Volume 38 Issue 2
Apr.  2021
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XU Sen, YANG Liting, CHEN Shuanglin, GUO Ziwu, GU Rui, ZHANG Chao. Review on the formation of bamboo shoot palatability and its main influencing factors[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2021, 38(2): 403-411. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20200400
Citation: XU Sen, YANG Liting, CHEN Shuanglin, GUO Ziwu, GU Rui, ZHANG Chao. Review on the formation of bamboo shoot palatability and its main influencing factors[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2021, 38(2): 403-411. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20200400

Review on the formation of bamboo shoot palatability and its main influencing factors

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20200400
  • Received Date: 2020-06-24
  • Rev Recd Date: 2020-10-15
  • Available Online: 2021-01-12
  • Publish Date: 2021-04-01
  • Bamboo shoots are traditional forest vegetables in China and also large export agricultural products. Palatability is an important index to reflect the economic value, market potential, and quality of bamboo shoots. However, the basic research on the formation of bamboo shoot palatability and development of upgrading technology are relatively weak, which limits the development and application of bamboo shoot quality improvement technology to a certain extent. This paper reviews the main evaluation indicators for bamboo shoot palatability, summarizes the main research results, and puts forward prospects for future research. Current studies on bamboo shoot palatability mainly focus on the following aspects: the interspecific differences in bamboo shoot palatability, the effects of environmental factors on palatability, and the impact of management measures on palatability. The main conclusions are as follows: Sugar, acids, phenols, fibers and amino acids are the chief indicators for evaluating the palatability of bamboo shoots. The formation of palatability depends not only on genetic factors of bamboo species, but also on climate factors and soil texture. Bamboo shoot palatability can be improved by mulching cultivation, fertilization, regulation and control of stand structure, and selection of appropriate shooting time, but there are obvious differences among species in their effects. Future studies on bamboo shoot palatability should focus on such aspects as constructing comprehensive evaluation indicators and methods, exploring the effects of multi-factor interaction on the palatability, revealing the formation mechanism of palatability from the ecological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular aspects, selecting high-quality shoots with good palatability, high yield and strong ecological adaptability for large-scale cultivation, as well as developing the palatability improvement techniques from selection of cultivation environment, precise supplement of soil nutrients, environmental control of shoot bud germination, and treatment of bamboo shoot organs. [Ch, 66 ref.]
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    [15] LIU Li, LIN Xin-chun, YE Li-min.  Components of proteins in shoots of various cultivars of Phyllostachys praecox . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2001, 18(3): 271-273.
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    [17] QIU Yong-hua, SHAO Xiao-gen, ZHANG Fa-gen, HUA Wen-li, BAO Li-wen.  Analysis of physical behaviors and nutrition constituents of Phyllostachys hereroclada bamboo shoots . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 1999, 16(2): 200-202.
    [18] CHEN Long-an, YU Xue-jun, HAN Chun, XUAN Tao-tao, Li Zhong-ju.  Application of ABT growth regulator in dual purpose Phyllostachys pubescens plantation . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 1999, 16(2): 131-134.
    [19] Shen Yueqin, Cheng Yunhang, Xu Xiuying, Cai Xiping, Zhang Binsen.  Analysis prediction of market supply and demand for bamboo shoot products . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 1998, 15(4): 333-339.
    [20] Lu Zhimin, Wang Xianjia, He Chenguang..  A Preliminary Study on Phyllostachys atrovaginata Producing Highclass Bamboo Sprout and Bamboo Wood. . Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 1995, 12(1): 110-113.
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Review on the formation of bamboo shoot palatability and its main influencing factors

