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氮是中国水体主要污染物,可引起水体富营养化并使其发黑变臭。中国在“十二五”期间把氨氮纳入污染物总量控制指标体系,对氨氮进行重点控制。生物法是目前最常用的废水脱氮方法,通过硝化作用将氨氮转化为硝态氮,然后通过反硝化作用将硝态氮还原成为氮气,以此达到脱氮的目的。然而这种脱氮技术在应用过程中存在碳源不足、脱氮时间长、耗能大、处理高浓度含氮废水时效果不理想等问题,其应用和发展也因此受到很大限制;开发处理效果好、应用前景广的新型脱氮技术一直是研究的热点[1-2]。限制自养硝化反硝化(OLAND)工艺是比利时Gent大学微生物生态实验室开发的一种新型的生物脱氮工艺[3],相对于传统生物脱氮具有能耗低、反应时间短、污泥产量少、不需投加碳源、脱氮效率高等优点[4]。笔者基于OLAND工艺原理,分析了系统中活性微生物的种类、分布及特性,讨论了脱氮过程的主要影响因素及厌氧氨氧化过程的强化措施,并指出了该工艺需要进一步研究的方向和重点,以期为该工艺的深入研究和推广应用提供参考。
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