Physical and chemical properties of ecological forest soils using different agroforestry patterns of Chinese fir with medicinal plants

LI Chenchen; ZHOU Zaizhi; LIANG Kunnan; HUANG Guihua; YANG Guang

doi:10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2018.01.007

Volume 35 Issue 1

Jan. 2018

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LI Chenchen, ZHOU Zaizhi, LIANG Kunnan, HUANG Guihua, YANG Guang. Physical and chemical properties of ecological forest soils using different agroforestry patterns of Chinese fir with medicinal plants[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2018, 35(1): 51-59. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2018.01.007

Citation:

LI Chenchen, ZHOU Zaizhi, LIANG Kunnan, HUANG Guihua, YANG Guang. Physical and chemical properties of ecological forest soils using different agroforestry patterns of Chinese fir with medicinal plants[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2018, 35(1): 51-59. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2018.01.007

Physical and chemical properties of ecological forest soils using different agroforestry patterns of Chinese fir with medicinal plants

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2018.01.007

1.
Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, Guangdong, China
2.
Administration Office of Baijianghu Forest Park of Guangzhou, Guangzhou 511390, Guangdong, China

Received Date: 2017-01-03
Rev Recd Date: 2017-04-17
Publish Date: 2018-02-20

Abstract

The objective of this research was to screen out appropriate forest and medicinal plant agroforestry patterns of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) with medicinal plants and determine the effect on soil physical and chemical properties so as to promote the reconstruction of an ecological forest and healthy development of an understory-forest economy. A completely randomized block experimental design was used to establish eight agroforestry patterns including [SD (Chinese fir (Cf) + Nauclea officinalis), SS (Cf + Tutcheria championi), SM (Cf + Ilex asprella), SC (Cf + Alpinia katsumadai), SL (Cf + Callicarpa nudiflora), SJ (Cf + Camellia nitidissima), SH (Cf + Taxus chinensis), and ST (Cf + Aquilaria sinensis)] and a control of Chinese fir with six physical and nine chemical indexes at 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm soil layers having three replications. The grey correlation method was used to evaluate the improvement effect. Results showed that eight patterns significantly (P < 0.05) improved the surface soil physical properties and nutrient content. SD had the best improvement with higher soil quality water content (50.5%), field water holding capacity (75.1%), and total capillary porosity (36.9%) than the control; whereas, non-capillary porosity in SS was 1.1 times the control. The minimum soil bulk density was reduced 22.3% in SM compared to the control. The highest contents of soil organic matter (41.8%), available N (35.0%), available K (108.1%), total K (35.0%), and total P (108.1%) compared to the control all appeared in SC with soil available P highest in SL. Soil total N reached maximum in SD with cation exchange capacity in SD (32.1%) and SJ (52.0%) higher than the control. The rank of improvement on soil physical and chemical properties for the eight patterns and the control was as SC >SD >SM >SH >SS >SL >ST >SJ >control. So Chinese fir and medicinal plant agroforestry patterns improved soil quality with the best pattern being SC (Alpinia katsumadai with Chinese fir) which was suitable for popularization and application.
- forest soil science,
- agroforestry pattern,
- medicinal plants,
- ecological forest,
- soil physical properties,
- soil chemical properties,
- grey correlation method

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杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata是中国特有的速生用材树种，分布广，栽培历史悠久，但大面积的纯林经营及连栽，导致杉木人工林地力严重衰退^[1-3]。20世纪末，南方地区大面积杉木人工林被划为生态公益林，其中绝大部分林分经过多代经营后，现存林分的生态功能和经济效益十分低下，生态公益林改造成为亟待解决的问题。林药复合经营模式是将适宜林下生长的药用植物重新引种到自然环境下进行野生化栽培，在充分利用林地资源的同时，使野生药用植物资源得到恢复，是科学合理的栽植模式^[4]。杉木和药用植物复合经营一方面能够考虑到复合经营对土壤的改良作用，另一方面兼顾药用植物带来的经济价值，逐渐受到人们重视。早期也有少许相关研究，YANG等^[5]和张鼎华等^[6]研究发现：杉木林下栽植砂仁Amomum villosum后，土壤容重降低，土壤孔隙度和持水能力、有机质、全氮、全磷、速效磷、速效钾含量均有不同程度的增加，各种土壤酶活性提高，土壤微生物含量增加。选择合适的林药种类是构建林药复合经营模式的关键所在。卢玉鹏等^[7]研究发现：秦岭山区太白杨Populus purdomii林下栽植蒲公英Taraxacum mongolicum，薄荷Mentha haplocalyx以及鱼腥草Houttuynia cordata会对凋落物分解过程中的养分释放和土壤酶活性产生显著的抑制作用，出现间作劣势。因此，开展林下适宜栽植的药材品种筛选试验十分有必要。为此，本试验选取适宜南方地区生长且具有较高经济价值的8种药用植物，构建林药复合经营模式，探究不同复合经营模式对退化杉木林地土壤理化性质的影响，筛选有利于土壤改良的林药经营模式，为南方生态公益林的可持续经营、高效林药培育体系的建立及林下经济的发展提供科学依据。

