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在资源综合利用和固碳减排的背景下,大量的农林废弃物作为生物质原料正在得到开发利用,国内关于生物质原料的研究以农林废弃物中的秸秆较为成熟,其提高土壤肥力和改善土壤生态环境的效应受到学界广泛认可,在农田土壤中的应用普遍。众多研究表明:秸秆作为生物质原料对土壤微生物的数量和活性具有显著影响[1-4],可有效提高土壤碳氮磷钾等养分含量[5-8]。但也有研究发现:作为营养元素循环及形态转换的重要承担者,土壤微生物在驱动养分周转的同时也会对土壤二氧化碳(CO2)的释放产生影响[9-11]。因此,秸秆施用虽然补充了土壤养分,但也在一定程度上造成CO2排放增加。杨树Populus具有生长快、成材早、产量高、易于更新等特点,是世界中纬度平原地区栽培面积最大、木材产量最高的速生用材树种之一[12]。作为重要的多功能用材和生态公益树种,中国杨树人工林面积居世界首位,杨树人工林的大量采伐和生产利用,使得采伐剩余物利用空间和潜力巨大。目前对林业采伐剩余物利用的研究,仅有少量针对杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata[13-15]、桉树Eucalyptus[16-17]和松树Pinus[18-19]等的报道,针对杨树人工林采伐剩余物利用的研究更是鲜有。本研究以农业剩余物还田后在土壤中发挥的效应为参考,以南方地区重点推广的杨树‘南林895杨’Populus × euramericana‘Nanlin -895’采伐剩余物和水稻Oryza sativa秸秆为研究对象,比较施用杨树不同组分(树枝、树皮、树叶)和水稻秸秆后,森林土壤的生物化学性质差异,旨在探究杨树采伐剩余物对森林土壤养分和CO2释放的综合效应,以期为杨树采伐剩余物还林提供理论依据。
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2018年10月于江苏省宿迁市泗洪县陈圩林场采集‘南林895杨’采伐剩余物及试验地周围农田水稻。所采原材料按杨树树皮、树枝、树叶、水稻秸秆分类,用去离子水洗净,70 ℃恒温烘干后粉碎过2 mm筛,密封保存备用。生物质原料基本性质见表1。
表 1 供试生物质原料基本性质
Table 1. Basic properties of biomass materials used in this study
生物质原料 pH 全碳/(g·kg−1) 全氮/(g·kg−1) 碳氮比 全磷/(g·kg−1) 全钾/(g·kg−1) 树枝 6.16±0.08 b 481.87±2.72 a 5.53±0.21 c 87.45±3.37 b 0.87±0.01 b 4.65±0.06 c 树皮 5.60±0.08 c 465.50±9.15 b 3.70±0.14 d 126.26±7.51 a 0.30±0.02 d 3.10±0.04 d 树叶 5.49±0.12 c 415.17±4.50 c 14.07±0.26 a 29.46±0.29 c 0.69±0.01 c 6.31±0.45 b 水稻秸秆 6.41±0.07 a 417.77±4.30 c 11.90±0.36 b 35.16±0.83 c 0.97±0.01 a 19.83±0.44 a 说明:同列不同小写字母表示不同生物质原料性质间差异显著(P<0.05) 2019年3月于江苏省宿迁市泗洪县陈圩林场采集‘南林895杨’中龄林(12年生)林地0~20 cm表层土壤,土壤母质为洪泽湖淤积土,土壤质地为黏土。剔除动植物残体及小石子等杂质,过2 mm筛后置于4 ℃冰箱保存备用。土壤基本理化性质如下:土壤容重为(1.42±0.02) g·cm−3;pH为7.18±0.05;阳离子交换量为(31.02±0.66) cmol·kg−1;全碳和全氮质量分数分别为(9.77±0.01)和(1.13±0.01) g·kg−1,碳氮比为9.44±0.25;全磷和全钾质量分数分别为(0.35±0.00)和(9.52±0.75) g·kg−1。
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试验共设置5个处理:土壤(对照,ck)、土壤+杨树树皮(BR)、土壤+杨树树枝(TR)、土壤+杨树树叶(LR)、土壤+水稻秸秆(SR),每个处理3个重复。室内培养方法参考ZIMMERMAN[20]和闫德智等[21],并依据陈圩林场杨树人工林单位面积凋落物(20 g·kg−1)的实际情况,控制各处理中生物质原料质量分数(2%),混合均匀后装入自制的聚乙烯塑料盒(口径8 cm,高12 cm),采用称量法用无菌水调节土壤含水量至田间持水量的60%,加盖密封后在25 ℃恒温培养箱中暗培养180 d。培养期间,保持土壤含水量为田间持水量的60%。为维持土壤良好的通气条件,1周通气1次,时长20 min。
