Volume 36 Issue 4
Jul.  2019
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Article Navigation >  Journal of Zhejiang A&F University  > 2019  >  36(4): 818-827

HE Shan, LIU Juan, JIANG Peikun, ZHOU Guomo, WANG Huilai, LI Yongfu, WU Jiasen. Effects of forest management on soil organic carbon pool: a review[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2019, 36(4): 818-827. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2019.04.023
Citation: HE Shan, LIU Juan, JIANG Peikun, ZHOU Guomo, WANG Huilai, LI Yongfu, WU Jiasen. Effects of forest management on soil organic carbon pool: a review[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2019, 36(4): 818-827. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2019.04.023
shu

Effects of forest management on soil organic carbon pool: a review

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2019.04.023
  • 1.

    State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, Zhejiang, China

  • 2.

    Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, Zhejiang, China

  • 3.

    Agri-Tech Extention Center of Liandu District, Lishui 323000, Zhejiang, China

  • Received Date: 2018-08-27
  • Rev Recd Date: 2018-10-18
  • Publish Date: 2019-08-20
  • Forest soil as an important carbon sink plays a critical role in the global carbon cycle and mitigation of climate warming. Fertilization, fire, cutting, understory management an dmulching have changed the productivity of forest ecosystem, which significantly affects the carbon input and carbon output of forest soil. This paper analyzed the effects of different kinds of forest management practices on soil organic carbon pool and proposed important directions for future research, in order to improve the carbon sequestration capacity of plantation soils through forest management practices. Organic fertilizer, organic-inorganic fertilizer and biochar tended to improve the soil active carbon content. N fertilizers reduced the soil active organic carbon content in N-rich forests, but there was an increase or no significant difference in soil active organic carbon content in N-poor forest. The influence of fire on soil organic carbon pool was determined by time length after fire, fire temperature, fire intensity and soil depth. Clear-cut changed the soil temperature, water content and organic matter sources, and thus reduced the organic carbon storage of forest soil. The effect of thinning on soil organic carbon content was related to the harvesting intensity. Understory weeding enhanced soil temperature which could accelerate the decomposition of soil organic carbon, whereas the replacement and addition of understory vegetation would do the other way around. Mulching of organicresidues in forests helped to increase the soil organic carbon content but decreased its stability. With the development of research theory and technology, the impact of forest management practiceson soil carbon form and structure onsoil carbon form and structure will become the main direction for future research.
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Effects of forest management on soil organic carbon pool: a review

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2019.04.023
  • 1. State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, Zhejiang, China
  • 2. Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, Zhejiang, China
  • 3. Agri-Tech Extention Center of Liandu District, Lishui 323000, Zhejiang, China
  • Received Date: 2018-08-27
  • Rev Recd Date: 2018-10-18
  • Publish Date: 2019-08-20

Abstract: Forest soil as an important carbon sink plays a critical role in the global carbon cycle and mitigation of climate warming. Fertilization, fire, cutting, understory management an dmulching have changed the productivity of forest ecosystem, which significantly affects the carbon input and carbon output of forest soil. This paper analyzed the effects of different kinds of forest management practices on soil organic carbon pool and proposed important directions for future research, in order to improve the carbon sequestration capacity of plantation soils through forest management practices. Organic fertilizer, organic-inorganic fertilizer and biochar tended to improve the soil active carbon content. N fertilizers reduced the soil active organic carbon content in N-rich forests, but there was an increase or no significant difference in soil active organic carbon content in N-poor forest. The influence of fire on soil organic carbon pool was determined by time length after fire, fire temperature, fire intensity and soil depth. Clear-cut changed the soil temperature, water content and organic matter sources, and thus reduced the organic carbon storage of forest soil. The effect of thinning on soil organic carbon content was related to the harvesting intensity. Understory weeding enhanced soil temperature which could accelerate the decomposition of soil organic carbon, whereas the replacement and addition of understory vegetation would do the other way around. Mulching of organicresidues in forests helped to increase the soil organic carbon content but decreased its stability. With the development of research theory and technology, the impact of forest management practiceson soil carbon form and structure onsoil carbon form and structure will become the main direction for future research.