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20200400

Abstract: Bamboo shoots are traditional forest vegetables in China and also large export agricultural products. Palatability is an important index to reflect the economic value, market potential, and quality of bamboo shoots. However, the basic research on the formation of bamboo shoot palatability and development of upgrading technology are relatively weak, which limits the development and application of bamboo shoot quality improvement technology to a certain extent. This paper reviews the main evaluation indicators for bamboo shoot palatability, summarizes the main research results, and puts forward prospects for future research. Current studies on bamboo shoot palatability mainly focus on the following aspects: the interspecific differences in bamboo shoot palatability, the effects of environmental factors on palatability, and the impact of management measures on palatability. The main conclusions are as follows: Sugar, acids, phenols, fibers and amino acids are the chief indicators for evaluating the palatability of bamboo shoots. The formation of palatability depends not only on genetic factors of bamboo species, but also on climate factors and soil texture. Bamboo shoot palatability can be improved by mulching cultivation, fertilization, regulation and control of stand structure, and selection of appropriate shooting time, but there are obvious differences among species in their effects. Future studies on bamboo shoot palatability should focus on such aspects as constructing comprehensive evaluation indicators and methods, exploring the effects of multi-factor interaction on the palatability, revealing the formation mechanism of palatability from the ecological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular aspects, selecting high-quality shoots with good palatability, high yield and strong ecological adaptability for large-scale cultivation, as well as developing the palatability improvement techniques from selection of cultivation environment, precise supplement of soil nutrients, environmental control of shoot bud germination, and treatment of bamboo shoot organs. [Ch, 66 ref.]

XU Sen, YANG Liting, CHEN Shuanglin, GUO Ziwu, GU Rui, ZHANG Chao. Review on the formation of bamboo shoot palatability and its main influencing factors[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2021, 38(2): 403-411. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20200400
Citation: XU Sen, YANG Liting, CHEN Shuanglin, GUO Ziwu, GU Rui, ZHANG Chao. Review on the formation of bamboo shoot palatability and its main influencing factors[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2021, 38(2): 403-411. doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20200400
  • 竹子为禾本科Gramineae竹亚科Bambusoideae多年生常绿植物。中国有竹子39属500多种,竹林面积641.16万hm2,资源十分丰富[1]。竹笋是竹林的重要产出,是中国传统森林蔬菜,深受国内外消费者青睐,也是中国大宗出口农产品,竹笋业已成为区域农村社会经济发展的支柱产业和农民增收致富的重要途径[2]。随着国内外市场对高品质竹笋需求量的日益增长,竹笋适口性已成为影响竹笋市场竞争力,制约竹笋经济价值的重要因素,提高或维持竹笋适口性是竹林经营的重要目标之一,也是提高竹林经济效益的重要途径。竹笋品质一直是竹子生物学生态学和竹林培育学的重要研究内容,国内外科技工作者开展了较多的相关研究,发现影响竹笋品质因素复杂众多,包括竹种[3-6]、地理[7-9]、气候[10-11]、土壤[12-14]、施肥[15-17]等,研究主要集中在竹笋外观品质和营养品质方面,而针对竹笋适口性的研究较为薄弱,一定程度上限制了竹笋品质改良技术研发及生产应用。为此,本研究综述了竹笋适口性评价的主要指标,竹笋适口性的种间差异、环境效应以及人工经营干扰影响等,并提出了今后竹笋适口性研究方向,旨在为高品质竹笋形成基础与改良技术研究和生产应用提供参考。

