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二氧化碳(CO2)等温室气体排放增加以及全球变暖日益加剧,如何减缓大气“温室效应”,是人类目前面临的重要问题之一。土壤被认为是陆地生态系统中最大的碳库[1],其中土壤有机碳储量为1 500~2 000 Pg,无机碳储量为700~1 000 Pg[2],是土壤CO2排放的主要来源[3]。土壤碳库在全球碳循环中起着重要的碳源、碳汇作用,具有巨大的碳汇潜力,其微小变化将可能对大气CO2产生显著影响,在全球碳循环过程中扮演着非常重要的角色[4]。农田是陆地生态系统重要的组成部分,约占全球陆地面积的10.62%[5];农田土壤作为陆地生态系统最活跃的碳库,其CO2排放量约占全球人为温室气体排放总量的21%~25%[6]。由此可见,深入开展农田土壤呼吸作用及其影响因素研究,对准确评估陆地生态系统碳收支具有重要的理论和现实意义。
土壤干湿交替被认为是土壤呼吸的重要影响因素,通过激发或抑制土壤呼吸来改变陆地生态系统碳储量,进而影响土壤呼吸时空特征及碳通量[7−18]。研究表明:受降水量、土壤初始含水量、降水格局、生态系统类型、干旱持续事件及干湿交替频率和强度的影响[19],土壤干湿交替引起的土壤碳排放呈现不同的变化规律。在全球气候变化大背景下,极端干旱/降水事件和人类活动会使土壤发生频繁的干湿交替过程[20−22];未来随着气候变化及降水格局的改变,土壤干湿交替现象及其发生频率会进一步提高[23−25]。中国西南喀斯特区碳酸盐岩出露面积达51.36 万km2[26],区内农田面积占比21.6%[27],对于喀斯特地区碳循环具有举足轻重的作用。由碳酸盐岩发育的石灰性土壤是该区农田主要土壤类型之一,不同于其他农田土壤类型,具有明显的区域特色。一方面,喀斯特地区土壤干湿交替特征鲜明,干旱、半干旱地区土壤干湿交替主要由降水量少引起,喀斯特地区降水充沛,但土层浅薄,储水能力低,岩石渗漏性强,导致土壤干湿交替发生更加频繁[28];另一方面,土壤无机碳对土壤CO2排放具有一定的贡献[29−33],以往的研究较少的考虑这一贡献。现有的非喀斯特地区土壤碳循环过程对干湿交替的响应规律,可能并不适用于喀斯特地区。因此,开展喀斯特地区农田石灰性土壤CO2排放对干湿交替的响应研究,可提升喀斯特地区土壤CO2排放通量评估的准确性。
本研究以喀斯特农田土壤为研究对象,通过室内控制实验,分析喀斯特农田土壤呼吸对不同干湿交替的响应规律,为深入理解气候变化下喀斯特农田土壤碳固持和减少碳排放提供理论依据。
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研究区位于贵州省贵阳市乌当区(26°38N,106°48′E),属于亚热带季风气候,年平均气温为14.9 ℃,年均降水量为1 130.4 mm。该地区是喀斯特地貌发育区,碳酸盐类岩层分布广,地貌类型以山地、丘陵为主,岩石类型以石灰岩为主,土壤类型主要由黄壤、黄棕壤、石灰土组成。本研究区内土壤类型为石灰土, pH为7.21,有机碳质量分数为55.40 g·kg−1,速效氮为87.36 mg·kg−1,速效磷为1.87 mg·kg−1。该区土壤干湿交替主要由降水事件导致。
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以研究区内石灰性农田作为研究对象,采取表层土(0~20 cm) 带回实验室,放在通风状况良好、阴凉的地方风干。风干后的土壤挑出石块和可见植物残体样品,研磨,过2 mm筛备用。
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试验于2022年8—9月在贵州师范学院温室大棚进行。将处理好的风干土充分混合均匀,平铺到聚氯乙烯(PVC)管底部(PVC管底部密封,高15 cm,内径10 cm,土层厚度5 cm,上部留有10 cm的空间)。根据贵阳市多年降水特征(该区以小于10 mm的降水为主)模拟2个降水量处理,分别是10和25 mm降水量,试验持续30 d (720 h)。在每个降水量处理下设置3个以10 d为降水周期的干湿循环周期,每个处理设置6个重复,其中3个重复用于测量土壤CO2排放,另外3个重复用于同步测量土壤含水量。对用于测量土壤CO2排放通量的PVC管,整个实验期间,只对其进行CO2监测,不对其进行破坏性采样。采用喷壶喷洒的方式模拟降水,向土壤表面均匀喷洒蒸馏水,喷水当天记作第1 天,第11 天、第21 天分别采用相同方法向土壤表面喷洒蒸馏水。第1天喷水后至第10天喷水前记作第1个周期,第11天加水后至第20天加水前记作第2个周期,第21天加水后至第30天记作第3个周期。洒水后第1天,在不同的时间(喷水后1、2、4、6、8、12、24 h)测定土壤呼吸速率,再在第4天、第7天和第10天各测定土壤呼吸速率1次。每次测定土壤呼吸速率时,用密封盖对PVC管进行密封,形成采样气室,每次监测持续时间为15 min,分别监测罩箱内0、5、10和15 min时的CO2浓度。在每次土壤呼吸速率监测结束后,打开密封盖,保持PVC管处于自然通风状态。土壤CO2使用CO2测定仪器-红外传感器(Vaisala GMP252)测定。土壤体积含水量(5 cm)用土壤温湿度速测仪(JL-19-2)测定。
CO2排放通量利用式(1)计算:
$$ F = \frac{M}{{{V_0}}} \times \frac{P}{{{P_0}}} \times \frac{{{T_0}}}{T} \times H \times \frac{{{\rm{d}}c}}{{{\rm{d}}t}} 。 $$ (1) 式(1)中:F为CO2排放通量(mg·m−2·h−1);M为标准状态下CO2的摩尔质量(44 g·mol−1);H为采样箱高度 (m);P为采样点大气压强 (kPa);P0和T0分别是标准状态下的大气压强和空气绝对温度(101.325 kPa和273.15 K);V0是标准状态下气体摩尔体积22.41 L·mol−1;T是采样时该点的温度 (K);dc/dt是CO2浓度随时间变化的速率。干湿交替处理CO2累计排放量计算公式为:
$$ E = \sum_{i=1}^n {\left(\frac{{{F_i} + {F_{i - 1}}}}{2}\right)} \times ({t_i} - {t_{i - 1}}) 。 $$ (2) 式(2)中:E为CO2累计排放量(mg·m−2);F为CO2排放通量(mg·m−2·h−1);i为采样次数(i=1,2$, \cdots ,n $);t为采样时间(h)。
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数据前期处理、统计分析及绘图分别用Excel 2013、SPSS 18.0和Origin 9完成。采用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA) 分别对不同干湿交替强度下土壤呼吸速率与土壤累计CO2排放量的影响进行差异性检验,采用Pearson相关分析法分析土壤呼吸和土壤湿度的相关性。
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2种干湿交替强度下,随着水分的施加,土壤CO2排放通量短时间内达到最大值,随后逐渐下降(图1)。其中,25 mm降水干湿交替强度下,土壤CO2排放通量达到最大值的时间要明显晚于10 mm降水干湿交替强度。土壤含水量变化基本与水分的施加同步,随周期性的水分施加土壤湿度呈现从大到小的趋势(图2)。
图 1 2 种干湿交替强度下土壤 CO2排放通量随时间的变化特征
Figure 1. Dynamics of soil CO2 emission flux under two different intensities of wet-dry alternation
图 2 2 种干湿交替强度下土壤含水量随时间的变化特征
Figure 2. Dynamics of soil moisture under two different intensities of wet-dry alternation
如图3所示:在第1个周期中,10和25 mm降水干湿交替强度下,平均土壤CO2排放通量分别是162.62、346.28 mg·m−2·h−1;第2个周期中2种干湿交替强度下,平均土壤CO2排放通量分别是139.15、 144.00 mg·m−2·h−1,比第1个周期分别降低了14.17%、58.42%;第3个周期的2种干湿交替强度下,平均土壤CO2排放通量分别是108.85、43.54 mg·m−2·h−1,比第1个周期分别降低了32.86%、87.43%。方差分析结果显示:10 mm降水干湿交替强度下,不同周期土壤CO2排放通量之间差异不显著;25 mm降水干湿交替强度下,不同循环周期间土壤CO2排放通量差异显著(P<0.05);第1个和第3个周期土壤CO2排放通量在不同干湿交替强度下显著不同(P<0.05),而第2个周期干湿交替强度对土壤CO2排放通量影响不显著(P>0.05,图3)。
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在整个干湿交替周期中,25 mm降水干湿交替强度的土壤CO2累计排放量比10 mm降水干湿交替强度更多。土壤CO2累计排放量在每个周期中都是在水分施加后先是快速增大,之后增大的趋势减缓(图4)。图5表明:在不同周期,25 mm降水干湿交替强度下,第1个周期土壤总CO2排放量和第2个循环周期差异不显著,第1个周期和第2个周期土壤总CO2排放量与第3个周期差异均显著(P<0.05)。10 mm降水干湿交替强度下,不同周期土壤总CO2排放量之间差异不显著;不同的干湿交替强度下,各周期之间土壤总CO2排放量差异显著(P<0.05)。
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由表1可知:第1个和第2个干湿交替周期的土壤含水量和土壤CO2排放通量之间有极显著的相关关系(P<0.001),而第3个干湿交替周期土壤含水量和土壤CO2排放通量之间相关不显著。干湿交替多个周期作用下,土壤含水量和土壤CO2排放通量之间的相关程度不断降低。
表 1 土壤CO2排放通量与土壤湿度的相关关系
Table 1. Correlation between soil CO2 emission flux respiration and soil moisture
周期 样本数/个 拟合方程 相关系数 P 1 60 y =0.001 9x2+5.998 2x−41.743 0.75 0.000 2 60 y =−0.054 1x2+8.147 1x−124.87 0.64 0.000 3 60 y =−0.049 2x2+6.103 0x−76.911 0.18 0.170 说明:y为土壤CO2排放通量,x为土壤体积含水量。
Response of soil respiration to dry-wet alternation in karst farmland
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摘要:
目的 探究中国西南喀斯特地区农田石灰性土壤二氧化碳(CO2)排放通量对该区频繁发生的干湿交替的响应规律。 方法 以喀斯特农田石灰性土壤为研究对象,设计2种干湿交替强度(模拟降水量为10和25 mm),以干湿交替循环周期10 d为1个循环过程,研究喀斯特农田土壤呼吸对干湿交替的响应。 结果 干湿交替强度显著影响土壤呼吸速率和土壤总CO2排放量(P<0.05)。在2种干湿交替强度下,随着水分施加,土壤CO2排放通量会在短时间内达到最大值,然后逐渐下降。对于10 mm降水干湿交替强度,不同循环周期下的土壤CO2排放通量和土壤总CO2排放量之间的差异并不显著。然而,对于25 mm降水干湿交替强度,大多数循环周期下的土壤CO2排放通量和土壤总CO2排放量之间的差异显著(P<0.05)。相关分析表明:干湿交替多重周期作用下,土壤含水量和土壤CO2排放通量之间的相关关系不断降低。 结论 干湿交替强度和干湿交替过程是影响喀斯特农田土壤呼吸排放的重要因素。图5表1参64 Abstract:Objective The objective of this study is to explore the response of soil CO2 emission flux from calcareous soil to frequent dry-wet alternation in farmland of karst areas in southwest China. Method Taking calcareous soil in karst farmland as the research object, two dry-wet alternation intensities (simulated precipitation of 10 and 25 mm) were designed, with a dry-wet alternation cycle of 10 days as one cycle process, to investigate the response of soil respiration to dry-wet alternation in karst farmland. Result The intensity of dry-wet alternation significantly affected soil CO2 emission flux and total soil CO2 emissions (P<0.05). Under two different dry-wet alternation intensities, soil CO2 emission flux reached its maximum shortly after water was applied, and then gradually decreased. For the 10 mm dry-wet alternation intensity, there was no significant difference between soil CO2 emission flux and total soil CO2 emissions under different cycles. However, for the 25 mm dry-wet alternation intensity, the difference between soil CO2 emission flux and total soil CO2 emissions under most cycles was significant (P< 0.05). Correlation analysis revealed that the correlation between soil water content and soil CO2 emission flux decreased continuously under the multiple cycles of dry-wet alternation. Conclusion The intensity and process of dry-wet alternation are important factors affecting soil respiration release in karst farmland. [Ch, 5 fig. 1 tab. 64 ref.] -
Key words:
- karst farmland /
- soil respiration /
- dry-wet alternation /
- response
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表 1 土壤CO2排放通量与土壤湿度的相关关系
Table 1. Correlation between soil CO2 emission flux respiration and soil moisture
周期 样本数/个 拟合方程 相关系数 P 1 60 y =0.001 9x2+5.998 2x−41.743 0.75 0.000 2 60 y =−0.054 1x2+8.147 1x−124.87 0.64 0.000 3 60 y =−0.049 2x2+6.103 0x−76.911 0.18 0.170 说明:y为土壤CO2排放通量,x为土壤体积含水量。 -
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