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WANG Pengbo, JING Jin, ZHAO Lu, et al. Differentiation of plant community characteristics in undegraded alpine grasslands under enclosure and grazing treatments[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2026, 43(X): 1−10 doi:  10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20260181
Citation: WANG Pengbo, JING Jin, ZHAO Lu, et al. Differentiation of plant community characteristics in undegraded alpine grasslands under enclosure and grazing treatments[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2026, 43(X): 1−10 doi:  10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20260181

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Differentiation of plant community characteristics in undegraded alpine grasslands under enclosure and grazing treatments

DOI: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20260181
  • Received Date: 2026-03-02
  • Accepted Date: 2026-05-18
  • Rev Recd Date: 2026-05-12
  •   Objective  The objective is to explore a scientific and reasonable grassland management model to maintain the stability of grassland ecosystem structure and function.   Method  A comparative experiment involving long-term enclosure and moderate grazing was conducted to investigate the effects of the two management practices on grassland plant community structure, species diversity, and productivity in an alpine grassland on the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.   Result  (1) Compared with grazing, long-term enclosure significantly reduced overall plant diversity of grassland communities (P< 0.05), with the most significant declines observed in the species richness of legumes, sedges, and forbs. (2) Enclosure did not significantly alter total aboveground biomass, but it significantly shifted biomass allocation among functional groups, significantly promoting biomass accumulation in legumes and forbs (P<0.05). Additionally, enclosure led to substantial litter accumulation (about 5.5 times that of grazed grasslands). (3) Long-term enclosure significantly reduced species evenness compared with moderate grazing (P<0.001), resulting in a significant differentiation in plant community structure and function.   Conclusion  Long-term enclosure drives grassland plant communities toward high productivity characterized by increased biomass and litter accumulation, while grazing is beneficial for the maintenance of a high level of species diversity. For non-degraded alpine grasslands, moderate grazing is more conducive to maintaining species diversity and stabilizing ecosystem functions. [Ch, 6 fig. 1 tab. 54 ref.]
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Differentiation of plant community characteristics in undegraded alpine grasslands under enclosure and grazing treatments

doi: 10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20260181

Abstract:   Objective  The objective is to explore a scientific and reasonable grassland management model to maintain the stability of grassland ecosystem structure and function.   Method  A comparative experiment involving long-term enclosure and moderate grazing was conducted to investigate the effects of the two management practices on grassland plant community structure, species diversity, and productivity in an alpine grassland on the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.   Result  (1) Compared with grazing, long-term enclosure significantly reduced overall plant diversity of grassland communities (P< 0.05), with the most significant declines observed in the species richness of legumes, sedges, and forbs. (2) Enclosure did not significantly alter total aboveground biomass, but it significantly shifted biomass allocation among functional groups, significantly promoting biomass accumulation in legumes and forbs (P<0.05). Additionally, enclosure led to substantial litter accumulation (about 5.5 times that of grazed grasslands). (3) Long-term enclosure significantly reduced species evenness compared with moderate grazing (P<0.001), resulting in a significant differentiation in plant community structure and function.   Conclusion  Long-term enclosure drives grassland plant communities toward high productivity characterized by increased biomass and litter accumulation, while grazing is beneficial for the maintenance of a high level of species diversity. For non-degraded alpine grasslands, moderate grazing is more conducive to maintaining species diversity and stabilizing ecosystem functions. [Ch, 6 fig. 1 tab. 54 ref.]

WANG Pengbo, JING Jin, ZHAO Lu, et al. Differentiation of plant community characteristics in undegraded alpine grasslands under enclosure and grazing treatments[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2026, 43(X): 1−10 doi:  10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20260181
Citation: WANG Pengbo, JING Jin, ZHAO Lu, et al. Differentiation of plant community characteristics in undegraded alpine grasslands under enclosure and grazing treatments[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University, 2026, 43(X): 1−10 doi:  10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20260181
  • 草地作为陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,不仅为人类提供了具有直接经济价值的产品,更在调节气候、涵养水源、维持生物多样性与促进碳固存等方面发挥着重要的生态功能[12]。合理的草地管理与利用能够有效提升草地生产力,同时维持草地生态系统功能的稳定[3];反之,不合理利用或干扰则会破坏生态系统平衡,进而导致草地退化[4]。草地退化不仅会直接降低其生物多样性水平,更会危及到区域生态安全和草地畜牧业的可持续发展[57]。因此,根据草地类型及健康状况,探索合理的管理与利用措施,对于维持草地生态系统稳定具有重要的科学与实践意义。

