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土壤是生态圈中的巨大碳库,其碳储量是陆地植被碳库和大气碳库的2~3倍[1];土壤呼吸是土壤碳的主要输出方式,对区域和全球尺度上碳收支的调配至关重要[2],其微小的变化都可能引起大气二氧化碳体积分数的较大变化[3],因此,土壤呼吸对生态系统结构和功能的影响都极其重要。土壤呼吸具有很强的时空异质性[4],受到生物和非生物因子的共同影响[5-10];不同的植被类型会形成群落结构和物种组成差异较大的生态系统,进而使得土壤呼吸受到生态系统生产力、碳分配格局、凋落物和群落小气候的影响而产生变异[11-16]。桉树Eucalyptus是中国华南地区广泛栽植的树种之一,栽植量仅次于杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata和马尾松Pinus massoniana;中国桉树人工林面积居世界第3位,仅次于巴西和印度[17]。桉树速生丰产,用途广泛,经济价值很高;与其他树种相比,桉树人工林碳汇功能更加明显,因而相关研究也颇具活力。目前,对桉树人工林土壤呼吸的研究主要集中在经营模式不同造成的土壤碳排放差异[18],林龄引起的碳转移差异[19-20]等方向,对不同种桉树人工林土壤呼吸及其影响要素的研究尚未见报道。本研究选取雷州半岛5个不同种桉树人工林和1个湿加松Pinus elliottii × caribaea林为研究对象,期望揭示不同种桉树人工林土壤呼吸速率的时空动态变化、土壤呼吸速率与影响要素的关系特征及土壤呼吸时空差异的主要影响要素等,为准确估算桉树人工林土壤碳收支状况提供数据支持。
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研究地位于雷州半岛北部,南方国家级林木种苗示范基地境内(21°20′~21°30′N,109°22′~111°38′E)。该地区平均海拔为150.4 m,属于海洋性季风气候;土壤为玄武岩风化发育的砖红壤,土壤肥力中等;年平均气温为23.1 ℃,最热月(7月)平均气温为28.8 ℃,最冷月(1月)平均气温为15.6 ℃;年均降水量为1 567.0 mm,5-7月为雨季,多午后雷阵雨和台风带来的暴雨;年相对湿度为80%,年日照时数为1 937.0 h。2016年5-6月对尾叶桉E. urophylla(EU),粗皮桉E. pellita(EP),托里桉E. torelliana(ET),赤桉E. camaldulensis(EC),尾巨桉E. urophylla × grandis(EUG)和湿加松(PEC)6个林分开展野外调查,林地地势平坦,立地条件相似。样地概况见表 1。
表 1 样地基本概况
Table 1. Basic situation of sample plots
林分 林龄/a 平均树高/m 平均胸径/cm 林分密度/(株·hm-2) 坡度/(%) 坡向 海拔/m 林下主要物种 EU 15 25.38 ± 0.71 26.56 ± 0.81 524 0 平地 119.6 1, 2, 3, 5, 9, 10, 11 EP 10 16.80 ± 0.69 17.25 ± 0.71 970 0 平地 92.0 2:3:5:7:9 ET 10 18.00 ± 0.53 19.60 ± 0.56 810 0 平地 85.8 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 12 EC 8 15.28 ± 0.64 10.82 ± 0.48 925 0 平地 98.6 3, 10, 11 EUG 8 23.15 ± 0.76 18.43 ± 0.24 690 12 南坡 113.0 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 PEC 15 13.73 ± 0.23 20.60 ± 0.62 599 0 平地 104.7 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 12 说明:数据为平均值±标准误。物种编号:1.鹅掌柴Scheffera octophya, 2.龙船花Ixora chinensis, 3.盐肤木Rhus chinensis, 4.马樱丹Lantana carnara, 5.白背叶Mallotus apelta, 6.马唐草Digitaria sanguinalis, 7.白花鬼针草Herba bidentis, 8.胜红蓟Ageratum con-yzoides, 9.五节芒Miscanthus floridulus, 10.草芍药Paeonia obovata, 11.蟛蜞菊Wedelia chinensis, 12.荩草Arthraxon hispidus -
在观测期内,6个林分土壤呼吸速率的月变化特征明显,均呈现单峰曲线趋势(图 1)。各月之间平均土壤呼吸速率均存在显著性差异(P<0.001)。不同林分土壤呼吸速率随月份逐渐上升,在2016年5-7月出现最高值;之后逐渐下降,在2016年12月至翌年2月出现最低值。由LSD多重比较可知,观测期内6个林分土壤呼吸速率均值EU为(3.46 ± 0.41)μmol·m-2·s-1,EP为(2.15 ± 0.18)μmol·m-2·s-1,ET为(3.72 ± 0.20)μmol·m-2·s-1,EC为(2.14 ± 0.15)μmol·m-2·s-1,EUG为(2.34 ± 0.21)μmol·m-2·s-1,PEC为(2.33 ± 0.17)μmol·m-2·s-1;EU和ET之间不存在显著差异(P>0.05),但两者均显著大于其他林分(P<0.05),EP,EC,EUG和PEC之间无显著差异。