采取破坏性取样测定土壤生物化学性质,取样时间为培养的0、7、15、30、60、90、120、180 d。基于密闭箱法原理采取放回式取样测定土壤CO2,具体操作步骤为:用30 mL针筒从密闭培养罐上端采集0时刻的15 mL气样,1 h后采集第2针气体15 mL,所取气体均储存于事先抽真空的锡纸气体采样袋中,在3 d内测定。取样后的培养罐重新密封放回恒温培养箱,留待下一次采样。取样时间为培养后的第1、3、5、7、10、13、16、19、22、25、30、35、40、47、54、61、70、79、88、99、110、121、134、149、165、180 天。
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生物质原料和供试土壤的pH(记为pH1和pH2)利用pH仪测定,其中生物质原料与去离子水的质量体积比为1.0∶20.0,土壤与去离子水质量体积比为1.0∶2.5,参照LY/T 1239−1999《森林土壤pH值的测定》进行。生物质原料和土壤的全碳(TC1和TC2)、全氮(TN1和TN2)及碳氮比(C1/N1和C2/N2)用元素分析仪(Vario MACRO Cube, Elementar, 德国)测定。生物质原料和土壤的全磷(TP1和TP2)和全钾(TK1和TK2)采用浓硫酸-高氯酸消煮法提取,其中全磷采用钼锑抗比色法测定,全钾用原子吸收分光光度计测定,参照LY/T 1232−1999《森林土壤全磷的测定》和LY/T 1234−1999《森林土壤全钾的测定》进行。按1.0∶5.0的质量体积比用2 mol·L−1 氯化钾溶液提取土壤无机氮,其中铵态氮(NH4 +-N)采用靛酚蓝比色法,硝态氮(NO3 −-N)采用紫外分光光度法进行测定,参照鲍士旦[22]和GB/T 32737−2016《土壤硝态氮的测定 紫外分光光度法》进行。用盐酸-硫酸双酸提取,钼锑抗比色法测定土壤有效磷(AP),参照LY/T 1233−1999《森林土壤有效磷的测定》进行。用1 mol·L−1乙酸铵提取,原子吸收分光光度计测定土壤速效钾(AK),参照LY/T 1236−1999《森林土壤速效钾的测定》进行。用1 mol·L−1乙酸铵交换法测定并计算土壤阳离子交换量(CEC),参照LY/T 1243−1999《森林土壤阳离子交换量的测定》进行。土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)和微生物生物量氮(MBN)采用氯仿熏蒸-K2SO4浸提法提取,其中MBC利用TOC仪测定,MBN利用流动分析仪测定[23-24]。计算MBC=(熏蒸后土壤有机碳-熏蒸前土壤有机碳)/0.45。其中:MBC为土壤微生物生物量碳质量分数(mg·kg−1),0.45为熏蒸提取法提取液的有机碳增量换算成土壤微生物生物量碳的换算系数。计算MBN=(熏蒸后微生物量氮−熏蒸前土壤微生物量氮)/0.25。其中:MBN为微生物生物量氮质量分数(mg·kg−1),0.25为微生物体氮的矿化系数,即矿化得到的微生物体氮是微生物体总氮的0.25倍。
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采用气相色谱仪(Agilent 7890A, 美国)测定CO2气体质量分数(mg·kg−1)。载气为5%的氩甲烷,流速为40 mL·min−1,色谱柱和ECD检测器的温度设置为40和300 ℃,炉温和FID检测器的温度设置为40和200 ℃。计算CO2日释放速率:
$F = 24\dfrac{{\rho \dfrac{{\Delta c}}{{\Delta t}}V\dfrac{{273}}{{273 + T}}}}{W} $ 。其中:F为气体日释放速率(mg·kg−1·d−1);ρ为标准状态下气体的质量浓度(g·L−1);∆c为培养瓶内CO2气体质量分数变化量(mg·kg−1),∆t为单位时间(h),∆c/∆t表示单位时间内培养瓶内CO2气体质量分数变化量(mg·kg−1·h−1);V为培养瓶中气体的有效空间体积(L);W是培养瓶内样品的质量(kg);T为培养温度(℃)。温室气体累积排放量:$S = \displaystyle \sum\limits_{i = 1}^n {\dfrac{{{F_{\left( {i + 1} \right)}} + {F_i}}}{2}} \left[ {{t_{\left( {i + 1} \right)}} - {t_i}} \right] $ ,n=180。其中:s为气体的累积排放量(mg·kg−1);Fi为培养第i天的气体日释放速率;ti为采样时的培养天数(d)[25]。 -
数据统计分析使用Excel 2010和SPSS 20.0,多重比较采用最小显著差异法(LSD,α=0.05),图表绘制使用Excel 2010和Origin 2018。数据为平均值±标准误。
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土壤中添加不同生物质原料显著影响土壤微生物生物量(图1,P<0.05)。由图1A可知:在培养的各阶段,SR的土壤MBC质量分数始终高于其他处理(P<0.05),与对照相比,各处理组土壤MBC质量分数均显著升高(P<0.05)。培养结束时,各处理的土壤MBC质量分数分别比对照增加了50.00%、31.00%、80.00%和109.00%,说明添加4种生物质原料均能提高土壤MBC质量分数。