    物种多样性和生产力作为草地生态系统结构和功能的重要指标[8],其变化深刻影响着草地生态系统的稳定性与服务能力[9]。围封和放牧作为常见的草地管理与利用方式,对草地生态系统的影响具有双重性[1011]。研究表明:放牧干扰或围封主要通过影响草地生产力和物种多样性水平,进而影响草地生态系统结构与功能的稳定[3, 12]。适度放牧可促进草地植物再生,提高草地生产力,同时有利于维持物种多样性水平[13];但是,过度放牧则会导致草地裸露、生产力下降以及物种多样性丧失[1415]。同样,对于退化草地,合理围封有助于改善土壤质量,提高植被覆盖度、物种多样性和生产力[1618]。然而,对草地进行不合理围封,则会导致一系列生产和生态问题,例如草地植物多样性降低,土壤碳氮储量减少,凋落物过度积累,影响植物群落更新[1921]

    目前,关于围封和放牧对草地生态系统影响的研究,大多聚焦于单一管理措施对草地群落结构和功能的影响。例如,围封对于遏制草地退化、促进植被恢复的作用[22],不同围封年限对草地生态系统各指标动态变化的影响[23],以及不同放牧压力梯度下,草地植被组成、物种多样性水平及生产力的变化规律等[24]。关于长期围封与适度放牧如何影响未退化高寒草地的群落结构与功能,仍缺乏充分研究。本研究以青藏高原东缘未退化的高寒草地为研究对象,通过长期围封与自由放牧的对比试验,比较了2种草地管理模式对草地植物群落特征和生产力的影响,旨在探究2种草地管理模式下,草地植物生产力和物种多样性水平是否存在显著差异,是否会导致同一草地群落结构产生分异等科学问题。

    • 研究区位于祁连山国家公园东缘天祝藏族自治县甘肃农业大学高山草原生态实验站,海拔为2 960 m。该区域年均气温约为 −1.0 ℃,≥0 ℃的年积温约为1 380 ℃;年平均降水量约为416.0 mm,且主要集中在每年的7—9月,年均蒸发量高达1 592.0 mm,属于典型的高原大陆性季风气候。该地区无明显绝对无霜期,仅分冷、热两季,植物生长期约120~140 d [25]。土壤类型为亚高山草甸土,植被类型为高寒草甸,主要草种有垂穗披碱草Elymus nutans、矮嵩草Kobresia humilis、洽草Koeleria cristata、针茅Stipa krylovii、珠芽蓼Polygonum viviparum和球花蒿Artemisia smithii[26]

    • 为探究长期围封与适度放牧2种管理模式对未退化高寒草地群落的影响,本研究选取植被生长状况一致良好的未退化草地。自2015年起,将其划分为2个处理区域:一半实施长期围封,另一半根据国家行业标准 NY/T 3647—2020《草食家畜羊单位换算》[27],全年进行适度放牧(研究区域总面积约17 hm2,划定围封区域面积约3 hm2)。围封处理区域,草地植被保持自然生长状态,无任何人为活动干扰。为统一采样条件,数据采集当年,放牧区草地暂停放牧活动。2025年8月初,将围封草地和放牧草地分别等面积划分为4个小区,于各小区中心位置设置1个50 cm×50 cm的样方(试验布设样方的局部草地面积约0.01 hm2)。调查记录每个样方内所有植物种类,并采用针刺法测定样方总盖度及各物种盖度。此外,在各样方内齐地面剪割地上植物部分,并收集样方内全部凋落物,分别装袋带回实验室,置于60 ℃烘箱内连续烘烤48 h至恒量后称量,以此作为地上生物量与凋落物量的评价指标。

    • 物种重要值是综合评价草地群落物种优势地位的指标,计算公式为[3]:重要值=(相对多度+相对盖度+相对地上生物量)/3,其中,相对多度指某个物种的个体数与样方内所有物种个体数的比值,相对盖度指某物种盖度与样方总盖度的比值,相对地上生物量指某物种地上生物量与样方总地上生物量的比值。

      用物种等级-多度关系(rank-abundance distribution, RAD)分析围封与放牧草地的群落结构与物种分布均匀度。物种等级指将群落内所有物种按相对多度由高到低排序后的位次;多度采用相对多度(M)表示,即某一物种个体数占群落总个体数的比值[28]。以物种等级为横坐标、log10M为纵坐标进行线性回归;回归斜率用于衡量物种分布均匀度,斜率绝对值越小,物种分布越均匀;斜率绝对值越大,物种分布均匀度越低。

      草地群落物种多样性特征选取Margalef丰富度指数(S)、Simpson多样性指数(D)、Shannon-Weiner多样性指数(H)及物种丰富度指数(R)表征 [2930]