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6个林分土壤温度月变化表现为单峰曲线趋势(图 2),12个月份间平均土壤温度具有极显著差异(P<0.01)。观测期初期,土壤的温度不断升高,各林分土壤温度在6月达到最大值。2016年7月至翌年2月,土壤温度逐渐降低,各林分土壤温度在翌年2月达到最小值。观测期内各林分平均土壤温度分别为EU为(27.11 ± 0.37)℃,EP为(27.33 ± 0.40)℃,ET为(26.54 ± 0.38)℃,EC为(27.10 ± 0.43)℃,EUG为(26.61 ± 0.40)℃,PEC为(26.46 ± 0.42)℃,均无显著差异(P>0.05)。各林分土壤湿度月变化表现为双峰曲线趋势(图 3)。观测初期先升高后降低,在5-7月达到谷值,之后出现回升趋势。观测期内平均土壤湿度分别为EU为14.93% ± 0.45%,EP为14.46% ± 0.29%,ET为13.22% ± 0.31%,EC为11.65% ± 0.30%,EUG为15.13% ± 0.43%,PEC为12.80% ± 0.50%。EU,EP和EUG三者间差异不显著,但均显著高于其他林分(P<0.05);ET和PEC差异显著(P<0.01),且均显著高于EC(P<0.05)。
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由表 2可知:土壤容重仅在表层(0~10 cm)出现差异,其中EU显著大于其他林分(P<0.05);ET和PEC无显著差异,但均显著大于EP(P<0.05);EP,EC和EUG之间无显著差异。土壤总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度均为表层土壤不同林分间差异最大,深层土壤差异较小。土壤有机碳质量分数除10~20 cm土层外其他均存在不同程度的差异性,且均表现为ET最大,EU最小。
表 2 不同林分土壤容重、孔隙度及有机碳质量分数
Table 2. Comparison of soil bulk density and soil organic carbon content in different stands
林分 容重/(g·cm-3) 总孔隙度/% 毛管孔隙度/% 非毛管孔隙度/% w有机碳/(g·kg-1) 0~10 10~20 20~40 40~60 0~10 10~20 20~40 40~60 0~10 10~20 20~40 40~60 0~10 10~20 20~40 40~60 0~10 10~20 20~40 40~60 EU 0.84 ± 0.03 c 0.98 ± 0.02 a 0.99 ± 0.06 a 1.08 ± 0.06 a 62.38 ± 1.74 a 57.42 ± 1.29 a 57.34 ± 1.82 a 56.50 ± 21.63 ab 50.28 ± 0.68 bc 50.33 ± 1.42 a 49.01 ± 1.14 a 52.20 ± 0.99 a 5.01 ± 0.99 c 7.88 ± 2.58 a 6.02 ± 1.45 a 2.72 ± 0.15 a 22.34 ± 1.08 c 18.22 ± 1.10 a 11.36 ± 1.21 c 7.82 ± 0.76 c EP 1.07 ± 0.03 a 1.00 ± 0.07 a 1.04 ± 0.04 a 1.01 ± 0.02 a 55.29 ± 1.62 c 58.21 ± 3.39 a 55.03 ± 1.63 a 54.91 ± 0.96 ab 52.30 ± 0.87 ab 48.65 ± 1.09 a 49.86 ± 1.06 a 51.50 ± 1.79 a 10.08 ± 1.01 ab 8.77 ± 1.51 a 7.48 ± 2.54 a 5.02 ± 2.60 a 28.49 ± 1.79 bc 22.10 ± 3.00 a 15.34 ± 3.35 ab 15.34 ± 3.35 ab ET 0.89 ± 0.02 bc 0.99 ± 0.07 a 1.05 ± 0.02 a 1.01 ± 0.02 a 60.24 ± 1.10 ab 56.04 ± 1.94 a 57.12 ± 0.82 a 59.07 ± 1.15 a 50.69 ± 0.73 b 48.93 ± 1.35 a 49.54 ± 1.35 a 50.54 ± 1.30 a 6.70 ± 0.37 bc 6.76 ± 1.04 a 4.90 ± 1.37 a 3.75 ± 1.40 a 37.43 ± 3.01 a 37.43 ± 3.01 a 20.86 ± 1.28 a 20.31 ± 0.78 a 17.23 ± 2.04 a EC 0.97 ± 0.01 b 0.99 ± 0.02 a 1.04 ± 0.03 a 1.07 ± 0.01 a 59.94 ± 0.93 ab 57.98 ± 3.08 a 55.45 ± 0.32 a 57.56 ± 1.27 ab 49.52 ± 1.52 bc 47.98 ± 1.39 a 52.12 ± 1.10 a 53.31 ± 3.76 a 10.41 ± 1.74 ab 9.99 ± 2.51 a 3.34 ± 0.78 