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中国森林资源稳步增长,森林面积和蓄积都有增加,但总体上仍然缺林少绿、生态脆弱,森林覆盖率仅22.96%,远低于世界平均水平(31.00%)。虽然中国森林面积总量(2.2亿hm2)位居世界第5位,但人均森林面积仅为世界水平的1/4,人均森林资源严重不足。同样,中国森林总蓄积量(175.6亿m3)位居世界前列,但人均森林蓄积仅为世界平均水平的1/7。中国乔木林蓄积量为89.79 m3·hm−2,为世界平均水平的84%,远低于北欧林业发达国家水平[1]。此外,局部地区生态破坏仍然比较严重,生态保护与代理人目标之间的矛盾始终没有得到根本性解决。人民日益增长的优美生态环境本质上需要更多优质生态产品的供给,而优质生态产品供给与森林质量的提升关系密切。
森林生态补偿是促进中国森林生态恢复和保护的一项重要制度安排,很多研究把生态补偿的依据、标准与生态服务价值紧密联系在一起,并指出生态服务价值是生态补偿的科学依据[2]。此外,在以生态服务价值作为补偿依据测算补偿标准时,大多数研究结合区域实际情况,采用条件价值法、市场价值法、非市场价值法进行补偿标准的测算[3-5]。也有学者基于生态服务价值,结合机会成本和意愿调查确定研究区域生态补偿标准[6]。学者们一致认为生态服务的机会成本是生态补偿标准的下限,生态服务价值是生态补偿标准的上限[7]。基于生态服务价值补偿依据的研究,学术界形成了成本补偿、价值补偿、效益补偿和支付意愿补偿等各种观点,但到目前为止并没有建立起一个完善的、公认的核算标准体系。标准化的缺乏以及各地实际情况的巨大差异导致评价结果的可信度低、可操作性差,很难为管理或决策部门所应用[8]。在长期实践中,中国政府森林生态补偿的实践仍然主要还是基于森林面积进行补偿,生态补偿依据的理论研究和制度实践未能很好融合。
传统的基于森林面积的生态补偿虽然能一定程度上促进森林面积的增加,却无法保证森林质量的提升。森林面积和森林蓄积是衡量森林资源状况的2个基本性指标,森林质量能较好地体现森林的生态服务价值,作为与森林质量有关的森林蓄积,是实现生态补偿依据从理论到实践的关键指标。在森林质量和生态安全日益上升为国家战略的情况下,补偿依据从基于森林面积转变为基于森林蓄积显得尤为迫切。为此,本研究对现行重点公益林生态补偿依据存在的问题进行了分析,探讨了重点生态公益林生态补偿依据从面积转向蓄积的重要性以及基于森林蓄积补偿的难点和着力点,以期为重点生态公益林生态补偿依据的转变提供科学依据。
Change in the basis of ecological compensation for key public welfare forests from area to volume
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摘要:
目的 探究重点公益林生态补偿依据从面积到蓄积转变的重要性、难点及着力点,为重点公益林生态补偿依据转变提供理论和技术参考。 方法 选取补偿客体的目标实现、补偿主体的激励性和补偿资金的可持续性3个维度,对重点公益林生态补偿依据从面积到蓄积转变进行对比分析。 结果 相较于以森林面积为补偿依据与补偿目标的偏差,以森林蓄积为补偿依据可以更精准地完成重点公益林补偿目标。此外,以森林蓄积为补偿依据,在激励性和市场化方面展现出独特的优越性。 结论 重点公益林生态补偿政策不仅应该根据蓄积增量确定补偿额度,而且要充分考虑蓄积量的地区化差异,推动实施基于蓄积量的差异化补偿。未来应当进一步探索基于蓄积量的市场化补偿方案,发挥市场对补偿资金的调节和分配效率。图4参29 Abstract:Objective With an exploration of the importance, difficulties and focus of the transformation from “forest area” to “forest stock volume” as the index for the ecological compensation in key public welfare forests, this study is aimed to provide theoretical and technical references for the such transformation in China. Method A three-dimensional comparative analysis of the two ecological compensation bases in key public welfare forests that involve the realization of the compensation target, the incentive of the compensation subjects and the sustainability of the compensation fund. Result Compared with “forest area”, “forest stock volume” is a more accurate index in the actualization of the compensation goal and displays unique advantages in terms of incentives and marketization. Conclusion In the formulation of the ecological compensation for key public welfare forests, the increase in forest stock volume should be the basis of the compensation and regional differences should be fully considered to ensure the execution of differentiated policies. In addition, further explores should be conducted of market-based compensation schemes based on forest stock, with full play given to the market’s efficient regulation and distribution of compensation funds. [Ch, 4 fig. 29 ref.] -
Key words:
- key public welfare forests /
- ecological compensation /
- forest area /
- forest volume /
- importance
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https://zlxb.zafu.edu.cn/article/doi/10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.20210148