HE Shan, LIU Juan, JIANG Peikun, ZHOU Guomo, WANG Huilai, LI Yongfu, WU Jiasen. Effects of forest management on soil organic carbon pool: a review[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2019, 36(4): 818-827. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2019.04.023
Citation: HE Shan, LIU Juan, JIANG Peikun, ZHOU Guomo, WANG Huilai, LI Yongfu, WU Jiasen. Effects of forest management on soil organic carbon pool: a review[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2019, 36(4): 818-827. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2019.04.023
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  • 森林覆盖面积约40亿hm2，占地球陆地面积的31%，是陆地生态系统重要的碳库[1-2]。森林生态系统储存了陆地生态系统80%以上的植被碳库和70%以上的土壤有机碳库[3]。据统计，全球森林生态系统碳储量为861 Pg，其中土壤碳库占44%[4]。森林土壤碳库的微小变化会对陆地生态碳循环和全球气候变化产生深刻影响。森林土壤碳储量是碳输入和碳输出动态平衡的结果。森林土壤碳输入在很大程度上取决于森林生产力、凋落物和植物根系的分解速率，碳输出则通过有机碳的矿化分解、土壤呼吸等方式完成。近几十年来，国内外众多学者极为关注经营管理对森林土壤碳储量与碳过程的影响，在全球范围内不同森林类型中开展了经营管理对森林土壤碳循环的研究，表明提高森林经营管理水平，可以增强森林生态系统地上与地下部分的碳汇潜能[5]。因气候因子、森林类型、营林措施等不同，经营管理对森林土壤有机碳库影响的研究结果存在很大差异和不确定性；同一种经营措施在不同气候、不同森林类型条件下，对土壤有机碳库的影响也会呈现增加、降低和不变3种结果[6]。因此，为增强生态系统管理对森林土壤碳过程影响不确定性的科学认识，本研究利用中国知网（CNKI），Scopus，Google Scholar和Web of Science等数据库，系统综述了主要营林措施（施肥、火烧、采伐、覆盖、林下植被管理）对森林土壤有机碳的影响，并试图探讨经营管理对森林土壤有机碳库的影响机制，以期为全球气候变化背景下森林土壤固碳增汇及森林合理经营提供借鉴。

1.   施肥对森林土壤碳库的影响

  • 施肥通过改变土壤有机碳来源和植物根系生物量，对土壤有机碳含量和组分产生显著影响。根据土壤有机碳库的周转速度及对外界因素的敏感程度，可将其分为惰性有机碳库和活性有机碳库[包括可溶性碳（DOC），微生物生物量碳（MBC），轻组有机碳（LFOC）和可矿化碳（MC）]等[3]。研究表明：单施有机肥以及有机无机肥配施提高了森林土壤总有机碳和活性有机碳含量（表 1）。有机肥作为半分解的有机质，可为微生物提供充足的碳源与氮源，增加微生物源的溶解性有机化合物含量，同时导致根系生物量与根系分泌物增加，土壤有机碳含量增加[7-8]。姜培坤等[9]对雷竹Phyllostachys violascens林的研究结果表明：有机无机肥配施处理土壤总有机碳、水溶性碳、微生物生物量碳等均显著高于单施化肥处理。张蛟蛟等[7]对中国亚热带板栗Castanea mollissima林的研究结果表明：单施有机肥或有机无机肥配施导致土壤可溶性有机碳和微生物生物量碳提高52%~92%。