a 4.26 ± 2.49 a 27.70 ± 0.87 bc 27.70 ± 0.87 bc 22.52 ± 0.56 a 15.21 ± 1.92 abc 11.06 ± 1.14 abc EUG 0.92 ± 0.04 bc 1.02 ± 0.04 a 1.07 ± 0.03 a 1.03 ± 0.08 a 58.96 ± 1.47 abc 55.53 ± 0.30 a 55.56 ± 0.78 a 56.62 ± 1.78 ab 47.68 ± 0.16 c 47.45 ± 0.80 a 49.14 ± 1.25 a 53.56 ± 3.05 a 11.28 ± 1.50 a 8.08 ± 0.81 a 6.42 ± 1.39 a 3.07 ± 2.23 a 33.09 ± 3.77 ab 33.09 ± 3.77 ab 18.37 ± 13.72 ± 1.33 bc 10.22 ± 1.97 bc PEC 0.95 ± 0.03 b 1.07 ± 0.04 a 1.04 ± 0.01 a 0.94 ± 0.02 a 57.39 ± 0.73 bc 55.69 ± 1.01 a 54.44 ± 0.36 a 54.30 ± 1.07 b 53.44 ± 0.49 a 49.89 ± 0.87 a 50.11 ± 0.78 a 52.76 ± 1.86 a 6.80 ± 1.22 bc 6.14 ± 2.20 a 7.01 ± 0.69 a 6.31 ± 0.77 a 26.68 ± 2.02 bc 26.68 ± 2.02 bc 20.77 ± 1.85 a 14.56 ± 2.15 abc 9.70 ± 2.03 bc 说明:数值为平均值±标准误。同列不同小写字母表示不同林分间差异显著(P < 0.05) -
6个林分总有机碳密度(图 4)依次为EU 6.16 kg·m-2,EP 8.08 kg·m-2,ET 9.65 kg·m-2,EC 7.38 kg·m-2,EUG 7.37 kg·m-2,PEC 7.16 kg·m-2;ET与EP无显著差异,但显著高于其他4个林分(P<0.05)。表层土壤有机碳密度ET林分显著高于其他林分(P<0.05);10~20 cm土层有机碳密度6个林分间均无显著差异;20~40 cm土层ET显著高于EU(P<0.05),但两者与其他林分均无显著差异;40~60 cm土层ET与EP无显著差异,但ET显著高于其他林分(P<0.05),EP与EC,EUG无显著差异,但EP显著高于EU和PEC(P<0.05)。
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由图 5可知:6个林分叶面积指数为0.95~1.37,EU和ET差异不显著,但均显著高于其他林分(P<0.05);EP显著高于PEC(P<0.05),其他差异不显著。不同桉树林凋落物有机碳密度为0.40~0.85 kg·m-2,PEC为0.43 kg·m-2,EU,EP和EUG三者间无显著差异,但均显著高于EC(P<0.05);EP显著高于ET和PEC(P<0.05),ET与PEC差异不显著。
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Person相关性分析表明(表 3),在观测期内各林分土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度均为极显著正相关(P<0.01);与土壤湿度均为负相关关系,除EC为显著外其他林分均为极显著。各林分一致表现出土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度的相关性高于他与土壤湿度的相关性,说明土壤温度对土壤呼吸速率的影响比湿度更大。土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度、湿度的指数关系、二次多项式关系均达到极显著水平(P<0.001)。土壤温度、湿度双因子模型在EU,EP,EC和EUG林分中拟合度较单一因子高,说明土壤呼吸速率受到土壤温度、湿度的综合作用。决定系数R2越大表明模型的拟合程度越好,其百分数可以用来解释影响因子对土壤呼吸速率的变异程度。由表 4可知:土壤温度解释不同种桉树林分土壤呼吸速率43.7%~75.8%的变异,均低于PEC(79.8%)。土壤湿度解释不同种桉树林分土壤呼吸速率18.3%~50.9%的变异,而PEC为41.2%。土壤温度、湿度双因子对桉树林分土壤呼吸变异的解释能力为44.8%~83.9%,对照PEC为78.7%。桉树林分土壤呼吸的温度敏感性Q10值为1.42~1.99,PEC为1.60。
表 3 土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度、湿度的关系
Table 3. Relationship between soil respiration rate and soil temperature and moisture