图 1 生物质原料施用对土壤微生物生物量的影响
Figure 1. Effects of biomass material additions on soil microbial biomass in the soil
由图1B可知:与对照相比,培养结束后各处理组土壤MBN显著增加(P<0.05),其中SR的土壤MBN质量分数显著高于其他处理,各处理的土壤MBN质量分数分别比对照增加了54.00%、40.00%、72.00%和203.00%,说明4种生物质原料的施用均能增加土壤MBN质量分数。
相关性分析表明(表2):施用生物质原料180 d后,土壤MBC与TN1、TP1、TK1存在极显著正相关(P<0.01),与TC1和C1/N1存在极显著负相关(P<0.01);土壤MBN与TC1、C1/N1存在显著负相关(P<0.05),与TK1存在极显著正相关(P<0.01)。
表 2 生物质原料性质与土壤各指标间的相关性
Table 2. Correlations between properties of biomass materials and properties of soil
土壤指标 生物质原料性质 TC1 TN1 C1/N1 TP1 TK1 MBC −0.822** 0.846** −0.903** 0.732** 0.889** MBN −0.629* 0.556 −0.637* 0.655* 0.998** NH4 +-N 0.777** −0.904** 0.825** −0.273 −0.181 NO3 −-N −0.826** 0.733** −0.752** 0.541 0.938** AP −0.225 0.564 −0.692* 0.812** 0.194 AK −0.584* 0.532 −0.632* 0.709** 0.990** CO2日释放速率 0.851** −0.914** 0.927** −0.610* −0.658* 说明:*表示显著相关(P<0.05),**表示极显著相关(P<0.01) -
不同生物质原料对土壤速效养分的影响动态相似,但不同养分间存在差异(图2)。培养初期,SR土壤NH4 +-N质量分数下降最显著;培养中后期,不同处理的NH4 +-N质量分数均呈先上升后下降的趋势;培养结束时,不同处理的土壤NH4 +-N质量分数均明显减少,从大到小依次为BR、TR、对照、SR、LR(图2A)。除对照的土壤NO3 −-N质量分数随培养时间增加始终呈上升趋势,其他处理土壤NO3 −-N质量分数均表现为培养初期显著下降,培养60 d时降到最低,培养结束时略有增加,从大到小依次为对照、SR、LR、BR、TR(图2B)。
图 2 生物质原料施用对土壤速效养分的影响
Figure 2. Effects of biomass material additions on available nutrients in the soil
由图2C可知:土壤有效磷质量分数表现为培养初期下降明显,初期至中后期上下波动,中后期有所上升。培养结束后,TR、BR、LR和SR的土壤有效磷质量分数分别比对照增加了202.00%、4.73%、192.00%和143.00%。图2D表明:整个培养过程中,速效钾质量分数波动幅度相对较小,各处理组的土壤速效钾质量分数均高于对照。SR的土壤速效钾质量分数始终显著高于其他处理(P<0.05),培养结束时,各土壤的速效钾质量分数从大到小依次为SR、LR、TR、BR、对照。
结合表2可知:土壤NH4 +-N与TC1和C1/N1呈极显著正相关 (P<0.01),与TN1呈极显著负相关(P<0.01);土壤NO3 −-N与TN1呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与TC1和C1/N1呈极显著负相关(P<0.01)。同时,土壤AP、AK分别与TP1、TK1存在极显著正相关(P<0.01)。说明生物质原料的施用对土壤无机氮、有效磷和速效钾的变化有直接影响。由表3可知:培养期间(0、7、30、90和180 d),土壤性状间存在一定的相关性,其中,土壤AP、AK均分别与土壤MBC、MBN和NH4 +-N存在极显著正相关(P<0.01)。
表 3 施用生物质原料土壤各指标的相关性
Table 3. Correlations between properties of soil with biomass material additions
土壤指标 MBC MBN NH4 +-N NO3 −-N AP AK MBN 0.630** NH4 +-N 0.364** 0.203 NO3 −-N −0.243* −0.152 0.265* AP 0.400** 0.377** 0.577** −0.120 AK 0.737** 0.867** 0.412** −0.204 0.419** CO2日释放速率 0.504** 0.284* 0.267* −0.256* 0.680** 0.318** 说明:*表示显著相关(P<0.05),**表示极显著相关(P<0.01) -
