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随着公益林建设的不断深化,其改善环境、维持生态平衡的作用逐渐体现。然而公益林在封山育林的纯自然演替状态下群落结构恢复较慢,对不同立地条件下复杂多样的公益林类型至今也没有较为完善的差别化经营管理策略。公益林的生态效益和社会效益还存在较大的提升潜力。因此利用合适的方法来对公益林群落进行分类和排序,理解不同立地条件下公益林的分布类型以及两者之间的相互关系是十分必要的。对植被群落进行分类和排序能了解研究区域群落结构特征并揭示植物群落间以及群落与环境因子之间的联系[1]。分类能够在一定程度上探明植物群落的结构和组成[2],排序则能表明物种、群落分布与环境梯度上的关系[3]。群落生态学上目前运用最为常见的排序方法有除趋势对应分析(DCA)、典范对应分析(CCA)和除趋势典范对应分析(DCCA)等[4-6]。CCA分析中结合了物种数据和多个环境数据,且每一步计算都会与环境因子进行回归。CCA相比较于聚类法、多元回归树(MRT)具有更好的效果[7]。种间关联性指群落内不同物种在空间分布上的相互关联性[8-9],是植物群落重要的数量和结构指标[10-12]。数量分析中的多个分析方法和指标相结合对植物群落进行研究,能更全面地解读植被群落与环境之间的复杂关系及其群落结构特征[13-14]。本研究基于浙江省松阳县128个样地为研究对象,采用双向指示种分析(TWINSPAN)、CCA排序和多样性指数等方法,研究了松阳县公益林群落结构及其在环境梯度上的分异规律,以期为不同分类管理模式和不同立地条件下公益林生物多样性维持和提升提供理论依据。
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表1列出了128个样地中重要值排名前20的物种,主要有杉木、马尾松、毛竹、木荷、青冈、甜槠、苦槠、石栎等树种。
表 1 松阳县公益林128个样地主要物种的重要值
Table 1. Importance value of 128 sample plots in Songyang County
排序号 物种 重要值/% 1 杉木 Cunninghamia lanceolata 30.83 2 马尾松 Pinus massoniana 12.78 3 毛竹 Phyllostachys edulis 9.28 4 木荷 Schima superba 5.59 5 青冈 Cyclobalanopsis glauca 3.70 6 甜槠 Castanopsis eyrei 3.07 7 苦槠 Castanopsis sclerophylla 2.19 8 石栎 Lithocarpus glaber 1.88 9 白栎 Quercus fabri 1.49 10 黄山松 Pinus taiwanensis 1.41 11 赤杨叶 Alniphyllum fortunei 1.10 12 樟树 Cinnamomum camphora 1.03 13 板栗 Castanea mollissima 1.02 14 枫香 Liquidambar formosana 1.01 15 杨梅 Myrica rubra 0.94 16 山合欢 Albizia kalkora 0.93 17 米槠 Castanopsis carlesii 0.90 18 南酸枣 Choerospondias axillaris 0.74 19 漆树 Toxicodendron verniciflnum 0.68 20 野樱桃 Cerasus pseudocerasus 0.68 -
采用研究区128个样地重要值矩阵数据在TWINSPAN中进行群丛划分,得到6个群丛类型,每个群丛的样地及环境信息如图1和表2所示。其中:群丛Ⅰ为板栗+杉木+杨梅群丛,群丛Ⅱ为毛竹+杉木+马尾松群丛,群丛Ⅲ为马尾松+杉木+油茶Camellia oleifera群丛,群丛Ⅳ为马尾松+木荷+杉木群丛,群丛Ⅴ为杉木+木荷+马尾松群丛,群丛Ⅵ为杉木+马尾松+木荷群丛。
图 1 松阳县公益林128个样方TWINSPAN分类等级
Figure 1. Dendrogram illustrating the presence of six vegetation associations using TWINSPAN analysis of 128 plots in Songyang non-commercial forest
表 2 松阳县公益林TWINSPAN分类群丛及其环境因子
Table 2. Community type identified by TWINSPAN and the environment variables in Songyang non-commercial forest
群丛 海拔/m 土壤类型 坡向 坡度/(°) 腐殖质厚度/cm 凋落物厚度/cm Ⅰ. 板栗+杉木+杨梅 119~390 红壤 西和西南 25~35 12~18 3~5 Ⅱ. 毛竹+杉木+马尾松 350~1 080 红壤和黄壤 全坡 10~40 2~20 2~12 Ⅲ. 马尾松+杉木+油茶 117~511 红壤 全坡 15~41 1~15 1~10 Ⅳ. 马尾松+木荷+杉木 142~516 红壤 南 20~41 2~15 1~16 Ⅴ. 杉木+木荷+马尾松 145~1 278 红壤和黄壤 全坡 27~49 1~20 1~15 Ⅵ. 杉木+马尾松+木荷 127~1 074 红壤和黄壤 全坡 13~42 1~40 1~20 -
第1轴和第2轴与环境因子的特征值分别为0.302和0.167,物种环境相关性分别为0.718和0.555,包含了65.7%的生态信息。因此本研究使用第1轴和第2轴的数据来分析样地中物种和周围环境之间的关系(表3)。CCA排序图的每个箭头代表1种环境因子,箭头的长度表示该环境因子对物种的影响大小[28-29]。从图2可看出:CCA排序第1轴与海拔高度呈反比,相关系数为−0.583,与坡向呈正相关0.271(表3)。第2轴与土壤类型、坡位和凋落物厚度相关性较高。
图 2 松阳公益林128个样方的CCA二维排序
Figure 2. CCA ordination diagram of 128 plots in Songyang non-commercial forest
表 3 松阳县公益林128个样地CCA排序前4轴系数与环境因子的相关性
Table 3. Correlations between environmental variables and CCA ordination axes of 128 plots in Songyang non-commercial forest