林分 $f\left( R \right) = a{{\rm{e}}^{bT}} $ $f\left( R \right) = a{h_{\rm{r}}}^2 + b{h_{\rm{r}}} + c $ $f\left( R \right) = a{{\rm{e}}^{bT}}{h_{\rm{r}}}^c $ Q10 a b R2 r a b c R2 r a b c R2 EU 0.487 0.069 0.437 0.628** -0.030 1.019 -4.251 0.443 0.507** 0.421 0.042 0.358 0.448 1.99 EP 0.488 0.053 0.630 0.817** -0.010 0.375 -1.069 0.378 0.568** 0.294 0.044 0.288 0.751 1.70 ET 1.442 0.035 0.638 0.781** -0.022 0.678 -1.009 0.387 0.432** 1.269 0.029 0.114 0.614 1.42 EC 0.635 0.044 0.758 0.851** -0.018 0.491 -0.923 0.183 0.173* 0.407 0.042 0.201 0.761 1.55 EUG 0.381 0.066 0.754 0.893** -0.014 0.480 -1.441 0.509 0.531** 0.270 0.054 0.256 0.839 1.93 PEC 0.631 0.047 0.798 0.884** -0.013 0.418 -0.769 0.412 0.315** 0.569 0.045 0.067 0.787 1.60 说明:R2为方程拟合优度, 即决定系数; r为土壤呼吸与土壤温度、湿度经Pearson相关性分析所得相关系数; *表示P<0.05;**表示P<0.01 表 4 土壤呼吸速率与土壤性质、凋落物及叶面积指数的相关性
Table 4. Correlation between soil respiration rate and soil properties, litter organic carbon storage and leaf area index (LAI)
土层/cm 相关性分析 容重 总孔隙度 毛管孔隙度 非毛管孔隙度 有机碳密度 凋落物有机碳密度 叶面积指数 土壤温度 土壤湿度 0-10 -0.752** 0.622** 0.024 0.611** 0.434 -0.109 0.681** -0.054 0.211 10~20 -0.149 0.165 0.434 -0.105 0.327 20-40 0.161 -0.360 -0.161 -0.149 0.174 40-60 0.164 -0.453 -0.071 -0.304 0.133 说明: **表示P<0.01, *表示P<0.05 -
对5个桉树林分土壤呼吸速率与土壤性质、凋落物有机碳密度、叶面积指数和土壤温度、湿度的相关性分析表明,土壤呼吸速率与表层土壤容重、总孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度呈极显著相关(P<0.01),说明土壤呼吸速率与表层土壤物理性质关系密切,与土壤有机碳质量分数、凋落物有机碳质量分数均无显著相关性,与叶面积指数呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),且随叶面积指数呈线性增加趋势,模型拟合度达到R2=0.468,与土壤温度、湿度相关性均不显著。
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各林分土壤表面碳排放通量:EU为(1 333.42 ± 8.19)g·m-2·a-1,EP为(804.18 ± 3.82)g·m-2·a-1,ET为(1 408.94 ± 5.23)g·m-2·a-1,EC为(804.98 ± 4.55)g·m-2·a-1,EUG为(893.31 ± 5.97)g·m-2·a-1和PEC为(891.15 ± 4.95)g·m-2·a-1。其中EU和ET无显著差异,但均显著高于其他林分(P<0.05)。相关性分析表明:各林分7月土壤表面碳排放通量与表层土壤容重存在极显著负相关关系(P<0.01),与表层土壤总孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度存在极显著正相关关系(P<0.01),与表层土壤有机碳密度呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05),相关系数分别为0.743,0.693,0.644和0.484。
Temporal and spatial dynamics of soil respiration and influencing factors in Eucalyptus plantations
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摘要: 为研究不同种桉树Eucalyptus人工林土壤呼吸速率时空变异特征及其影响要素,估算桉树人工林土壤碳排放通量,测定2016年3月-2017年2月时段内5个不同种桉树林及1个湿加松Pinus elliottii×caribaea林土壤呼吸速率,分析桉树人工林土壤呼吸速率时空变化及其与影响要素的相关关系。结果表明:6个林分土壤呼吸速率时间变化明显,均呈单峰曲线格局;土壤呼吸速率与表层土壤温度符合指数模型,与平均体积含水率符合二次多项式模型(P < 0.001),土壤呼吸速率时间变化受土壤温度和体积含水率共同驱动,温、湿度双因素模型可以解释土壤呼吸速率44.8%~83.9%的变异。土壤呼吸速率的空间变异主要受表层土壤容重、叶面积指数、总孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度的影响,相关性均为极显著(P < 0.01);土壤表面二氧化碳累积通量还受到土壤表层有机碳密度影响,相关性显著(P < 0.05)。