土壤添加不同生物质原料后土壤CO2日释放速率的变化趋势基本相同(图3),培养第1 天出现峰值,随培养时间增加逐渐下降。培养30 d后TR、BR和对照的土壤CO2日释放速率逐渐趋于稳定。培养的前47 d内,SR、LR的土壤CO2日释放速率较高,培养61 d后趋于稳定(图3A)。
图 3 不同处理下土壤CO2日释放速率(A)和累积释放量(B)
Figure 3. Effects of biomass material additions on CO2 daily emission rate (A) and cumulative emission (B) in the soil during the incubation period
从图3B看,培养结束(180 d)时,不同处理的土壤CO2累积释放量从大到小依次为SR、LR、TR、BR、对照。与对照相比,TR、BR、LR、SR的土壤CO2累积释放量分别提高了38.92%、36.43%、209.88%和291.36%。
土壤CO2日释放速率与TC1和C1/N1呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与TN1呈极显著负相关(P<0.01,表2),与土壤MBC、AP、AK呈极显著正相关(P<0.01,表3),说明土壤呼吸与生物质原料的碳氮质量分数及微生物活动密切联系,且受土壤有效养分的调控。
Impacts of poplar harvesting residue additions on soil nutrients and CO2 emission
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摘要:
目的 探索施用杨树Populus采伐剩余物对土壤养分和二氧化碳(CO2)释放的影响,为其潜在利用提供参考。 方法 以杨树树枝、树皮、树叶和水稻Oryza sativa秸秆等4种农林废弃物为生物质原料,根据杨树人工林单位面积凋落物量,以2%质量分数(以烘干土质量计)均匀混入新鲜土壤,25 ℃恒温培养箱中暗培养180 d。控制培养期间土壤含水量为田间持水量的60%。测定不同处理下土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)、微生物生物量氮(MBN)、无机氮[铵态氮(NH4 +-N)和硝态氮(NO3 −-N)]、有效磷(AP)、速效钾(AK)等质量分数以及CO2日释放速率和累积释放量。 结果 ① 4种生物质原料施用显著影响土壤微生物生物量及土壤氮磷钾的有效性(P<0.05)。相比对照,杨树树枝、树皮、树叶和水稻秸秆处理的土壤MBC质量分数分别增加了50%、31%、80%和109%,土壤MBN质量分数分别增加了54%、40%、72%和203%。施用杨树树皮和树枝土壤的NH4 +-N质量分数从大到小依次为对照、秸秆处理、树叶处理、树皮处理、树枝处理。土壤AP质量分数以树枝处理最高,AK质量分数以秸秆处理最高。②不同处理的土壤CO2日释放速率均表现为初期较快,中期逐渐减缓,后期趋于稳定。培养期间,秸秆处理的土壤CO2累积释放量最高,显著高于其他处理(P<0.05),其次为杨树树叶,不同处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。③相关性分析表明:生物质原料的性质与土壤微生物生物量、土壤养分和CO2释放量存在显著相关性。其中土壤微生物生物量与生物质原料的全氮、全磷、全钾显著正相关(P<0.05),与全碳和碳氮比显著负相关(P<0.05);土壤CO2日释放速率与土壤MBC、MBN、NH4 +-N、AP和AK均显著正相关(P<0.05),但与NO3 −-N呈极显著负相关(P<0.01)。 结论 从土壤养分和环境效应综合考量,杨树采伐剩余物的施用能提高土壤有效态的氮磷钾等养分,相对减少碳排放。图3表3参47 Abstract:Objective Impacts of the addition of poplar harvesting residues on soil nutrients and CO2 emission were investigated in controlled conditions to provide a reference for its potential utilization. Method The indoor incubation experiment was carried out by selecting logging residues of twigs, barks, and leaves from a poplar plantation and the rice straw as research materials. Based on the litter amount in the unit area of the poplar plantation, the fresh soil equivalent to 100 g of dry soil weight and biomass materials equivalent to 2% of dry soil weight were mixed