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自工业革命以来,人类大量使用化石燃料及改变土地利用方式等过程驱动大气二氧化碳(CO2)不断升高,导致大气CO2由280 μmol·mol−1上升至目前410 μmol·mol−1,涨幅约46%。按照这一涨幅,预计21世纪末大气CO2将超过700 μmol·mol−1[1]。大气CO2等气体的持续升高将会对各个生态系统产生深远影响,尤其是全球碳的转化与平衡。陆地土壤碳库是地球表面最大的碳储存场所,比植被和大气碳库的总和还要多,其有机碳的储存量约1 200~1 600 Pg,全球0~30 cm土层的有机碳为684~724 Pg,0~1 m土层碳为1 462~1 548 Pg[2]。土壤有机碳(SOC)能够提供植物生长需要的营养元素,有效改善土壤的质量和提高土壤的蓄水保肥能力,因此,SOC是土壤质量和农艺可持续性的重要指标。根据土壤有机碳库的周转速度及对外界因素的敏感程度,可将其分为惰性有机碳库和活性有机碳库,其中活性有机碳库包括可溶性碳(DOC)、微生物量碳(MBC)、轻组有机碳(LFOC)和可矿化碳(MC)等[3]。评价SOC的指标包括碳含量、化学结构组成、分解速率、SOC稳定性等[4],其中碳含量、化学组成结构等目前已有精准的检测方法,分解速率的测定由于高空间异质性、高背景水平、土壤采样策略、采样后处理和较短的实验时间等原因,并不十分准确。SOC稳定性取决于SOC不同组分的构成及其与环境的相互作用,不同土壤中的SOC组分和来源不尽相同且变数很大。目前,有关SOC稳定性的研究逐渐增多,但大气CO2升高对SOC稳定性的影响及其机制研究相对较少。土壤有机碳稳定性指SOC的可矿化性[5],是SOC结构和特定环境的综合反应,是在当前条件下抵抗干扰和恢复原有水平的能力。它是由土壤的理化生物性质所决定的,是自然和人为因素共同作用的结果[6]。大气中CO2与SOC间的转化与平衡是相互影响的,CO2是植物光合作用的原料,大气CO2升高,植物的光合作用会相应地增强,改变植物的生长发育过程,植物地上地下部分的生物量增加,从而提高了土壤中光合有机碳的输入,使土壤成为潜在的碳汇[7]。此外,植物地下部分增加分泌的生物量也会为微生物的生长提供能量,使微生物的活动更加活跃,呼吸作用增强,可能会导致SOC含量有所下降[8]。大气CO2升高改变SOC含量的同时,还可能改变SOC的可矿化性,从而间接影响植物的生长。然而,目前的相关研究主要关注大气CO2升高对SOC储量、化学结构组成、分解速率等的影响,较少涉及其对稳定性的影响研究。因此,本研究基于现有的研究成果,利用多种有机碳稳定性指标来讨论大气CO2升高以及CO2和外源氮交互作用对SOC稳定性的影响,探讨大气CO2升高对SOC稳定性影响的主要机制及时间尺度效应,以期对相关领域的研究起到一定的推动作用。
Effects of the mole fraction of elevated atmospheric CO2 on soil organic carbon stability
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摘要: 随着工业的不断发展,全球大气二氧化碳(CO2)呈明显增加趋势。大气CO2的增加将会影响土壤有机碳(SOC)转化和更新,进而改变土壤碳的稳定性。研究大气CO2升高对SOC稳定性的影响,不但是评价陆地生态系统对气候变化反馈效应的重要环节,也对实现碳元素在土壤中的有效储存,对保持土壤肥力的可持续性具有重要意义。利用现有的文献资料,综述了大气CO2升高对SOC稳定性的影响及其稳定性指标(生物指标、化学指标、其他指标等),外源氮和大气CO2升高的交互作用对SOC稳定性的影响,以及SOC稳定性随时间尺度的变化趋势等。总结发现:大气CO2升高导致活性有机碳(溶解性有机碳、颗粒性有机碳、易氧化有机碳等)比例增多,SOC稳定性降低,尤其在氮限制的环境中,SOC稳定性更差。总结近年的研究成果发现:随着高CO2处理时间的加长,SOC稳定性降低速率逐渐减小,表明土壤本身具有一定的适应能力和自我恢复能力。最后展望了SOC稳定性变化对植物生理、生长的反馈影响。未来大气CO2升高对SOC稳定性的影响研究,应该着力于提高农田生态系统土壤肥力可持续性及提高农作物的产量产能。图1参74Abstract: The fast development of the industry has been accompanied with a significant increase of the global atmospheric CO2, which will affect the transformation and renewal of soil organic carbon (SOC), and then its stability. Therefore, an exploration of the effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 on SOC stability is not only an important attempt to evaluate the feedback effect of terrestrial ecosystem on climate change, but also of great significance to the effective storage of element C in soil and the sustainability of soil fertility. With an overview of previous researches, this study is aimed at a summary of the effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 on SOC stability and its stability indexes (biological index, chemical index, other index, etc.), the interaction between exogenous N and elevated atmospheric CO2 on SOC stability as well as the variation trend of SOC stability over time. The results showed that elevated atmospheric CO2 resulted in an increase in the proportion of labile organic carbon (readily oxidized carbon, particulate organic carbon, dissolved organic carbon, etc.), and a decrease in SOC stability, especially in nitrogen limitation environment. It was also found, with a summary of the research findings in recent decades, that there was a gradual decrease in the SOC stability reduction rate with the increase of high CO2 treatment time, indicating that the soil itself is equipped with the capacity to adapt and recover on its own. In conclusion, given the the feedback effect of SOC stability variation on plant physiology and growth, future researches on the effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 on SOC stability should be focused on promoting the sustainability of soil fertility in farmland ecosystem and increasing crop production and productivity. [Ch, 1 fig. 74 ref.]
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Key words:
- soil science /
- soil organic carbon /
- stability /
- elevated atmospheric CO2 /
- N addition
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