  • 竹笋适口性包括甜味、酸味、苦味、涩味、鲜味、芳香味、粗糙度等。竹笋不同的适口性(风味)是由其内在的生理代谢产物种类及其含量等所决定的。糖、酸、酚类、纤维类以及氨基酸类物质与竹笋适口性关系密切[18-20]。竹笋中糖、酸类物质主要有可溶性糖、草酸和总酸等,其含量和糖酸比例是影响竹笋甜酸风味的主要因素[21-22],而纤维素和木质素会影响竹笋的粗糙度。研究表明:高节竹Phyllostachys prominens[23]可溶性糖含量丰富,糖酸比较低,竹笋甜度较高;花哺鸡竹Phyllostachys glabrata笋粗纤维含量较高,适口性较白哺鸡竹Phyllostachys dulcis[3]。单宁、总黄酮以及部分呈味氨基酸是竹笋中苦涩味的主要来源[24-25],其中,总黄酮是糖苷类苦味物质的主要种类[25],而单宁通过与口腔中的唾液蛋白结合产生沉淀,引起口腔的收敛感和干燥感,进而产生苦涩味[26]。竹笋呈味氨基酸复杂,包括鲜味(天冬氨酸和谷氨酸)、苦味(缬氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、酪氨酸、苯丙氨酸、色氨酸)、芳香类(苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸)和甜味氨基酸(甘氨酸、苏氨酸、丙氨酸、脯氨酸、丝氨酸)等,对竹笋风味有重要影响。研究发现:单宁和苦味氨基酸是竹笋产生苦涩味的主要因素[27-30];高节竹覆土控鞭栽培后,竹笋呈味氨基酸组分发生明显变化,竹笋苦涩味明显减轻[29];海拔梯度变化也会引起苦竹Pleioblastus amarus笋呈味氨基酸组分的变化,从而影响竹笋的适口性[22]。因此,可以用可溶性糖、草酸、总酸、纤维素、木质素、单宁、总黄酮以及游离氨基酸等指标来综合评价竹笋适口性。

  • 中国自然分布的很多竹种的竹笋均可食用,但目前中国主栽的笋用竹种仅20余种,主要是受长期以来人们对竹笋适口性的接受程度的影响。金佛山方竹Chimonobambusa utilis[31]粗纤维含量低,鲜味氨基酸含量丰富,竹笋味美脆嫩,具有特殊的清香味,是西南地区重要的特色笋用竹种,经济开发潜力巨大。黄甜竹Acidosasa edulis[32]可溶性糖含量高,竹笋味道甜美、口感香脆,而且竹笋产量高,深受福建、浙江等分布区群众的喜爱。苦竹笋虽单宁含量较高,竹笋味道甘苦,但苦度适中、回味甘美,清凉解毒,独特风味使其成为福建等主要产区群众夏季喜爱的森林蔬菜[33]。而马甲竹Bambusa teres笋由于单宁和纤维素含量高,竹笋苦味重,风味差,不宜作为笋用竹种[34-35]。同为刚竹属Phyllostachys的毛竹Phyllostachys edulis和高节竹鞭笋适口性差异明显,高节竹鞭笋纤维素、木质素、单宁、草酸和总酸含量均显著低于毛竹鞭笋,而鲜味、甜味和芳香类氨基酸比例均显著高于毛竹,二者比较,高节竹鞭笋甜味较高、苦涩味和粗糙度较低,适口性更好[36]。杨校生等[34]对17种丛生竹笋进行感官评价发现,版纳甜龙竹Dendrocalamus hamiltonii、麻竹Dendrocalamus latiflorus笋具有明显甜味,而马甲竹笋具有明显的苦味,并且同一竹种不同无性系的竹笋适口性差异也较大,勃氏甜龙竹Dendrocalamus brandisii笋1和3号具有苦味,勃氏2、4和6号呈甜味,勃氏5号甜苦味适中。可见,竹笋适口性存在种间差异,主要取决于竹子自身的遗传特性,在生产中可以筛选竹笋适口性佳或具特色的竹种进行规模化栽培。

