究。

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