尾叶桉E. urophylla林和托里桉E. torelliana林的土壤呼吸速率年均值及土壤表面碳排放年累积通量均显著大于其他林分(P < 0.05),两者之间差异不显著。Abstract: To contribute to a further understanding of soil respiration dynamics and to help to provide an accurate calculation of carbon emissions, the relationship between soil respiration dynamics and influencing factors for six plantation types:Eucalyptus urophylla, E. pellita, E. torelliana, E. camaldulensis, E. urophylla×E. grandis and Pinus elliottii×P. caribaea, along the Leizhou Peninsula was field continuously using the LI-8100A (LI-COR, USA) for spatial and temporal variability in the soil respiration rate from March 2016 to February 2017. With this data, analyses (including correlation analyses) of spatial and temporal variation and analyses of the relative importance of key factors influencing these parameters were undertaken. Results showed that soil respiration rates for the six plantations studied, in relation to soil temperature, all had a single peak in their pattern with both index and quadratic models able to simulate relationships between soil respiration and soil temperature or moisture (0-10 cm). Temporal variation of the soil respiration rate was driven by both soil temperature and moisture with a two-factor equation (soil temperature and moisture at 10 cm) explaining 44.8% to 83.9% of the variation in soil respiration. Spatial variation of the soil respiration rate was mainly affected by soil bulk density, leaf area index, total soil porosity, and non-capillary soil porosity, with correlations between these parameters and soil respiration rates highly significant (P < 0.01). Soil surface carbon flux was also correlated to soil organic carbon density (P < 0.05) except for soil bulk density, total soil porosity and non-capillary soil porosity. The annual average of soil respiration and soil surface carbon flux in both E. urophylla and E. torelliana plantations were all significantly higher than E. pellita, E. camaldulensis, E. urophylla×E. grandis plantations and P. elliottii×P. caribaea plantation (P < 0.05), and with no significant differences between E. urophylla and E. torelliana plantations. In total, the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of soil respiration was influenced by various factors, which is the most important consideration in estimating soil respiration flux.
