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干旱作为植物重要的非生物胁迫之一,是全球面临的重大环境问题,严重影响植物的生长、发育和生存[1]。植物会通过形态、生理生化、光合作用及分子水平等层次的响应抵御干旱胁迫[2−9]。植物受干旱胁迫伤害时,脂膜过氧化导致丙二醛(MDA)积累,使蛋白质和核酸变性,导致膜流动性降低,膜透性增强,因此MDA的多少可衡量植物细胞受伤害的程度[10];活性氧保护酶过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)协同作用可有效清除植物体内过多的自由基,从而维持植物体内活性氧代谢系统的平衡[11−12];植物还会积累可溶性糖等渗透调节物质以提高细胞保水能力,从而维持细胞的正常生理过程来响应干旱胁迫[13−15];干旱胁迫还能破坏植物水分代谢,导致叶绿素分解,影响光能电子传递和转换、光合磷酸化及暗反应等过程,使植物光合速率下降,严重时还可导致叶绿体光合机构的破坏,对植物体造成不可逆影响。叶绿素荧光参数对干旱胁迫的响应非常灵敏,可作为监测光合作用过程中光能的吸收、传递、耗散和分配的指标,判断植物干旱胁迫的程度;董斌等[16]利用叶绿素荧光检测油茶Camellia oleifera的干旱抗性,选育出抗干旱的油茶品种。
植物根系利用细胞水势低于土壤水势的原理进行吸水,聚乙二醇6000(PEG 6000)可降低溶液水势,根系不易从周围吸收水分,从而造成干旱胁迫[17]。已有学者[18−19]利用不同质量分数PEG 6000模拟不同程度的干旱胁迫对小麦Triticum aestvum和玉米Zea mays的影响。铁皮石斛Dendrobium candidum是兰科Orchidaceae多年生草本植物,兼具很高的药用和观赏价值,分布于中国安徽、浙江、福建等地[20−21]。目前,已将铁皮石斛野生资源成功进行驯化和人工移栽,实现了铁皮石斛的大面积规模化产业种植和近野生栽培,不仅提高了铁皮石斛的经济价值,还推动中国中药材产业的可持续发展[22]。在铁皮石斛产业化种植和近野生栽培过程中,水分是一个重要的限制性生态因子,因缺水引起的干旱严重影响铁皮石斛的产量和品质,因此了解干旱胁迫下铁皮石斛生理生化和叶绿素荧光参数的变化特征,对研究铁皮石斛耐干旱机制及铁皮石斛的近野生栽培意义重大。近年来,已有关于干旱对铁皮石斛的生长和生理特性变化的报道。阮凌暄等[23]研究发现:随着PEG 6000模拟干旱胁迫时间的延长和胁迫强度的增加,3年生盆栽铁皮石斛叶片活性氧积累呈上升趋势,保护酶POD和SOD活性先增加后降低,第8天时达到最大值,叶片叶绿素最大荧光(Fm)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和光化学猝灭系数(qp)逐渐降低,光反应能力降低。吕朝燕等[24]研究指出:3年生盆栽铁皮石斛叶片净光合速率和气孔导度随干旱胁迫时间的延长呈先升高后降低的趋势,而胞间二氧化碳 (CO2)摩尔分数和蒸腾速率则相反,呈先降低再升高的趋势,认为铁皮石斛为干旱避免型植物。为进一步探讨铁皮石斛抵抗干旱胁迫的生理特性,本研究拟通过不同质量分数PEG 6000模拟干旱胁迫,对铁皮石斛幼苗MDA、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白、POD、CAT等生理生化指标和叶绿素质量分数、叶绿素荧光参数等进行分析,探讨铁皮石斛幼苗抗旱的生理和叶绿素荧光特性,以期为铁皮石斛的品种选育及产业化栽培和近野生栽培技术的建立提供参考。
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