环境因子 轴1 轴2 轴3 轴4 坡位 −0.033 0.352 0.233 −0.158 坡度 −0.182 −0.040 0.064 0.100 坡向 0.271 0.057 −0.144 0.004 海拔高度 −0.583 0.280 −0.093 0.029 土壤类型 −0.189 0.356 −0.189 0.159 腐殖质厚度 −0.250 −0.074 0.028 0.123 枯落物厚度 0.058 0.309 0.044 −0.081 特征值 0.302 0.167 0.082 0.062 物种环境相关性 0.718 0.555 0.402 0.378 物种环境关系变异累计百分数/% 42.3 65.7 77.2 85.9 -
从图3可见:6个群丛在物种多样性指数分析中存在显著差异(P<0.001)。其中多样性指数(Shannon-Wiener指数和Simpson指数)变化趋势基本一致,群丛Ⅴ的Shannon-Wiener指数和Simpson指数显著高于其他群丛(P<0.001),且群丛Ⅰ和Ⅱ的Simpson指数与群丛Ⅲ差异显著(P<0.001);群丛Ⅲ的Pielou指数与除群丛Ⅴ之外的群丛差异显著(P<0.001),群丛Ⅴ与群丛Ⅰ、Ⅱ存在显著差异(P<0.001);物种丰富度显示群丛Ⅴ显著高于其他群丛(P<0.001)。
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选择重要值排名前11位的树种,分别计算其两两之间的χ2值、联结系数和共同出现百分率,并分别做半矩阵图。将χ2结果对数化,lg3.841=0.584,lg6.635=0.822。如图4A所示:4个种对lgχ2处于[0.584,0.822]内,6个种对lgχ2>0.822,表明有4个(7.2%)种对呈显著关联,6个(10.9%)种对间关联极显著。表现极显著联结的种对有:马尾松对赤杨叶、木荷对甜槠、木荷对青冈、木荷对赤杨叶、青冈对苦槠、青冈对甜槠。表现显著联结的种对有:杉木对青冈、杉木对苦槠、青冈对石栎、青冈对白栎。图4B表明:优势物种种间关系有36对(65.5%)呈正关联,19对(34.5%)呈负关联,正负关联比为1.9。其中,联结系数
处于[0.5,1.0]值域的有0对,处于[0.2,0.5]值域的有6对(10.9%):木荷对青冈、木荷对甜槠、青冈对甜槠、青冈对苦槠、甜槠对白栎、甜槠对赤杨叶。而处于[−1.0,−0.5]值域的有7对(12.7%):马尾松对黄山松、毛竹对石栎、毛竹对白栎、青冈对黄山松、苦槠对黄山松、石栎对黄山松、黄山松对赤杨叶,处于[−0.5,−0.2]值域的有6对(10.9%):马尾松对毛竹、马尾松对甜槠、马尾松对赤杨叶、毛竹对木荷、毛竹对青冈、毛竹对甜槠。根据共同出现百分率矩阵图(图4C)可知:共同出现百分率 处于[0.4,0.7]的种对有3对,占总种对数的5.5%,这些种对呈显著正联结。共同出现百分率 处于[0.2,0.4]的种对有17对,占总种对数的30.9%,这些种对为不显著正联结。处于[0,0.2]的种对有35对,占总种对数的63.6%,这些种对几乎无联结。
Classification, ordination and correlation analysis of dominant species of ecological non-commercial forests in Songyang, Zhejiang
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摘要:
目的 对浙江松阳县生态公益林群落进行分类和排序,探讨多样性变化规律及种间关系,有助于揭示植物群落和多样性在复杂环境梯度上的分布规律。 方法 以松阳县重点公益林128个固定监测样地为研究对象,利用双向指示种分析(TWINSPAN)、典范对应分析(CCA)、物种多样性指数及种间联结分析等对该县公益林群落特征展开研究。 结果 TWINSPAN结果显示:松阳公益林群落可分为6种群丛类型。CCA结果显示:松阳县公益林群落分布和类型在环境梯度上呈现明显的分异规律,其主要受到海拔、土壤类型和坡向的影响。物种多样性结果表明:针阔混交林和阔叶林为主导的群丛Shannon-Wiener指数和Simpson指数显著高于其他群丛,以毛竹Phyllostachys edulis为主导的群丛多样性显著低于其他群丛。种间联结分析显示:样地内大多数乔木树种呈现不显著联结,正负关联比为1.9,说明群落整体稳定。 结论 松阳县公益林应进行差别化管理,积极推广针叶林混交化和阔叶化。可考虑对不同立地条件不同林分的公益林进行不同的补植措施,对毛竹林进行边缘控制,对一些能适应各类环境的群落组合进行适当推广。图4表3参37 Abstract:Objective This study aims to indicate the distribution of forest community and species diversity on the gradients of complex environment by classifying and sorting the community of ecological non-commercial forest in Songyang County, Zhejiang Province, and discussing the change law of diversity and interspecific relationship. Method Taking 128 monitoring plots as research projects, two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN), canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), species diversity index and interspecific association analysis were used to study the community characteristics of non-commercial forest in Songyang County. Result TWINSPAN results showed that the forest community could be divided into 6 types. CCA results demonstrated that the community distribution and types of non-commercial forest in Songyang County showed