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在陆地生态系统中,碳汇功能体现在碳库的贮量和积累速率,而碳源则体现在碳的排放强度。全球约1 400~1 500 Gt碳以有机态储存于土壤中,是陆地植被碳库(500~600 Gt)的2~3倍,是全球大气碳库(750 Gt)的2倍多。在陆地生态系统中,森林是最大的有机碳储存库,占整个陆地生态系统碳储量的56%[1]。森林土壤有机碳(SOC)主要分布于土层1 m深度以内,碳总储量为1 220 Pg,约占陆地土壤碳库的40%[2]。土壤碳库的稳定、增长或衰减都与大气二氧化碳(CO2)变化密切相关。据推测,在2 m土层中的土壤有机质质量分数增加5%~15%可减少大气中16%~30% CO2[3]。因此,增加土壤碳库和保持土壤碳库的稳定性对缓解全球变暖趋势具有同样重要意义。土壤微生物是养分和土壤有机质动态的主要调控者。作为森林生态系统的重要组成部分,土壤微生物参与了有机物分解和土壤物质转化过程,其种类组成与活性直接影响森林物质循环和养分供应[4]。土壤微生物是构成土壤肥力的重要因素,在维持土壤质量中起着重要作用。土壤微生物还具有固碳机制:生物体死亡后形成难以降解的碳源物质(如木质素、几丁质等),及土壤微生物通过提高其活性加快有机质的分解来积累有机碳[5]。土壤微生物的生物量、活性、群落组成都直接影响着土壤碳的固存及周转过程,土壤碳储量的大小与其密切相关。因而,开展土壤微生物及相关指标的研究对理解森林土壤有机碳的碳库动态与特征具有重要意义。杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata是中国特有的优良速生针叶用材树种,在中国森林系统中占据了重要地位。杉木栽培遍及中国亚热带多个省(自治区),栽培面积约17×106 hm2[6]。杉木林不仅提供了大量的商品用材[7-8],在固碳、涵养水源等生态功能方面也发挥了巨大的作用[9]。土壤质量下降已成为杉木人工林可持续经营的主要障碍,而生物多样性减少以及林地凋落物质量下降是导致土壤质量退化的重要原因。多代连栽杉木人工林出现了地力衰退、微生物多样性及数量下降、林分生产力下降等生态问题[10-11]。土壤有机碳和微生物特征是表征土壤质量的2个最重要指标,而且两者之间的关系又极其密切[12-13]。近年来,随着森林土壤有机碳在碳封存过程中被日益重视,以及高通量测序技术在土壤微生物研究中的广泛应用,杉木林土壤有机碳和微生物特征的研究取得了很多重要的进展。鉴于此,本研究对杉木林土壤有机碳和微生物群落特征及其影响因素的研究进展进行综述,为提高杉木林地生产力,增强杉木林生态系统的碳封存潜力,探究杉木人工林的连作障碍提供理论依据。
Research progress on soil organic carbon and microbial characteristics of Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation and their influencing factors
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摘要: 土壤有机碳作为土壤碳库的重要组成部分,其稳定、增长或衰减都与大气二氧化碳变化密切相关。土壤微生物作为森林生态系统不可或缺的一部分,参与了有机物分解和土壤物质转化过程,在维持土壤质量中起着重要作用。近年来对杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata林土壤的研究主要集中在杉木凋落物分解、土壤养分周转、土壤微生物特征等方面,尤其是高通量测序技术的广泛应用,使杉木林土壤有机碳和微生物特征的研究取得了较多重要进展。本研究对杉木林土壤有机碳的碳库特征、活性、稳定性和土壤微生物的群落结构与多样性及其影响因素的研究进展进行了综述,并提出了未来杉木林土壤有机碳与土壤微生物的研究方向。参79Abstract: As an important part of soil carbon pool, the stability, growth or attenuation of soil organic carbon are closely related to the change of atmospheric CO2 concentration. Soil microorganisms, an indispensable part of forest ecosystem, participate in the decomposition of organic matter and the transformation of soil matter and play an important role in maintaining soil quality. The relationship between soil organic carbon and microbial characteristics is extremely close. In recent years, the research on soil in Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation in China has mainly focused on litter decomposition, soil nutrient turnover, soil microbial characteristics and so on. With the wide application of high-throughput sequencing technology, the research on soil organic carbon and microbial characteristics of C. lanceolata plantation has made a lot of important progress. In this study, the research progress on pool characteristics, activity, and stability of soil organic carbon as well as community structure and diversity of soil microorganisms and their influencing factors in C. lanceolata plantation were reviewed, and the future research direction of soil organic carbon and soil microorganism in C. lanceolata plantation was put forward. [Ch, 79 ref.]
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