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筛胸梳爪叩甲Melanotus cribricollis属于鞘翅目Coleoptera叩甲科Elalerirdae,在世界各地均有分布[1-2]。其食性杂,寄主植物种类繁多,危害范围较广[3],在中国北方主要危害水稻Oryza sativa、玉米Zea mays、蔬菜等经济作物[4],在中国南方,是竹林笋期主要的害虫之一[5]。竹子是具有经济、生态和社会效益的重要林种,在中国林业经济发展中占据重要地位[6],但随着对竹林的开发力度加大,以及竹林地覆盖经营技术的推广,在笋期以筛胸梳爪叩甲为主的地下害虫危害也变得愈发严重[7]。筛胸梳爪叩甲幼虫主要取食鞭笋、鞭根等部位,造成了虫笋和退笋,严重影响竹制品的产量和商品价值,加剧了竹林地衰败[5,8]。根据报道,在浙江安吉竹博园47个竹种中,有41个竹种都受到了筛胸梳爪叩甲的危害;而在德清县,筛胸梳爪叩甲发生面积超过2 000 hm2,年损失达千万元[9-10]。由于筛胸梳爪叩甲幼虫阶段长时间在地下,危害时间久、隐蔽性强,并且在土壤的活动深度随着环境变化而变化,因此,目前筛胸梳爪叩甲的防治和监测是林业工作的难点[11]。国内外均对筛胸梳爪叩甲防治开展研究,并提出了如水淹耕地[12]、灯光诱杀的物理防治,作物轮作[13]的林地管理,以及农药拌种[14-15]、毒饵诱杀[16]及信息素诱捕[17-19]等生物化学防治方法等。其中,以化学防治最多,且效果最好。欧美等国早期曾使用过林丹、艾氏剂等有机氯农药防治筛胸梳爪叩甲,在种植前喷施及结合肥料施用,都取得了一定防效[20]。随后,有机磷农药如甲拌磷、地虫磷及呋喃丹也被用于筛胸梳爪叩甲防治,且取得了不错的效果[21]。也有研究发现氟氯氰菊酯、吡虫啉、油茶饼、白僵菌以及苏云金杆菌等农药对筛胸梳爪叩甲具有一定的防治效果,但氟氯氰菊酯、吡虫啉等防治效果并不稳定[11]。此外,部分植物提取物制剂,如噻虫嗪、印楝素等也有应用于筛胸梳爪叩甲防治的报道[22]。由于竹林系统的特殊性,使得农业上筛胸梳爪叩甲的防治与竹林上的防治手段存在较大区别,竹林筛胸梳爪叩甲防治目前未取得明显效果[10,23]。同时由于部分化学药剂不易分解、毒性大,给竹类产品和环境安全带来巨大挑战。因此,本研究对目前市场上普遍应用的几种化学杀虫剂进行测试和评价,以期为防治筛胸梳爪叩甲这种竹林重大地下害虫提供技术指导。
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筛胸梳爪叩甲经供试杀虫剂处理24 h后,防治效果不均。从表1可知:3种药剂对筛胸梳爪叩甲致死效果的药效从大到小依次为5.0%辛硫磷、0.5%氟虫腈、20.0%氯虫苯甲酰胺。这3种药剂在相同或相近质量分数下,致死效果差异较大。5.0%辛硫磷在质量分数为0.800 0 g·kg−1时,校正死亡率为100%;0.5%氟虫腈在质量分数为0.800 0 g·kg−1时,校正死亡率为53.85%;而20.0%氯虫苯甲酰胺在质量分数为0.625 0 g·kg−1时,校正死亡率仅为7.69%。因此,3种药剂中5.0%辛硫磷对筛胸梳爪叩甲的致死效果最好。
表 1 筛胸梳爪叩甲在杀虫剂不同有效质量分数下24 h的死亡率
Table 1. Mortality of M. cribricollis at 24 h at different concentrations of pesticides
药剂 质量分数/
(g·kg−1)死亡率/% 校正死亡率/% 5.0%辛硫磷 0.037 5 14.29±1.33 7.69±1.43 0.0750 14.29±0.28 7.69±0.31 0.200 0 42.86±1.56 38.46±1.67 0.400 0 71.43±1.53 69.23±1.68 0.600 0 85.71±2.57 84.62±2.76 0.800 0 100.00±0.00 100.00±0.00 0.5%氟虫氰 0.100 0 14.29±0.50 7.69±0.54 0.200 0 14.29±0.41 7.69±0.44 0.400 0 28.57±1.08 23.08±1.16 0.800 0 57.14±0.85 53.85±0.91 1.600 0 42.86±2.07 38.46±2.23 3.200 0 85.71±1.45 84.62±1.56 20.0%氯虫
苯甲酰胺0.625 0 14.29±0.47 7.69±0.50 1.250 0 28.57±0.78 23.08±0.84 2.500 0 42.86±0.61 38.46±0.65 5.000 0 57.14±1.23 53.85±1.33 10.000 0 100.00±0.00 100.00±0.00 -
由表2可知:筛胸梳爪叩甲经不同质量分数药剂处理24 h后,5.0%辛硫磷LC50为0.19 g·kg−1,0.5%氟虫腈LC50为0.95 g·kg−1,20.0%氯虫苯甲酰胺LC50为1.82 g·kg−1。结果显示:5.0%辛硫磷毒力最大,活性较好,更具选择性,因此更适用于竹林中筛胸梳爪叩甲的防治。
表 2 杀虫剂对筛胸梳爪叩甲的毒力测定结果
Table 2. Test results of insecticide toxicity on M. cribricollis
药剂 毒力回归
方程LC50/
(g·kg−1)LC95/
(g·kg−1)相关
系数5.0%辛硫磷 y=2.453+2.275x 0.19 1.09 0.95 0.5%氟虫腈 y=0.031+1.308x 0.95 17.11 0.78 20.0%氯虫苯
甲酰胺y=−2.89+1.019x 1.82 79.07 0.99
Indoor prevention and toxicity test of three chemical insecticides against Melanotus ribricollis
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摘要:
目的 为明确3种化学杀虫剂对筛胸梳爪叩甲Melanotus ribricollis幼虫的防治效果,选择最适杀虫剂。 方法 采取拌土法对幼虫阶段筛胸梳爪叩甲进行室内毒力测定。选取了质量分数为5.0%的辛硫磷颗粒剂、0.5%的氟虫腈粉剂20.0%的氯虫苯甲酰胺悬浮剂3种药剂,分别以5个质量分数梯度均匀拌入按照1∶2的体积比混合的砂子和竹林土中,以喷洒清水作为空白对照,24 h后观察不同药剂处理后筛胸梳爪叩甲的死亡率。 结果 3种化学杀虫剂对筛胸梳爪叩甲均有一定的毒杀效果,毒力由高到低依次为5.0%辛硫磷、0.5%氟虫腈、20.0%氯虫苯甲酰胺,其中5.0%辛硫磷毒力最高,致死中质量分数(LC50)为0.190 0 g·kg−1,其次为0.5%氟虫腈,LC50为0.950 0 g·kg−1,而20.0%氯虫苯甲酰胺毒力最低,LC50为1.820 0 g·kg−1。 结论 根据毒力、毒性和防治成本等综合因素考虑,5.0%辛硫磷颗粒剂和0.5%氟虫腈粉剂均适合防治竹林害虫筛胸梳爪叩甲。表2参27 Abstract:Objective In order to clarify the control effect of different chemical insecticides on the larvae of the Melanotus cribricollis, a virulence test was carried out on the larvae stage for the present study. Method With 5.0% phoxim granules, 0.5% fipronil powder and 20.0% chlorantraniliprole suspension selected and mixed into sand and bamboo forest soil in a 1∶2 ratio with 5 concentration gradients, to observe the mortality rate of M. cribricollis after 24 hours in contrast with a control group where water was sprayed without any insecticides. Result The three selected chemical insecticides all have certain control effects on M. cribricollis, with the control effect from strong to weak: 5.0% phoxim>0.5% fipronil>20.0% chloranthrene Benzoamide. It was found that the 5.0% phoxim has the best control effect, with an LC50 of 0.190 0 g·kg−1, followed by 0.5% fipronil, with an LC50 of 0.950 0 g·kg−1, and 20.0% chlorantraniliprole which has the weakest control effect with a LC50 of 1.820 0 g·kg−1. Conclusion With control effectiveness, toxicity and control costs taken into consideration, 5.0% phoxim Phosphorus granules and 0.5% fipronil are suitable for the control of bamboo forest pests M. cribricollis, yet with the need to further explore the application methods and relevant technologies of forest chemicals. [Ch, 2 tab. 27 ref.] -
Key words:
- Melanotus cribricollis /
- toxicity /
- control /
- chemical insecticide
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表 1 筛胸梳爪叩甲在杀虫剂不同有效质量分数下24 h的死亡率
Table 1. Mortality of M. cribricollis at 24 h at different concentrations of pesticides
药剂 质量分数/
(g·kg−1)死亡率/% 校正死亡率/% 5.0%辛硫磷 0.037 5 14.29±1.33 7.69±1.43 0.0750 14.29±0.28 7.69±0.31 0.200 0 42.86±1.56 38.46±1.67 0.400 0 71.43±1.53 69.23±1.68 0.600 0 85.71±2.57 84.62±2.76 0.800 0 100.00±0.00 100.00±0.00 0.5%氟虫氰 0.100 0 14.29±0.50 7.69±0.54 0.200 0 14.29±0.41 7.69±0.44 0.400 0 28.57±1.08 23.08±1.16 0.800 0 57.14±0.85 53.85±0.91 1.600 0 42.86±2.07 38.46±2.23 3.200 0 85.71±1.45 84.62±1.56 20.0%氯虫
苯甲酰胺0.625 0 14.29±0.47 7.69±0.50 1.250 0 28.57±0.78 23.08±0.84 2.500 0 42.86±0.61 38.46±0.65 5.000 0 57.14±1.23 53.85±1.33 10.000 0 100.00±0.00 100.00±0.00 表 2 杀虫剂对筛胸梳爪叩甲的毒力测定结果
Table 2. Test results of insecticide toxicity on M. cribricollis
药剂 毒力回归
方程LC50/
(g·kg−1)LC95/
(g·kg−1)相关
系数5.0%辛硫磷 y=2.453+2.275x 0.19 1.09 0.95 0.5%氟虫腈 y=0.031+1.308x 0.95 17.11 0.78 20.0%氯虫苯
甲酰胺y=−2.89+1.019x 1.82 79.07 0.99 -
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