1. 材料与方法

1.1. 研究地概况

试验地位于广东省惠州市惠东县梁化林场内(23°08′13″~23°13′34″N，114°42′25″~114°51′05″E)，属南亚热带季风气候，年平均气温为22.0 ℃，年平均最低气温为2.9 ℃，最高气温为36.4 ℃，全年降水量为1 889.4 mm，全年平均相对湿度81%。植被类型为南亚热带常绿阔叶林。乔木种类最多的科为樟科Lauraceae，壳斗科Fagaceae和山茶科Theaceae。据调查，试验地于1956年砍伐掉原生植被开始栽植杉木，隔20~25 a砍伐1次，上次砍伐是在2001年。砍伐后采取萌芽更新，2006年被划分为省级生态公益林。现存林分郁闭度为0.45~0.50，平均树高为8.1 m，平均胸径为11.2 cm。试验地成土母质是为花岗岩，土壤属南亚热带赤红壤。坡度为5°~8°，坡向为阳坡，坡位为中坡。所选试验地分布为邻近地区，土壤性质基本保持一致。

1.2. 试验设计

选用的8种药用植物分别为胆木Nauclea officinalis，石笔木Tutcheria championi，红豆杉Taxus chinensis，梅叶冬青Ilex asprella，金花茶Camellia nitidissima，裸花紫珠Callicarpa nudiflora，草豆蔻Alpinia katsumadai和土沉香Aquilaria sinensis。于2013年4月，在杉木萌芽更新林分中构建林药复合经营模式。试验设9个处理，即杉木+胆木(SD)，杉木+石笔木(SS)，杉木+红豆杉(SH)，杉木+梅叶冬青(SM)，杉木+金花茶(SJ)，杉木+裸花紫珠(SL)，杉木+草豆蔻(SC)，杉木+土沉香(ST)及对照(杉木纯林)。采用完全随机区组试验设计，3次重复，小区面积240 m²(20 m × 12 m)，按1.5 m × 2.0 m株行距栽植70株。小区之间设置3 m宽的隔离带。所有小区常规化管理，每年的2-3月除草1次，所除杂草就地覆盖。施肥2次·a^-1，采用撒施的方式。施用的肥料为氮磷钾复合肥[m(N):m(P₂O₅):m(K₂O)=15:15:15]，施肥量为730 kg·hm^-2·a^-1，所有小区的施肥量和施肥方式均一致。

1.3. 土壤取样方法

2016年8月，在栽植小区内沿对角线，在两头和中间位置，距药用植物根部40 cm范围处，挖取土壤剖面，用环刀法采集0~20 cm和20~40 cm的土样，3次重复，用于土壤物理性质的测定。同时用土钻，多点采集相应深度的土样，充分混合，经自然分干后，拣去杂物，研磨过筛装袋，3次重复，用于养分特性测定。

1.4. 土壤理化性质分析

土壤物理指标的测定参见LY/T 1215-1999《森林土壤水分-物理性质的测定》。土壤pH值采用电位法测定，全氮采用凯氏消煮-扩散法测定，有效氮采用碱解-扩散法，全磷采用氢氧化钠碱熔-鉬锑抗比色法测定，有效磷采用0.050 mol·L^-1盐酸-0.025 mol·L^-1硫酸浸提法测定，全钾采用氢氧化钠碱液-火焰光度法测定，速效钾采用1.000 mol·L^-1乙酸铵浸提-火焰光度法测定，有机质采用重铬酸钾氧化-外加热法测定，阳离子交换量采用1.000 mol·L^-1乙酸铵交换法测定。