    地点 森林类型 肥料类型 土层深度/cm 变幅/% 参考文献
    SOC DOC MBC
    波兰 苗圃 有机肥 0~20 +60.2 [20]
    中国浙江 板栗林 有机肥 0~20 +58 +42.7 [21]
    中国四川 梁山慈林 有机无机复合肥 0~20 +39.1 [22]
    中国四川 常绿阔叶林 硝酸铵 0~20 +4.1 [23]
    中国山西 油松林 尿素 0~20 -21.8~-38.4 [11]
    中国湖南 樟树林 硝酸铵 0~20 -20.1 [24]
    美国 红松林 硝酸铵 0~20 无明显影响 [13]
    美国 黑云杉林 硝酸铵 0~5 无明显影响 [12]
    中国贵州 常绿落叶混交林 生物质炭 0~20 +13.9 [25]
    中国山西 油松林 生物质炭 0~20 +44.4 +69.4 [26]
    说明：变幅中“+”表示上升；“-”表示下降。梁山慈Dendrocalamus farinosus，樟树Cinnamomum camphora，红松Pinus koraiensis，黑云杉Picea mariana

    Table 1.  Responses of forest soil organic carbon content and active organic carbon content to fertilizer addition

    氮肥对土壤有机碳及活性有机碳的影响存在增加、降低和无影响3种结果（表 1）。涂利华等[10]对华西雨屏区苦竹Pleioblastus amarus林的研究表明：氮肥的施用显著增加了苦竹的细根生物量，从而增加了表层土中有机碳以及微生物生物量碳的含量。汪金松等[11]研究发现：施氮抑制了难分解有机物的分解，导致油松Pinus tabuliformis林土壤中的有机碳含量下降21.8%~31.4%。同时，也有研究表明：氮肥的添加对土壤有机碳或活性有机碳无显著影响[12-13]。氮肥对有机碳的影响是一个复杂的过程。不仅通过影响凋落物分解和细根周转（土壤碳输入），土壤呼吸和土壤可溶性有机碳淋失（土壤碳输出）直接影响土壤有机碳含量，还通过影响土壤pH值、土壤生物和土壤酶等间接影响土壤有机碳的含量[14]。因而，未来应开展多种生态系统的长期定位试验，进一步探索氮肥对土壤碳过程的机理研究。

    生物质炭是一种具有巨大比表面积、高度芳香环分子结构、富含碳（70%~80%）的新型材料，在土壤固碳增汇方面具有重要作用[15]。目前，生物质炭添加对土壤碳库影响的研究主要集中在农田土壤，对森林土壤碳库影响的研究相对较少。生物质炭自身能缓慢分解形成腐殖质[16]，同时生物质炭的添加促进土壤团聚体的形成，提高土壤碳的稳定性[17]。尹艳等[18]研究发现：添加不同热解温度制备的生物质炭均会抑制杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata人工林土壤原有的有机碳矿化。LIU等[19]通过Meta分析发现：在不同土地利用方式下生物质炭的添加使得微生物生物量碳的含量增加18%。

2.   火烧对森林土壤碳库的影响

  • 据统计，因森林燃烧约有3.9 Pg·a-1碳排放到大气中，约占化石燃料燃烧排放量的70%[27]。林火通过直接燃烧植物、有机质高温变性等方式改变了土壤碳含量。但由于火烧后生态系统恢复时间长短、火烧强度、火烧温度及土层深度等因素的不同，火烧对森林土壤有机碳的影响也不尽相同。

    多数研究表明：火烧会降低森林土壤表层有机碳含量（表 2）。其主要原因有：（1）树木燃烧过程中释放的高温破坏了表层土壤，土壤结构严重退化，短时间内难以恢复[28]；（2）枯枝落叶层因炭化或氧化导致土壤有机碳的来源减少[29]；（3）火烧导致地表裸露，同时破坏了土壤的团粒结构，土壤的抗水侵蚀能力减弱[30]。WANG等[31]分析了200多个火烧后土壤有机碳的含量，发现火烧后土壤有机碳含量显著下降了20.3%，其中，皆伐火烧及野火导致森林土壤有机碳含量分别下降25.3%和16.7%，预定火烧对土壤有机碳含量无显著影响，同时研究还发现，火烧导致微生物生物量碳含量平均下降40.5%。薛立等[30]的研究也发现：火灾导致微生物数量下降，其中细菌数量下降最明显。