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表 1 样地基本概况
Table 1. Basic situation of sample plots
林分 林龄/a 平均树高/m 平均胸径/cm 林分密度/(株·hm-2) 坡度/(%) 坡向 海拔/m 林下主要物种 EU 15 25.38 ± 0.71 26.56 ± 0.81 524 0 平地 119.6 1, 2, 3, 5, 9, 10, 11 EP 10 16.80 ± 0.69 17.25 ± 0.71 970 0 平地 92.0 2:3:5:7:9 ET 10 18.00 ± 0.53 19.60 ± 0.56 810 0 平地 85.8 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 12 EC 8 15.28 ± 0.64 10.82 ± 0.48 925 0 平地 98.6 3, 10, 11 EUG 8 23.15 ± 0.76 18.43 ± 0.24 690 12 南坡 113.0 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 PEC 15 13.73 ± 0.23 20.60 ± 0.62 599 0 平地 104.7 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 12 说明:数据为平均值±标准误。物种编号:1.鹅掌柴Scheffera octophya, 2.龙船花Ixora chinensis, 3.盐肤木Rhus chinensis, 4.马樱丹Lantana carnara, 5.白背叶Mallotus apelta, 6.马唐草Digitaria sanguinalis, 7.白花鬼针草Herba bidentis, 8.胜红蓟Ageratum con-yzoides, 9.五节芒Miscanthus floridulus, 10.草芍药Paeonia obovata, 11.蟛蜞菊Wedelia chinensis, 12.荩草Arthraxon hispidus 表 2 不同林分土壤容重、孔隙度及有机碳质量分数
Table 2. Comparison of soil bulk density and soil organic carbon content in different stands
林分 容重/(g·cm-3) 总孔隙度/% 毛管孔隙度/% 非毛管孔隙度/% w有机碳/(g·kg-1) 0~10 10~20 20~40 40~60 0~10 10~20 20~40 40~60 0~10 10~20 20~40 40~60 0~10 10~20 20~40 40~60 0~10 10~20 20~40 40~60 EU 0.84 ± 0.03 c 0.98 ± 0.02 a 0.99 ± 0.06 a 1.08 ± 0.06 a 62.38 ± 1.74 a 57.42 ± 1.29 a 57.34 ± 1.82 a 56.50 ± 21.63 ab 50.28 ± 0.68 bc 50.33 ± 1.42 a 49.01 ± 1.14 a 52.20 ± 0.99 a 5.01 ± 0.99 c 7.88 ± 2.58 a 6.02 ± 1.45 a 2.72 ± 0.15 a 22.34 ± 1.08 c 18.22 ± 1.10 a 11.36 ± 1.21 c 7.82 ± 0.76 c EP 1.07 ± 0.03 a 1.00 ± 0.07 a 1.04 ± 0.04 a 1.01 ± 0.02 a 55.29 ± 1.62 c 58.21 ± 3.39 a 55.03 ± 1.63 a 54.91 ± 0.96 ab 52.30 ± 0.87 ab 48.65 ± 1.09 a 49.86 ± 1.06 a 51.50 ± 1.79 a 10.08 ± 1.01 ab 8.77 ± 1.51 a 7.48 ± 2.54 a 5.02 ± 2.60 a 28.49 ± 1.79 bc 22.10 ± 3.00 a 15.34 ± 3.35 ab 15.34 ± 3.35 ab ET 0.89 ± 0.02 bc 0.99 ± 0.07 a 1.05 ± 0.02 a 1.01 ± 0.02 a 60.24 ± 1.10 ab 56.04 ± 1.94 a 57.12 ± 0.82 a 59.07 ± 1.15 a 50.69 ± 0.73 b 48.93 ± 1.35 a 49.54 ± 1.35 a 50.54 ± 1.30 a 6.70 ± 0.37 bc 6.76 ± 1.04 a 4.90 ± 1.37 a 3.75 ± 1.40 a 37.43 ± 3.01 a 37.43 ± 3.01 a 20.86 ± 1.28 a 20.31 ± 0.78 a 17.23 ± 2.04 a EC 0.97 ± 0.01 b 0.99 ± 0.02 a 1.04 ± 0.03 a 1.07 ± 0.01 a 59.94 ± 0.93 ab 57.98 ± 3.08 a 55.45 ± 0.32 a 57.56 ± 1.27 ab 49.52 ± 1.52 bc 47.98 ± 