1.5. 数据分析

采用Excel 2007进行数据整理，SPSS 19.0软件进行统计分析，Duncan多重比较。应用灰色系统理论的原理和方法^[8-9]，对不同复合经营模式土壤理化性质进行灰色关联分析及排序。首先进行数据的标准化，标准化过程中，数据分为正负效应2种，其中土壤容重为负效应，取倒数做正相关处理，采用极差正规化法。

其中：t_ij表示第i种模式的第j个指标，i=1，2，3，…，9；j=1，2，3，…，15。X_ij表示标准化后的第i种模式的第j个指标。

然后构建参考数列：X₀={X₀₁，X₀₂，X₀₃，…，X_0j}和X_i={X_i1，X_i2，X_i3，…，X_ij}。其中：X₀为各项指标标准化后的最大值组成的数列，X_0j表示不同模式各项指标标准化后第j个指标的最大值，j=1，2，3，…，15。X_i表示第i种模式各指标标准化后构成的数列。

计算关联系数：

其中：ε(k)为第i种模式第j个指标的灰色关联系数，ρ为分辨系数，通常取0.5。关联度：

3. 讨论

大量研究表明，复合经营模式的土壤容重、孔隙度、水分条件和养分条件要优于单一的模式^[10-12]。但是前人对此解释的很少，多数为报道性，重应用而轻原理。本研究发现：8种林药模式对土壤水分-物理条件和养分条件都有不同程度的改善。主要考虑以下原因：林药复合经营模式相对于纯林，凋落物量更大，凋落物种类增加，有助于提高土壤酶活性^[13]，从而有利于凋落物的分解，使土壤中可利用养分动态循环量增加^[14-15]。前人研究还发现：在一些森林生态系统中，有超过90%的氮和磷以及超过60%的其他营养元素是通过养分循环从植物体中进入到土壤中的^[16]。凋落物分解产生的大量有机质能够促进优质土壤团粒结构的形成，有助于土壤通气保水^[17]。另外，复合经营模式各土层土壤的根系量要大于纯林模式，根系的一些翻转运动和穿插运动，使得土壤更加疏松多孔隙，同时根系的死亡，也能够提高土壤养分的归还量。也有研究发现：复合生态系统中，树木根系能够重新获取深土层中被淋溶作用流失的超过作物根系吸收范围的养分，通过凋落物和根系的翻转作用重新加入养分循环，供给植物生长需要^[18]。复合经营模式相对于纯林来说，植被覆盖度大，遮光程度要高，能够很好地改变林地表面微环境，起到降温保湿的作用^[19-20]。同时，本试验区气候属于亚热带季风气候，年降水量在1 800 mm以上，水分条件良好，能够很好地满足植物生长的水分需求，因此，植物对水分的竞争程度应该是较小的。可见，复合经营模式是一个有机结合的动态系统，组分之间是有“交流”的，它的土壤结构和养分特性要优于纯林。

研究发现：不同的林药模式之间也存在明显的土壤结构和养分的差异，这主要是因为种植的品种不同而引起的差异^[21]。韦铄星等^[22]对桉树Eucalyptus robusta林下扶芳藤Euonymus fortunei，金银花Lonicera japonica和鸡骨草Abrus cantoniensis模式研究发现，桉树下以2 m × 3 m模式种植鸡骨草其生态效益和经济效益最佳。刘伟玮等^[23]对林参复合经营模式研究发现，林分类型特征和种植年限对土壤质量也会产生不同程度影响。不同林药模式间土壤水分-物理条件和养分条件均存在差异，这主要可能是不同药材品种引起的地上部分凋落物量、根系量、根系分泌物、生化特性等之间存在差异，造成的土壤改良效果不同。这与葛乐等^[24]对杉木林下套种红茴香Illicium henryi和红豆杉等以及WANG等^[25]对不同银杏Ginkgo biloba复合经营模式的研究结果相似。至于在20~40 cm土层中，大部分养分指标差异不显著，可能与植物栽植时间较短，根系生长慢，分布较浅，短期内凋落物分解量对较深土层影响程度较小有关。合理构建林药复合经营模式对加快人工林生态系统的养分循环和地力维护具有重要的意义。