    地点森林类型 处理 土层深度/cm 不同火烧时间后有机碳变幅 参考文献
    火烧后时间/a 变幅/%
    欧洲 温带落叶林 皆伐火烧 0~16 1.00 -5.0 [40]
    中国福建 米槠次生林 皆伐火烧 0~10 0.50 -6.0 [41]
    中国广东 马尾松林 野火 0~20 4.00 -45.0 [30]
    地中海 白松林 高强度野火 0~10 -82.0 [42]
    意大利 意大利石松林 野火 0~7 0.92 +25.8 [43]
    美国 美国黄松林 春季预定火烧 0~30 5.00 +17.0 [29]
    中国内蒙古 落叶松林 野火 0~10 40.00 +101.2[44]
    说明：变幅中“+”表示上升；“-”表示下降。米槠Castanopsis carlesii，马尾松Pinus massoniana，意大利石松Pinus pinea，美国黄松Pinus ponderosa，落叶松Larix gmelinii

    Table 2.  Responses of forest soil organic carbon content to burning

    随着恢复时间的延长，森林土壤碳含量逐渐恢复到未火烧水平，甚至高于原始值[32]。JOHNSON等[33]统计分析了48个火烧后的森林土壤有机碳含量，发现火烧10 a后森林土壤有机碳含量平均增加了7%。KÖSTER等[34]发现：在芬兰的北方森林中，火烧发生5，45，75，155 a后，土壤碳储量从1 497.8 g·m-2增加到2 397.9 g·m-2。恢复时间延长导致森林土壤有机碳含量增加的原因为：（1）燃烧未尽的残余物与矿质土壤相结合后难以被生物化学分解；（2）随着时间的推移，植被逐渐恢复，加速了土壤有机碳的恢复；（3）固氮物种进入火烧迹地后，土壤碳的螯合作用提高，土壤有机碳的矿化速率降低[35-36]。

    此外，火烧显著影响了森林土壤有机碳的组成和结构。其变化主要体现在：（1）烷基化合物（烷烃、脂肪酸）的链长缩短[37]；（2）芳构化程度增加，火烧将土壤中具有生物活性的物质转变成为无生命的芳香族大分子[38]；（3）腐殖质转化成溶解性物质，其中胡敏酸会向碱溶性化合物转变，而富里酸则向酸溶性化合物转变[39]；（4）黑炭的形成[36]。

3.   采伐对森林土壤碳库的影响

  • 采伐对森林土壤有机碳库的影响因采伐方式而异[45-46]。总体而言，皆伐会造成林地土壤有机碳含量急剧下降，下降幅度为4.6%~45.2%（表 3）。皆伐后土壤裸露，土温升高，土壤有机碳的分解速率加快[47]；同时皆伐过程中的机械使用破坏了林地表层植被，土壤侵蚀和淋溶作用加强[48]。相较皆伐而言，间伐因其强度相对较低，并且在林地植被逐渐恢复过程中凋落物数量的增加有利于土壤有机碳的恢复，因而对森林土壤碳库的影响相对较小[49]。一般而言，间伐强度＞50%，土壤有机碳含量降低；间伐强度≤50%，土壤有机碳含量增加，并在30%~45%的间伐强度范围内，土壤有机碳含量达到最高[50-51]。翟凯燕等[52]对亚热带马尾松Pinus massoniana人工林的研究发现：25%的间伐强度和45%的间伐强度使得表层土壤有机碳含量分别提高了1.2%和10.1%，使得表层土壤可溶性有机碳含量分别提高了15%和14%，而60%的间伐强度则降低了土壤有机碳和可溶性有机碳含量。郝凯婕[53]对云杉Picea asperata林土壤的研究表明：不同强度的间伐（10%，20%，30%，50%）均增加林地土壤有机碳和微生物生物量碳（除50%）的含量，并且在30%的间伐强度下土壤有机碳含量和微生物生物量碳均达到最高。