  • 光照是植物生长发育的基础,植物可通过光受体接受光照的光强、光质等信号调节植物次生代谢过程,进而对植物酚类物质和氨基酸等产生影响,从而影响植物品质[37]。研究发现:遮光处理可以明显减少竹笋酚类合成的前体物质含量,进而影响竹笋次生代谢过程中酚类物质的累积量;光照对麻竹笋酚类物质含量有明显影响,遮光可以显著降低麻竹笋单宁和类黄酮含量,提高适口性[38-39];对高节竹[40]、毛竹[41]刚出土竹笋进行套袋处理,竹笋中单宁、苦味氨基酸和粗纤维等均明显减少,竹笋苦涩味和粗糙度降低。分析认为光照对竹笋适口性的影响一方面主要受风味物质合成酶的调控,如无色花色素还原酶(LAR)基因的高表达可以促进缩合单宁的合成[42],LAR基因表达受到光因素的诱导调控,避光条件下能够降低竹笋中LAR及其相关酶活性,从而导致竹笋中单宁含量显著低于自然生长的竹笋[43];另一方面也受植物纤维素和木质素合成途径中的关键酶纤维素酶和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)等的影响,降低光照强度可以使纤维素酶和PAL活性维持在较低水平上,抑制竹笋纤维类物质的合成[44]。所以在生产中可以利用套袋、遮光等措施对刚出土竹笋进行避光处理以提高竹笋适口性,生产高品质竹笋。

  • 土壤养分胁迫会影响植物次生代谢过程,改变植物体内次生代谢产物的积累量,但不同土壤养分因子对植物次生代谢过程影响不同,对植物品质的影响也存在差异。氮素是影响竹笋中糖类物质和游离氨基酸合成的主要因素,高氮促进竹笋氨基酸、抑制糖类物质的合成,而在低氮条件下,土壤氮含量增加对竹笋糖类物质合成有促进作用[45];也有研究认为,不同形态氮素对慈竹Bambusa emeiensis笋可溶性糖含量影响存在明显差异,铵态氮可以提高母竹光合效率,为竹笋提高更多的碳水化合物,显著增加竹笋可溶性糖含量,而硝态氮对竹笋可溶性糖含量影响并不明显[46];土壤中速效磷浓度与厚竹Phyllostachys edulis ‘Pachyloen’笋中单宁含量呈正相关关系[10],这与单宁、黄酮等酚类物质由莽草酸代谢途径合成,磷酸(Pi)、腺苷三磷酸(ATP)和辅酶A(CoA)是该途径中的重要组成部分,土壤速效磷含量增加能够促进Pi、ATP和CoA的合成[47],从而提高了竹笋单宁和黄酮等酚类物质的含量密切相关。而且厚竹笋单宁含量与土壤锌含量呈极显著正相关,与土壤钙含量呈极显著负相关,粗纤维含量与土壤有机质和铜含量均呈显著负相关[48]。土壤pH与竹笋品质也有直接关系,土壤pH与绿竹Dendrocalamopsis oldhami笋可溶性糖含量呈显著正相关,与粗纤维含量呈显著负相关[49],这与土壤pH直接影响土壤养分的有效性,决定土壤中多种养分元素的形态与溶解性等密切相关。上述研究结果均说明土壤性状对竹笋适口性的重要影响,为此,在生产中可以通过调控笋用竹林土壤养分、pH等物理、化学和生物性状来提高竹笋适口性,实现高品质竹笋精准培育。

  • 海拔是一个综合性的环境因子,海拔高度的变化通常引起温度、湿度、光照和土壤质地等环境因素的变化,影响植物的生长发育、生理代谢和光合产物的积累,进而影响植物的适口性[50-51]。研究表明,海拔对竹笋适口性的影响存在种间差异,不同海拔梯度缺苞箭竹Fargesia denudata[52]和合江方竹Chimonobambusa hejiangensis[53]笋纤维类物质含量无明显变化,可见海拔对两者竹笋粗糙度没有明显影响。但海拔对厚竹[10]笋粗纤维含量有显著影响,高海拔适宜的低温条件可使竹笋维持幼嫩状态,而低海拔高温条件促进竹笋结构性碳水化合物合成,增加竹笋粗纤维含量,使高海拔厚竹笋粗纤维含量显著低于其他海拔。海拔梯度引起竹林土壤含水量的差异性变化,土壤含水量与竹笋可溶性糖含量呈显著负相关,在土壤水分含量较高时,植物可以通过减少可溶性糖含量来维持细胞水分平衡[23]。海拔梯度变化引起的温度、光强和光质的变化会影响竹笋氨基酸、单宁和草酸等的合成[25]。海拔梯度对高节竹笋可溶性糖、单宁、草酸含量和苦味氨基酸比例有明显影响,高海拔竹笋可溶性糖含量显著低于低海拔,而单宁、草酸含量和苦味氨基酸比例显著高于低海拔,海拔对高节竹笋苦涩味有一定的影响[10];海拔梯度与苦竹笋草酸和总酸等酸类物质呈显著正相关,高海拔苦竹笋通过积累较多的酸类物质,组织渗透能力提高,抵御低温、风害等环境胁迫能力增强,从而影响竹笋适口性[22]。说明可以利用海拔梯度间的环境差异,根据不同笋用竹种竹笋适口性的海拔梯度效应,选择适于提高竹笋适口性的海拔梯度。