灰色关联分析表明：杉木+草豆蔻模式对土壤理化性质的综合改良效果最好，与对照相比各化学指标均表现出增加的趋势。这与张鼎华等^[6]对杉木+砂仁模式的研究结果相似，但李娟等^[26]对成龄胶园下间作草豆蔻研究发现，橡胶Hevea brasiliensis+草豆蔻模式虽增加了0~20 cm土层铵态氮、全钾和速效钾的质量分数，但降低了有机质、全磷、速效磷、全氮质量分数，这与本研究的结论是不太一致的。分析原因可能是试验维持时间长度不一样，橡胶+草豆蔻模式试验期仅在7个月，再加上人工干扰较多，对土壤的理化性质的增益效果很小，甚至降低。本试验试验期较长，又属于生态公益林，人为干扰少，足以对土壤产生很好的改良效益。

本研究主要从土壤理化性质变化角度，评价不同林药复合经营模式对退化杉木生态公益林林地土壤的改良效果。然而在实际生产中，尚需从药用植物产量、经济产出等方面进行综合评价。

4. 结论

林药复合经营模式对退化杉木生态林林地土壤具有显著的改良作用，尤其是对表层土壤。但不同模式对土壤的改良程度存在明显差异，其中以杉木+草豆蔻模式综合改良效果最佳，可以考虑推广应用，为杉木生态公益林的改造与可持续经营提供新思路。

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土层/cm	模式	非毛管孔隙度/%	毛管孔隙度/%	总孔隙度/%	土层/cm	非毛管孔隙度/%	毛管孔隙度/%	总孔隙度/%
0~20	SD	5.60 ± 0.32 a	53.60 ± 1.35 a	59.20 ± 1.93 a	20~40	6.46 ± 0.45 a	48.37 ± 0.65 a	54.93 ± 2.24 a
	SS	6.23 ± 0.04 a	51.67 ± 4.84 a	57.90 ± 2.33 a		5.93 ± 0.07 a	45.23 ± 0.55 ab	51.17 ± 1.50 ab
	SH	4.53 ± 0.93 a	51.17 ± 1.76 a	52.70 ± 0.63 a		6.97 ± 0.21 a	45.73 ± 0.31 ab	52.70 ± 3.61 ab
	SM	4.37 ± 0.21 a	54.77 ± 2.34 a	58.73 ± 0.99 a		4.83 ± 0.51 a	47.43 ± 0.71 a	52.30 ± 2.14 ab
	SJ	4.33 ± 0.12 a	48.77 ± 4.22 ab	53.10 ± 1.82 ab		4.93 ± 0.42 a	39.73 ± 1.16 b	44.67 ± 1.35 bc
	SL	4.70 ± 0.66 a	45.87 ± 2.11 ab	50.57 ± 2.31 ab		4.30 ± 0.61 a	45.00 ± 1.54 ab	49.30 ± 1.47 ab
	SC	4.50 ± 0.36 a	48.53 ± 2.65 ab	53.03 ± 2.98 ab		7.57 ± 0.40 a	47.13 ± 1.05 a	54.70 ± 0.15 a
	ST	4.47 ± 0.76 a	49.60 ± 0.00 ab	54.27 ± 0.76 ab		6.77 ± 0.07 a	47.37 ± 1.70 a	54.13 ± 1.11 a
	ck	5.43 ± 0.22 a	37.80 ± 2.39 b	43.23 ± 0.55 b		4.53 ± 0.06 a	33.73 ± 1.22 c	38.27 ± 0.21 c
说明：平均值±标准差。同一土层数据后的不同小写字母表示不同模式差异显著(P < 0.05)。

