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微塑料(MPs)是指环境中粒径小于5 mm的塑料(包括碎片、纤维、颗粒、发泡、薄膜等)[1]。初级微塑料(生产于化妆品和各种工业)和次级微塑料(各种大塑料分解破碎产生)均普遍存在[2]。近年来,农田生态系统中的微塑料污染及其生态效应问题引起了全世界的广泛关注[3-4]。全球每年土壤中输入的微塑料数量远超海洋,陆地生态系统中微塑料的输入量是海洋输入量的4~23倍[5],而农田土壤输入的微塑料更多[6]。据估计,欧洲和北美洲每年通过污泥输入到农田土壤中的微塑料分别高达63 000~430 000和44 000~300 000 t·a−1[7]。ZHANG等[8]从中国云南地区的50个农田土壤样品中提取塑料颗粒(10.00~0.05 mm),塑料颗粒的丰度为7 100~42 960个·kg−1,95%的塑料颗粒粒径为1.00~0.05 mm。对杭州湾周边设施农田土壤中的微塑料调查发现:覆膜农田土壤中微塑料达20~1 560个·kg−1,包括聚乙烯薄膜、聚丙烯碎片和聚酯纤维类等[9]。土壤中微塑料来源复杂、积累量大。塑料地膜覆盖是一种全球性农业技术,它在保温、保水、保肥及土壤改良中具有很好的效果[10]。HE等[11]调查发现:上海郊区20个菜地和农田土壤中微塑料丰度分别为(78.00±12.91)和(62.50±12.97)个·kg−1,大多数微塑料为聚丙烯(50.51%)和聚乙烯(43.43%),表明土壤微塑料污染主要来源于农田地膜。近年来,全球的塑料薄膜覆盖面积迅速增加,中国是使用塑料地膜的主要国家之一,2006年,中国的塑料地膜使用面积已占全球地膜覆盖率的80%,每年近70万t低密度聚乙烯地膜投入使用[12],但农田地膜回收率却不足60%[13]。对杭州湾周边农田土壤的调查发现:设施农田土壤中微塑料的平均丰度是一般农田土壤的2倍以上[14]。除了农用地膜残留导致土壤微塑料污染外,污泥农用、大气沉降也是农田土壤中微塑料的重要来源。污泥中含有大量的合成纤维微塑料,可达1 000~4 000个·kg−1[15];根据中国污泥总产量,预计通过污泥进入土壤的微塑料可达1.56×1014个·a−1[16]。而大气中微塑料的沉降通量可达1.46×105个·m−2·a−1, 其中纤维类占95%[17]。但微塑料进入土壤后的生态效应研究目前还相对较少[18]。本研究对微塑料相关研究进行系统梳理,综合分析微塑料进入土壤后对物理环境、土壤微生物或酶、土壤动植物等的影响,探讨微塑料污染对土壤生态系统的综合效应,并为系统开展土壤微塑料的生态风险评估提出科学展望。
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