  • 覆土栽培是通过降温、保湿以及避光等促进笋芽分化、提高竹笋品质的经营手段[54],该技术已在高节竹、毛竹等竹林中规模化推广应用,效果显著。覆土栽培后竹子鞭系生长区域温度相对较低,土壤含水量大,笋芽处于“暗形态建成”状态,进而影响竹笋碳氮代谢。有研究表明:覆土栽培可明显降低高节竹笋草酸、单宁、纤维素和木质素含量,促进竹笋可溶性糖含量和糖酸比提高,改善竹笋酸涩味和粗糙度[29]。由于竹子自身遗传因素和对土壤养分需求的差异,覆土栽培对竹笋呈味氨基酸含量及其比例的影响存在一定的差异。覆土栽培下麻竹笋鲜味、苦味和芳香味氨基酸比例下降,甜味氨基酸比例显著提高[55],而绿竹笋各类氨基酸含量和鲜味、甜味氨基酸比例均显著提高,苦味氨基酸比例显著下降[56];覆土栽培高节竹笋鲜味、甜味和和芳香类氨基酸比例提高,苦味氨基酸比例降低,并且覆土栽培1 a的竹笋苦涩味降低和香味、甜味提高的幅度明显高于覆土栽培2 a的高节竹笋[30]。也有研究表明:竹笋适口性存在明显的覆土厚度效应,覆土厚度10 cm的绿竹笋可溶性糖含量最高,粗纤维含量最低,竹笋更加甘甜、脆嫩[57-58]。综上所述,覆土栽培可以提高竹笋鲜味和甜味,降低竹笋粗糙度和苦涩味,明显改善竹笋适口性,但不同笋用竹种应选择适宜的覆土厚度和覆土时间等。

  • 施肥是一种常用的竹林经营措施,不仅可以保障竹子正常的生长发育,促进发笋壮竹,提高竹林产量,同时也对竹笋适口性产生重要影响。研究表明:施用有机肥后,合江方竹笋木质素和纤维素含量显著降低,可溶性糖和鲜味、甜味氨基酸含量明显升高,竹笋适口性改善[13];而毛竹林施用有机肥有利于竹笋氨基酸、草酸、粗纤维和单宁的累积,竹笋苦涩味和粗糙度明显升高[16];化肥与有机肥混施有利于雷竹Phyllostachys violascens ‘Prevernalis’笋糖分的积累,而单纯施用化肥特别是大量施肥不利于雷竹笋糖分的积累[59]。说明施肥对竹笋适口性的影响复杂,可能存在竹种间差异,需深入研究。此外,不同肥料施肥处理对竹笋适口性的影响效果不同。研究发现:施用有机肥的绿竹笋可溶性糖含量显著高于施用化肥和未施肥处理的绿竹笋,施用化肥的竹笋纤维素含量显著高于施用有机肥和未施肥处理的竹笋,而施用化肥和有机肥的竹笋单宁含量均显著低于未施肥处理[60]。说明由于竹种遗传特性不同,同种肥料对不同竹种竹笋适口性的影响也存在差异。PAL和4-香豆酸辅酶A连接酶(4CL)是植物木质素合成的关键酶[61],施用高水平豆粕有机肥、竹笋专用肥均可使绿竹笋PAL、4CL酶活性下降,促使竹笋木质素含量下降,提高竹笋适口性[13]