evenly. Then the mixed soils were loaded into a homemade polyethylene plastic box, and incubated in a constant temperature incubator at 25℃ for 180 days in darkness. During the culture period, the soil moisture content was controlled to 60% of the field moisture capacity. Dynamic variations in microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and nitrogen (MBN), inorganic nitrogen (NH4 +-N and NO3 −-N), available phosphorus (AP) and available potassium (AK) as well as CO2 in the soil were measured. Result (1) The addition of all four residue biomass significantly affected microbial biomass and nutrient availability in the soil (P<0.05). Compared with the control, the soil MBC contents treated by the residue biomass of poplar twigs, barks, leaves and straw increased by 50%, 31%, 80% and 109% respectively, while the soil MBN contents increased by 54%, 40%, 72% and 203%, respectively. The contents of NH4 +-N in the soil treated with bark and twigs residues were higher than those in the control and rice straw treatments, whereas the NO3 −-N content in the soil was in the order of control>rice straw>leaf residue>bark residue>twig residue treatments. The highest AP content was observed in the soil treated with twigs, while the AK content in the soil treated with rice straw was higher than that treated with other biomass residues. (2) After adding biomass residues into the soil, the daily release rate of CO2 from the soil showed a tendency with being relatively fast in the initial period, gradually slowing down in the middle stage, and tending to be stable in the later stage of the incubation. After 180 days of indoor incubation, the cumulative CO2 emission from the soil treated with rice straw was significantly higher than that of the other treatments (P<0.05), followed by the soil treated with poplar leaves. (3) Correlation analysis showed that microbial biomass, nutrient contents and CO2 daily release rate in the soil were obviously correlated to the properties of biomass residues. Of them, a significantly positive correlation of soil microbial biomass to the contents of total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium but a significantly negative correlation to