    地点森林类型 处理 土层深度/cm 采伐强度/% 变幅/% 参考文献
    中国湖南 杉木林 皆伐 0~60 100 -45.2 [57]
    中国福建 米槠次生林 皆伐 0~10 100 -24.8 [59]
    英国 云杉林 皆伐 0~20 100 -15.0 [60]
    中国黑龙江 落叶松林 皆伐 0~20 100 -24.0 [61]
    韩国 马尾松林 不同强 0~30 20（轻度） +26.8 [50]
    度间伐 30（中度） +77.6
    中国贵州 杉木林 不同强 0~10 17（轻度） +43.5 [62]
    度间伐 33（中度） +24.3
    50（重度） +6.6
    意大利 赤松林 不同强 0~30 25（轻度） +64.2 [63]
    度间伐 45（中度） +98.8
    中国江苏 杉木林 间伐 0~10 70 -20.6[64]
    说明：变幅中“+”表示上升；“-”表示下降。赤松Pinus laricio

    Table 3.  Responses of forest soil organic carbon content to cutting

    采伐后林地土壤碳库的变化还与采伐剩余物的保留与移除、土地利用方式、林地类型、土壤类型等因素密切相关[54-55]。采伐剩余物和枯枝落叶的保留可弥补采伐造成的碳损失[56]。方晰等[57]对杉木林研究发现：皆伐后不同土地利用方式土壤有机碳含量大小依次为杉木林、农用后撂荒地和自然更新采伐迹地。由此可见，皆伐后及时造林可以有效恢复被破坏的土壤碳库。NAVE等[58]对432个温带采伐地土壤碳库的分析发现：硬木林采伐后土壤碳含量减少36%，而针叶林因凋落物中含有较多的木质素，碳/氮比更高，难以被分解，土壤碳含量下降幅度相对较低（20%）。采伐后森林土壤有机碳的变化还受土壤类型影响。采伐后弱育土有机碳含量恢复到原有水平需要6~20 a，而灰化土由于是在寒温带针叶林植被下发育形成的，其有机碳含量的恢复则需要50~70 a[55, 58]。

4.   林下植被管理对森林土壤碳库的影响

  • 林下植被是森林生态系统的重要组成部分，在维持土壤营养循环过程中发挥着重要作用[65]。林下植被管理通过改变林下植被的状态与种类直接影响森林土壤有机碳库（表 4）。去除林下植被直接降低了凋落物输入量，减少了土壤有机碳的来源[66]；其次，降低了森林郁闭度，土壤温度升高，加速有机碳的矿化[67]；最后，降低了森林土壤表层细根生物量及其分泌物，不利于土壤有机碳的积累[68]。

    地点森林类型 林下植被管理方式 土层深度/cm 变幅/% 参考文献
    中国浙江 樟树林 剔除林下植被 0~10 -28.0 [71]
    中国广东 厚荚相思林 剔除林下植被 0~10 -26.9 [72]
    中国广东 桉树林 剔除林下植被 0~5 -20.8 [73]
    中国浙江 板栗林 绿肥替代原有植被 0~20 +14.2 [70]
    中国浙江 山核桃林 添加固氮植物 0~20 +12.2[74]
    说明：变幅中“+”表示上升；“-”表示下降。厚荚相思Acacia crassicarpa，山核桃Carya cathayensis，桉树Eucalyptus

    Table 4.  Responses of forest soil organic carbon to understory management contents

    林下植被替代或添加会增加土壤有机碳的含量。LI等[69]对华南地区混交人工林研究发现：剔除林下灌草种植固氮植物翅荚决明Cassia alata，因固氮植物根系活性强，生产力高，从而凋落物的量增加，土壤有机碳含量增加。ZHANG等[70]的研究也指出：在剔除林下灌草后种植绿肥黑麦草Lolium perenne地0~20 cm土层土壤有机碳、土壤水溶性有机碳和微生物生物量碳含量分别增加了14.2%，18.0%和22.4%。

5.   覆盖对森林土壤碳库的影响

  • 目前，地表覆盖措施对土壤碳库影响的研究多集中于农田生态系统，对林地土壤碳库影响的研究报道相对较少[75]。覆盖措施一方面可以增温保湿，有利于提高土壤微生物活性；另一方面，覆盖物经长时间的晾晒和雨水浸泡，被微生物逐步分解进入土壤，增加了土壤有机碳含量（表 5）。HUANG等[76]研究发现：在澳大利亚东南地区的硬木人工林中覆盖木屑1 a后，0~10 cm土层的土壤总有机碳、水溶性有机碳及微生物生物量碳分别增加了45%，69%和23%。