    施肥时间和施肥量也会对竹笋适口性产生影响。施肥时间对毛竹笋单宁和糖类物质含量影响显著,1、3月各施肥1次,竹笋单宁和糖类物质含量明显高于1月单次施肥和3月单次施肥[62]。随着施肥量的增加,苦竹笋可溶性糖含量递减,粗纤维含量递增,施肥总量为1 200 kg·hm−2时,可溶性糖含量较高,粗纤维含量较低,竹笋适口性较好[63]。因此,不同竹种需选择适宜的肥料种类在适宜的时间进行适量施肥,以提高竹笋的适口性。

  • 合理的林分结构可以促进林分良好更新,实现林分的可持续经营。竹林结构是竹笋产量形成的基础,对竹笋适口性也有一定的影响,其中,立竹年龄结构和立竹密度是竹林结构的关键因子。研究表明:立竹年龄结构为1年生∶2~3年生=2∶1的绿竹丛的竹笋可溶性糖含量较高,单宁含量较低,随丛立竹密度的增加,竹笋单宁含量呈现升高趋势[60]。因此,为保障竹笋良好的适口性,应对竹林实施季节性留笋养竹和伐竹,合理调控竹林立竹年龄结构和立竹密度。

  • 竹笋出土后化学成分的变化是一个动态的过程[64],因此竹笋适口性存在明显的时序变化。PAL酶活性与竹笋纤维素和木质素含量呈显著正相关,麻竹笋出土后PAL酶活性逐渐增大,竹笋粗糙度提高[65]。时俊帅等[24]研究发现:出土2 d后高节竹笋单宁、草酸和总黄酮含量显著高于刚出土竹笋,随着生长时间的延长,竹笋适口性明显降低。杨奕等[66]研究表明:筇竹Chimonobambusa tumidissinoda笋生长过程中,甜味氨基酸比例逐渐降低,苦味、鲜味和芳香类氨基酸比例逐渐升高,出土10~20 cm的筇竹笋营养品质和口感较好。可见,笋芽萌发出土后生长时间对竹笋适口性有重要影响,选择适宜的采笋时间是提高竹笋适口性的重要措施。

  • 生产中竹笋适口性目前主要通过感官进行评价,判别准确性受到限制。需结合感观评价方法,筛选影响竹笋适口性的重要生理指标或主要呈味物质,建立科学的快速的可操作性强的竹笋适口性指标调查测定方法,构建竹笋适口性综合评价体系,并将适口性作为竹笋品质的重要组成部分编制行业标准、国家标准。

  • 现有的竹笋适口性研究多集中于单一环境因素,或海拔、区域等之间的比较,涉及的环境因子较少,缺少温度、水分、养分等多因素综合影响的研究,尤其在竹笋适口性形成机制上研究薄弱,严重制约竹笋适口性改良技术研发。应开展多竹种多区域多环境因素的相关性研究,探究多因素互作对竹笋适口性的影响,摸清竹笋主要呈味物质的代谢途径,从生态、生理、生化、分子等多学科层面揭示竹笋适口性形成机制。

  • 竹笋适口性主要取决于竹子自身遗传因素,存在种间差异。中国竹种资源丰富,分布区域广,可以以建立地方特色竹笋业为目标,筛选竹笋适口性好、产量高、生态适应性强的优良笋用竹种。竹笋适口性受多种环境因素的综合影响,从环境选择(海拔、坡向等)、林分结构调控、土壤养分精准补充、笋芽萌发环境(光照、湿度等)控制、影响呈味物质次生代谢的竹笋器官(如箨叶)处理等途径研发竹笋适口性改良技术,并实现规模化生产应用。

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