the total carbon content and C/N ratio in the biomass residues were detected (P<0.05). Meanwhile, the CO2 daily emission rate was positively correlated to the contents of MBC, MBN, NH4 +-N, AP and AK in the soil (P<0.05), whereas a significantly negative correlation of the CO2 daily emission rate to the contents of NO3 −-N was observed (P<0.01). Conclusion From the views of soil nutrients and environmental effects, application of poplar harvesting residues not only can increase the contents of soil available nutrients, but also relatively reduce carbon emissions compared with the rice straw. [Ch, 3 fig. 3 tab. 47 ref.] -
Key words:
- soil ecology /
- poplar /
- harvesting residues /
- microbial biomass /
- nutrient availability /
- greenhouse gas
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表 1 供试生物质原料基本性质
Table 1. Basic properties of biomass materials used in this study
生物质原料 pH 全碳/(g·kg−1) 全氮/(g·kg−1) 碳氮比 全磷/(g·kg−1) 全钾/(g·kg−1) 树枝 6.16±0.08 b 481.87±2.72 a 5.53±0.21 c 87.45±3.37 b 0.87±0.01 b 4.65±0.06 c 树皮 5.60±0.08 c 465.50±9.15 b 3.70±0.14 d 126.26±7.51 a 0.30±0.02 d 3.10±0.04 d 树叶 5.49±0.12 c 415.17±4.50 c 14.07±0.26 a 29.46±0.29 c 0.69±0.01 c 6.31±0.45 b 水稻秸秆 6.41±0.07 a 417.77±4.30 c 11.90±0.36 b 35.16±0.83 c 0.97±0.01 a 19.83±0.44 a 说明:同列不同小写字母表示不同生物质原料性质间差异显著(P<0.05) 表 2 生物质原料性质与土壤各指标间的相关性
Table 2. Correlations between properties of biomass materials and properties of soil
土壤指标 生物质原料性质 TC1 TN1 C1/N1 TP1 TK1 MBC −0.822** 0.846** −0.903** 0.732** 0.889** MBN −0.629* 0.556 −0.637* 0.655* 0.998** NH4 +-N 0.777** −0.904** 0.825** −0.273 −0.181 NO3 −-N −0.826** 0.733** −0.752** 0.541 0.938** AP −0.225 0.564 −0.692* 0.812** 0.194 AK −0.584* 0.532 −0.632* 0.709** 0.990** CO2日释放速率 0.851** −0.914** 0.927** −0.610* −0.658* 说明:*表示显著相关(P<0.05),**表示极显著相关(P<0.01) 表 3 施用生物质原料土壤各指标的相关性
Table 3. Correlations between properties of soil with biomass material additions
土壤指标 MBC MBN NH4 +-N NO3 −-N AP AK MBN 0.630** NH4 +-N 0.364** 0.203 NO3 −-N −0.243* −0.152 0.265* AP 0.400** 0.377** 0.577** −0.120 AK 0.737** 0.867** 0.412** −0.204 0.419** CO2日释放速率 0.504** 0.284* 0.267* −0.256* 0.680** 0.318** 说明:*表示显著相关(P<0.05),**表示极显著相关(P<0.01) -
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