模式	土层/ cm	pH值[m_(土):m_(水)=1.0:2.5]	有机质/ (g·kg^-1)	阳离子交换量/ (cmol·kg^-1)	土层/cm	pH值[m_(土):m_(水)=1.0:2.5]	有机质/ (g·kg^-1)	阳离子交换量/ (cmol·kg^-1)
SD	0~20	4.13 ± 0.28 ab	60.27 ± 9.21 a	11.71 ± 1.56 ab	20 ~40	4.25 ± 0.44 a	19.43 ± 1.13 a	7.87 ± 0.00 a
SS		4.17 ± 0.05 ab	49.03 ± 2.41 a	10.94 ± 0.94 ab		4.17 ± 0.14 a	21.17 ± 0.44 a	8.68 ± 0.34 a
SH		4.09 ± 0.05 ab	57.17 ± 0.03 a	10.36 ± 0.25 ab		4.25 ± 0.13 a	18.48 ± 2.43 a	8.84 ± 1.35 a
SM		4.08 ± 0.14 ab	49.01 ± 3.48 a	11.16 ± 2.46 ab		4.19 ± 0.10 a	22.24 ± 1.85 a	8.33 ± 0.50 a
SJ		3.96 ± 0.16 b	52.23 ± 5.03 a	14.17 ± 1.20 a		4.16 ± 0.04 a	26.43 ± 1.27 a	10.31 ± 0.20 a
SL		4.37 ± 0.31 a	46.80 ± 4.74 a	11.37 ± 1.54 ab		4.27 ± 0.15 a	23.05 ± 2.11 a	7.87 ± 0.08 a
SC		4.09 ± 0.03 ab	65.07 ±3.37 a	12.43 ± 0.42 ab		4.33 ± 0.16 a	24.09 ± 0.53 a	8.56 ± 1.23 a
ST		4.07 ± 0.16 ab	51.97 ± 5.83 a	10.91 ± 0.15 ab		4.20 ± 0.20 a	19.87 ± 1.47 a	7.22 ± 0.15 a
ck		4.19 ± 0.11 ab	45.88 ± 3.37 a	9.32 ± 0.24 b		4.29 ± 0.08 a	24.87 ± 0.49 a	7.61 ± 0.00 a
说明：数据为平均值±标准差。同一土层数据不同小写字母表示不同模式差异显著(P < 0.05)。

模式	x₁	x₂	x₃	x₄	x₅	x₆	x₇	x₈	x₉	x₁₀	x₁₁	x₁₂	x₁₃	x₁₄	x₁₅	关联度	排序
SD	0.567 5	0.861 5	0.666 8	0.601 3	0.878 9	1.000 0	0.460 7	0.666 6	1.000 0	0.850 1	0.469 0	0.503 1	0.432 0	0.638 3	0.496 4	0.672 8	2
ss	0.512 2	0.606 1	0.572 3	1.000 0	0.732 4	0.860 0	0.506 2	0.374 3	0.564 7	0.772 7	0.493 7	0.355 0	0.491 4	0.487 9	0.428 8	0.583 8	5
SH	0.600 0	0.845 3	0.690 4	0.358 5	0.702 1	0.695 2	0.422 7	0.548 4	0.721 7	0.515 1	0.624 0	0.597 2	0.465 8	0.783 7	0.388 9	0.597 3	4
SM	1.000 0	1.000 0	1.000 0	0.338 1	1.000 0	0.991 3	0.414 1	0.374 0	0.468 9	0.377 8	0.413 4	0.392 6	0.409 7	0.438 0	0.446 2	0.604 3	3
SJ	0.355 9	0.580 3	0.457 5	0.333 3	0.585 8	0.566 9	0.333 3	0.427 7	0.443 9	0.333 3	0.333 3	0.371 3	0.407 4	0.350 9	1.000 0	0.458 7	8
SL	0.368 4	0.484 1	0.435 5	0.383 1	0.488 0	0.480 6	1.000 0	0.344 3	0.333 3	0.586 2	0.456 1	0.333 3	1.000 0	0.333 3	0.481 6	0.500 5	6
SC	0.411 8	0.419 3	0.509 9	0.354 5	0.576 2	0.564 1	0.422 7	1.000 0	0.821 8	1.000 0	1.000 0	1.000 0	0.491 4	1.000 0	0.582 2	0.676 9	1
ST	0.466 7	0.424 9	0.523 6	0.350 2	0.621 3	0.618 3	0.405 9	0.422 8	0.393 4	0.607 2	0.632 4	0.582 2	0.402 8	0.598 5	0.426 5	0.498 4	7
ck	0.333 3	0.333 3	0.333 3	0.542 8	0.333 3	0.333 3	0.532 5	0.333 3	0.408 9	0.377 8	0.418 6	0.357 4	0.333 3	0.394 0	0.333 3	0.379 9	9

Physical and chemical properties of ecological forest soils using different agroforestry patterns of Chinese fir with medicinal plants

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2018.01.007