    • 2种处理的物种重要值、物种多样性和生物量指标的差异显著性采用独立样本t检验(independent samples t-test)分析。物种等级-多度线性回归方程及斜率比较分别采用R软件中的lm()和anova()函数进行分析。群落结构的差异采用R软件中主成分分析(PCA,vegan包中的rda()函数)。所有数据分析及绘图均在R 4.5.1软件中进行。

    • 草地群落总的植物物种组成以及各功能群的物种组成在围封和放牧处理下均存在差异(表1)。围封草地共有植物12种,赖草Leymus secalinus、垂穗披碱草Elymus nutans等7种植物的重要值高于20.00%;放牧草地共有植物20种,重要值超过20.00%的植物有8种。围封草地和放牧草地共有物种为10种,除青藏薹草Carex moorcroftii外,羊茅Festuca ovina、青海仲彬草Kengyilia kokonorica等9种植物的重要值均在围封草地中较高。其中,围封草地紫花针茅的重要值极显著高于放牧草地(P<0.01),围封草地为37.33%,放牧草地为10.70%;围封草地青海苜蓿的重要值显著高于放牧草地(P<0.05),围封草地为50.73%,比放牧草地高12.90%。赖草的重要值在围封草地与放牧草地均居首位,分别为60.45%与54.33%,围封草地特有物种仅有2种,且均属于杂类草功能群;放牧草地则高达10种,在4个功能群中均有分布。

      功能群 物种 重要值/% 功能群 物种
      重要值/%
      围封草地 放牧草地 围封草地 放牧草地
      禾本科 赖草 60.45±2.36 54.33±5.25 杂类草 蒲公英 36.95±0.90 19.18±6.39
      垂穗披碱草 39.35±1.40 36.25±1.66 球花蒿 4.25±4.25 2.13±2.13
      羊茅 20.23±6.81 9.18±5.33 茵陈蒿 8.63±4.98
      青海仲彬草 21.10±7.16 12.58±7.26 麻花艽 9.38±5.41 2.15±2.15
      紫花针茅 37.33±1.44** 10.70±6.34 高山唐松草 2.28±2.28
      冰草 25.45±10.35 棉毛茛 34.33±0.18
      42.00±2.61 平车前 2.50±2.50
      草地早熟禾 3.28±3.28 翻白委陵菜 19.73±6.59
      豆科 青海苜蓿 50.73±2.91* 37.83±1.59 高山韭 2.28±2.28
      黄花棘豆 34.03±0.09 鳞茎堇菜 18.93±6.31
      莎草科 青藏薹草 19.75±6.59 24.48±8.44
      矮生嵩草 37.70±0.48
        说明:数据为平均值±标准误。−.样地内不存在的物种。*表示与放牧草地间存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。**表示与放牧草地间差异极显著(P<0.01)。禾本科Poaceae;豆科Fabaceae;莎草科Cyperaceae。冰草Agropyron cristatumKoeleria macrantha;草地早熟禾Poa pratensis;黄花棘豆Oxytropis ochrocephala;矮生嵩草Carex alatauensis;蒲公英Taraxacum mongolicum;球花蒿Artemisia smithii;茵陈蒿A. capillaris;麻花艽Gentiana straminea;高山唐松草Thalictrum alpinum;棉毛茛Ranunculus membranaceus;平车前Plantago depressa;翻白委陵菜Potentilla discolor;高山韭Allium sikkimense;鳞茎堇菜Viola bulbosa;紫花针茅Stipa purpurea;青海苜蓿Medicago archiducisnicolai

      Table 1.  Difference of plant species composition and its important value between fencing and grazing grassland in grassland community

    • 图1可知:围封对草地群落总的植物物种多样性存在显著影响。放牧草地的Margalef指数为2.21,显著高于围封草地的1.42 (P<0.05);围封草地和放牧草地的物种丰富度也存在显著差异(P<0.05),围封草地有8.75种,比放牧草地少5.00种。围封草地的Shannon-Wiener指数和Simpson指数分别为1.44和0.25,放牧草地分别为1.72和0.28,差异不显著。

      Figure 1.  Difference of species diversity index in grassland community between fencing and grazing grassland

      各功能群的物种丰富度对于2种处理的响应存在差异(图2)。其中,禾本科的物种丰富度在围封草地和放牧草地差异不显著,在围封草地有4.50种,比放牧草地少1.00种;豆科植物的物种丰富度在围封草地和放牧草地具有极显著差异(P<0.001),在围封草地为1种,在放牧草地为2种;放牧草地莎草科和杂类草的物种丰富度均显著高于围封草地(P<0.05),在放牧草地分别为1.75和4.50种,在围封草地分别为0.75和2.25种。