1.39 a 52.12 ± 1.10 a 53.31 ± 3.76 a 10.41 ± 1.74 ab 9.99 ± 2.51 a 3.34 ± 0.78 a 4.26 ± 2.49 a 27.70 ± 0.87 bc 27.70 ± 0.87 bc 22.52 ± 0.56 a 15.21 ± 1.92 abc 11.06 ± 1.14 abc EUG 0.92 ± 0.04 bc 1.02 ± 0.04 a 1.07 ± 0.03 a 1.03 ± 0.08 a 58.96 ± 1.47 abc 55.53 ± 0.30 a 55.56 ± 0.78 a 56.62 ± 1.78 ab 47.68 ± 0.16 c 47.45 ± 0.80 a 49.14 ± 1.25 a 53.56 ± 3.05 a 11.28 ± 1.50 a 8.08 ± 0.81 a 6.42 ± 1.39 a 3.07 ± 2.23 a 33.09 ± 3.77 ab 33.09 ± 3.77 ab 18.37 ± 13.72 ± 1.33 bc 10.22 ± 1.97 bc PEC 0.95 ± 0.03 b 1.07 ± 0.04 a 1.04 ± 0.01 a 0.94 ± 0.02 a 57.39 ± 0.73 bc 55.69 ± 1.01 a 54.44 ± 0.36 a 54.30 ± 1.07 b 53.44 ± 0.49 a 49.89 ± 0.87 a 50.11 ± 0.78 a 52.76 ± 1.86 a 6.80 ± 1.22 bc 6.14 ± 2.20 a 7.01 ± 0.69 a 6.31 ± 0.77 a 26.68 ± 2.02 bc 26.68 ± 2.02 bc 20.77 ± 1.85 a 14.56 ± 2.15 abc 9.70 ± 2.03 bc 说明:数值为平均值±标准误。同列不同小写字母表示不同林分间差异显著(P < 0.05) 表 3 土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度、湿度的关系
Table 3. Relationship between soil respiration rate and soil temperature and moisture
林分 $f\left( R \right) = a{{\rm{e}}^{bT}} $ $f\left( R \right) = a{h_{\rm{r}}}^2 + b{h_{\rm{r}}} + c $ $f\left( R \right) = a{{\rm{e}}^{bT}}{h_{\rm{r}}}^c $ Q10 a b R2 r a b c R2 r a b c R2 EU 0.487 0.069 0.437 0.628** -0.030 1.019 -4.251 0.443 0.507** 0.421 0.042 0.358 0.448 1.99 EP 0.488 0.053 0.630 0.817** -0.010 0.375 -1.069 0.378 0.568** 0.294 0.044 0.288 0.751 1.70 ET 1.442 0.035 0.638 0.781** -0.022 0.678 -1.009 0.387 0.432** 1.269 0.029 0.114 0.614 1.42 EC 0.635 0.044 0.758 0.851** -0.018 0.491 -0.923 0.183 0.173* 0.407 0.042 0.201 0.761 1.55 EUG 0.381 0.066 0.754 0.893** -0.014 0.480 -1.441 0.509 0.531** 0.270 0.054 0.256 0.839 1.93 PEC 0.631 0.047 0.798 0.884** -0.013 0.418 -0.769 0.412 0.315** 0.569 0.045 0.067 0.787 1.60 说明:R2为方程拟合优度, 即决定系数; r为土壤呼吸与土壤温度、湿度经Pearson相关性分析所得相关系数; *表示P<0.05;**表示P<0.01 表 4 土壤呼吸速率与土壤性质、凋落物及叶面积指数的相关性
Table 4. Correlation between soil respiration rate and soil properties, litter organic carbon storage and leaf area index (LAI)
土层/cm 相关性分析 容重 总孔隙度 毛管孔隙度 非毛管孔隙度 有机碳密度 凋落物有机碳密度 叶面积指数 土壤温度 土壤湿度 0-10 -0.752** 0.622** 0.024 0.611** 0.434 -0.109 0.681** -0.054 0.211 10~20 -0.149 0.165 0.434 -0.105 0.327 20-40 0.161 -0.360 -0.161 -0.149 0.174 40-60 0.164 -0.453 -0.071 -0.304 0.133 说明: **表示P<0.01, *表示P<0.05 -
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