obvious differentiation on environmental gradient, which was mainly affected by altitude, soil type and slope aspect. The results of multiple comparison of species diversity showed that the Shannon-Wiener index and Simpson index of associations with mixed forest or broad-leaved forest were significantly higher than those of other associations, and the diversity of association dominated by Phyllostachys edulis was significantly lower than that of other associations. Interspecific Association Analysis illustrated that most tree species in sample plots had no significant correlations. The positive and negative correlation ratio was 1.9, indicating the overall stability of the community. Conclusion Differential management should be carried out for the non-commercial forest in Songyang County, and mixed and broad-leaved forests should be actively promoted. It is possible to consider different supplementing measures for the non-commercial forests with different site conditions and different stands. The edge control of bamboo forests and community combinations that can adapt to various environments should be properly promoted. [Ch, 4 fig. 3 tab. 37 ref.] -
表 1 松阳县公益林128个样地主要物种的重要值
Table 1. Importance value of 128 sample plots in Songyang County
排序号 物种 重要值/% 1 杉木 Cunninghamia lanceolata 30.83 2 马尾松 Pinus massoniana 12.78 3 毛竹 Phyllostachys edulis 9.28 4 木荷 Schima superba 5.59 5 青冈 Cyclobalanopsis glauca 3.70 6 甜槠 Castanopsis eyrei 3.07 7 苦槠 Castanopsis sclerophylla 2.19 8 石栎 Lithocarpus glaber 1.88 9 白栎 Quercus fabri 1.49 10 黄山松 Pinus taiwanensis 1.41 11 赤杨叶 Alniphyllum fortunei 1.10 12 樟树 Cinnamomum camphora 1.03 13 板栗 Castanea mollissima 1.02 14 枫香 Liquidambar formosana 1.01 15 杨梅 Myrica rubra 0.94 16 山合欢 Albizia kalkora 0.93 17 米槠 Castanopsis carlesii 0.90 18 南酸枣 Choerospondias axillaris 0.74 19 漆树 Toxicodendron verniciflnum 0.68 20 野樱桃 Cerasus pseudocerasus 0.68 表 2 松阳县公益林TWINSPAN分类群丛及其环境因子
Table 2. Community type identified by TWINSPAN and the environment variables in Songyang non-commercial forest
群丛 海拔/m 土壤类型 坡向 坡度/(°) 腐殖质厚度/cm 凋落物厚度/cm Ⅰ. 板栗+杉木+杨梅 119~390 红壤 西和西南 25~35 12~18 3~5 Ⅱ. 毛竹+杉木+马尾松 350~1 080 红壤和黄壤 全坡 10~40 2~20 2~12 Ⅲ. 马尾松+杉木+油茶 117~511 红壤 全坡 15~41 1~15 1~10 Ⅳ. 马尾松+木荷+杉木 142~516 红壤 南 20~41 2~15 1~16 Ⅴ. 杉木+木荷+马尾松 145~1 278 红壤和黄壤 全坡 27~49 1~20 1~15 Ⅵ. 杉木+马尾松+木荷 127~1 074 红壤和黄壤 全坡 13~42 1~40 1~20 表 3 松阳县公益林128个样地CCA排序前4轴系数与环境因子的相关性
Table 3. Correlations between environmental variables and CCA ordination axes of 128 plots in Songyang non-commercial forest
环境因子 轴1 轴2 轴3 轴4 坡位 −0.033 0.352 0.233 −0.158 坡度 −0.182 −0.040 0.064 0.100 坡向 0.271 0.057 −0.144 0.004 海拔高度 −0.583 0.280 −0.093 0.029 土壤类型 −0.189 0.356 −0.189 0.159 腐殖质厚度 −0.250 −0.074 0.028 0.123 枯落物厚度 0.058 0.309 0.044 −0.081 特征值 0.302 0.167 0.082 0.062 物种环境相关性 0.718 0.555 0.402 0.378 物种环境关系变异累计百分数/% 42.3 65.7 77.2 85.9 -
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