      Figure 2.  Difference of species richness of each functional group in grassland community between fencing and grazing grassland

    • 总体来看,草地群落总地上生物量在围封草地和放牧草地未表现出显著差异(P=0.84),围封草地的地上生物量干质量为468.91 g·m2,放牧草地为483.18 g·m2;但凋落物干质量在围封草地和放牧草地存在显著差异(P=0.04),围封草地凋落物干质量为434.82 g·m2,约为放牧草地的5.5倍(图3)。

      Figure 3.  Difference of aboveground biomass and litter dry weight of grassland community between fencing and grazing grassland

      图4可知:各功能群的地上生物量在围封草地和放牧草地表现出不同的结果。禾本科的地上生物量是总地上生物量的主要部分,但其在围封草地和放牧草地不存在显著差异(P=0.85),围封草地为397.51 g·m2,占围封草地总地上生物量的84.77%,放牧草地为414.26 g·m2,占放牧草地总地上生物量的85.74%。豆科与杂类草的地上生物量均表现为围封草地显著高于放牧草地(P<0.05),在围封草地分别为43.49和26.58 g·m2,在放牧草地分别为11.23和7.63 g·m2。莎草类则呈相反趋势,但差异未达显著水平。

      Figure 4.  Difference of aboveground biomass of each functional group in grassland community between fencing and grazing grassland

    • 回归分析表明:草地植物群落物种分布均匀度在围封草地和放牧草地存在显著差异(图5)。围封草地和放牧草地的回归模型分别可以解释 95.7% 与 96.9% 的数据变异,拟合效果良好。其中,围封草地的回归斜率为−0.182,放牧草地为−0.130,两者差异极显著(P<0.001)。

      Figure 5.  Plant community species level-abundance map of fencing and grazing grassland

      主成分分析表明:围封与放牧处理下草地群落结构存在明显分异,其中,围封更有利于生产力的提升,而放牧则更有利于物种多样性的维持(图6)。第1主成分(PC1)与第2主成分(PC2)的方差贡献率分别为 51.0% 与 26.8%,累计解释方差为 77.8%。围封草地样本主要分布于 PC1 正方向与 PC2 中高值区域,与生物量、凋落物干质量高度相关。放牧草地样本则集中在 PC1 负方向与 PC2 中低值区域,与物种丰富度、Margalef指数和 Shannon-Wiener指数紧密关联。

      Figure 6.  Comprehensive difference of grassland community structure between fencing and grazing grassland

    • 物种多样性作为生物多样性的核心组分,其对草地群落的结构与功能(如生产力与生态系统稳定性)产生关键的影响[3132]。本研究发现:高寒草地群落经长期围封显著降低了总的物种多样性水平,这与“中度干扰假说”的预期相符。中度干扰理论的核心机制在于干扰排除后草地群落竞争格局发生改变。在放牧缺失下,草地群落主要受2种相互关联的抑制过程主导:一方面是物理化学抑制,凋落物的大量积累会抑制植物的定居与生长[33],从而降低群落的物种丰富度[34]。另一方面是生物竞争抑制,在长期缺乏家畜活动干扰的情况下,草地植物种间竞争关系会更为激烈,这将会导致植物群落中竞争力较弱的物种被排除在系统之外甚至消失[35];相反,在放牧草地,适度放牧作为一种中等强度干扰,可通过抑制草地优势种过度生长,为更多物种提供生存机会,从而维持了较高的物种多样性水平[36]

      另外,不同功能群物种多样性对围封的响应存在差异。禾本科植物作为草地的优势功能群,其物种丰富度在2种处理下无显著差异。传统研究认为:在放牧草地中,多年生禾草因家畜长期采食而生长受限[37],即合理的放牧会抑制禾草类植物的生长[38];相反,在围封草地,凋落物长期积累也会抑制其生长[39]。这2种压力可能会相互抵消,导致禾本科植物的物种丰富度在围封和放牧处理下无显著差异。放牧草地豆科、莎草科与杂类草的物种多样性均显著高于围封草地,其原因可能有以下2点。首先,适度放牧干扰会影响草地群落的资源再分配。根据生态位互补假说,当家畜采食减少多年生禾草的数量时,群落中个体较小的植物可获得更多光资源与养分,从而更有利于放牧草地中豆科、莎草科等功能群的建立与维持[40]。其次,在围封条件下,凋落物的长期积累会对各功能群产生不同程度的抑制作用。较厚的凋落物层通过物理阻隔和释放化感物质会抑制植物的种子萌发与幼苗建成,但是,其对低矮物种的抑制作用明显高于禾草类植物[4142]