    地点森林类型 覆盖物种类 土层深度 变幅/% 参考文献
    澳大利亚 硬木人工林 木屑 0~10 cm +45.0 [76]
    中国浙江 毛竹林 稻草 0~50 cm +11.2~+74.2 [80]
    中国浙江 油茶林 稻草 0~20 cm +23.4~+57.5 [81]
    美国夏威夷 咖啡树林 木屑 0~20 cm +33.6 [82]
    中国浙江 雷竹林 稻草 0~10 cm +81.5 [83]
    中国河北 核桃林 木屑 0~20 cm +45.1[84]
    说明：变幅中“+”表示上升；“－”表示下降。毛竹Phyllostachys edulis，油茶Camllia oleifera，核桃Juglans regia，咖啡树Leucaena

    Table 5.  Responses of forest soil organic carbon content to coverage management

    覆盖还显著影响了林地土壤有机碳的化学组成结构。13C CPMAS核磁共振波谱分析通过对核磁共振谱峰曲线进行区域积分，可获得土壤有机碳中各种含碳组分的百分比。其中烷基碳/烷氧碳的比值反映土壤中有机物烷基化程度的高低，芳香度[烷基碳/（烷基碳+烷氧碳+芳香碳）]反映土壤有机物腐殖化程度的高低，这2个指标均可表征土壤碳库的稳定性[77]，但因烷基碳/烷氧碳的比值更易受外界输入有机物的影响，所以芳香度更适于评价土壤有机碳的稳定性[78]。研究表明：覆盖有机物会降低森林土壤有机碳的稳定性。在澳大利亚昆士兰的硬木人工林中覆盖木屑降低了土壤有机碳芳香度，土壤有机碳稳定性降低[79]。LI等[69]的研究也发现：以覆盖为主要经营措施的雷竹林在集约经营15 a后，0~20 cm土层土壤有机碳增加了283.4%，土壤烷基碳/烷氧碳的比值从0.24上升至0.68，而土壤芳香度却从27.8下降到8.0，有机碳稳定性降低。

6.   总结与展望

  • 森林土壤碳库是陆地生态系统碳库的重要组分，在全球碳循环中占据重要地位。森林经营管理水平的提高，是“减缓全球变化的一种可能机制和最有希望的选择”[5]。施用有机肥、有机无机肥配施及生物质炭添加均可提高土壤有机碳及活性有机碳含量。而无机氮肥对土壤有机碳及活性有机碳含量的影响却不尽相同；火烧对土壤有机碳有一定的破环作用，影响程度取决于火烧后恢复时间、火烧温度、火烧强度、土层深度等因素；皆伐降低森林土壤有机碳含量；间伐对土壤有机碳的影响则与间伐强度有关；去除林下植被及凋落物加快土壤有机碳的分解，但林下植被的替代与添加则趋势相反；覆盖提高土壤有机碳含量但降低其稳定性。

    目前有关经营管理对森林土壤有机碳库的影响多聚焦于短期有机碳含量的变化；同时，温度、水分以及土壤氮素状况对土壤碳的周转过程存在显著影响，但近几十年有关全球变化与营林措施对森林生态系统地下部分碳过程的交互影响机制还缺乏深入系统的研究。因此，建议未来加强以下3个方面的研究：（1）开展营林措施对森林土壤有机碳组分及化学结构影响的长期研究，利用微生物学和分子生物学方法探讨经营管理对森林土壤碳过程影响的微生物机制；（2）开展增温、降水格局改变以及增氮控制与营林措施对森林土壤碳库交互影响的研究，明晰人为管理和气候变化对森林土壤碳库产生的叠加效应；（3）森林土壤碳库是由土壤、植被和土壤微生物共同组成的一个有机整体，为深入系统研究营林措施对森林生态系统碳过程的影响，需加强人为管理对森林生态系统地上-地下碳循环过程耦合机制的研究。

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