    • 物种多样性是维持草地生态系统稳定和生产力的基础[43]。草地植物地上生物量作为生态系统生产力的重要指标,是整个生态系统运行的能量基础和营养物质来源[44]。本研究表明:长期围封虽降低了总的物种多样性,但群落总的地上生物量并未随之降低,这一结果与经典生态学理论中有关物种多样性与生产力呈正相关的普遍认知[45]不尽一致。这一“解耦”现象可能源于多重生态过程的抵消效应。首先,研究样地在围封前处于非退化状态,不同于多数以退化草地为起点开展的相关研究,其初始条件可能削弱了围封对生产力的提升效应。其次,如前文所讨论,围封和放牧可能会通过不同的途径对草地的生产力产生抑制作用。在围封草地,凋落物积累通过改变微环境和资源可利用性抑制植物生长,从而降低草地的生产力[46];在放牧草地,家畜的采食与践踏等行为同样会抑制植物生长[47],导致放牧草地生物量降低。这2种反向抑制力的平衡,可能导致总的地上生物量在围封和放牧处理下未出现显著差异。

      另外,值得关注的是,围封草地中豆科与杂类草的物种多样性虽较低,但其生物量却相对较高。这一看似矛盾的现象可能源于凋落物的筛选作用与竞争释放效应(competitive release effect),即凋落物积累抑制了多数竞争力较弱物种的定居,而存活下来的少数豆科与杂类草物种可能因种间竞争减弱而获得更多资源,从而表现出更高的个体生物量[48]。此外,禾本科功能群的地上生物量在2种处理草地间无显著差异,这一结果再次反映了围封与放牧可能对禾草生长均产生一定的抑制效应,即放牧通过采食直接降低其生物量,而围封则通过凋落物积累间接抑制其更新与生长。两者在一定程度上相互抵消,最终导致禾草生物量未发生显著变化。

    • 本研究的物种多度分布模型表明:围封显著降低了草地植物群落物种均匀度。在围封草地,植物物种总数的减少以及资源向少数优势种的集中,导致物种间个体数量分配更为不均,即会降低草地群落物种均匀度。这一规律在贺聪等[49]于青海海北的研究中得到了印证:长期的围封使得禾草在群落中的占比持续增加,而豆科、莎草、杂类草等其他功能群的占比则逐渐降低。主成分分析结果进一步在多维特征空间直观印证了这种分异。这种分异意味着,长期围封与适度放牧并非简单导致草地退化与恢复,而是指向了草地的不同发展方向。凋落物积累作为关键的物理和化学因素,导致其在2种处理下的差异可能归因于以下机制:高寒地区低温条件会显著抑制围封草地凋落物的分解,导致有机物质大量滞留[50];相反,放牧草地中家畜的采食与践踏活动能够加速凋落物的破碎与分解,从而减少凋落物积累[51]。此外,这一群落分异结果与本研究有关围封降低物种多样性但维持了地上生物量,而放牧促进物种多样性的结果相印证,表明围封与放牧通过差异化途径影响草地群落的结构与功能。

      生物多样性是生态系统抵抗力、恢复力以及适应环境变化能力的基础[52]。在本研究中,围封与放牧处理对于草地地上生物量的影响并不明显,但显著影响了植物多样性水平。根据该结果可知,在非退化或轻度退化的高寒草地上,长期围封可能削弱其生态系统的抵抗力与恢复力,并非是一种可持续的草地管理策略。基于本研究的结果与“中度干扰假说”[5354],对于未退化草地,应采取放牧压力适中的管理措施,如季节性轮牧、划区轮牧或适度割草等。这不仅能够维持较高的物种多样性,还能保障草地生态系统的生产功能与稳定。

    • 本研究比较研究了长期围封与适度放牧对未退化高寒草地生态系统的影响。结果表明:围封显著降低了草地群落的物种多样性,具体表现为Margalef指数与物种丰富度的下降,其中豆科、莎草科及杂类草功能群的响应尤为明显。草地群落总地上生物量对于围封处理的响应不明显,但改变了不同功能群间的生物量分配,如增加了豆科与杂类草的生物量积累。同时,围封改变了草地群落物种多度分配格局,导致群落均匀度降低,并形成高生产积累的资源利用模式。适度放牧有利于草地群落维持较高的物种多样性水平与群落结构和功能的稳定。因此,对于未退化或轻度退化的高寒草地,长期围栏封育并非理想的草地管理策略,不利于草地生态系统的健康与稳定。

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