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植物化感作用是一种活或死的植物通过适当的途径向环境释放特定的化学物质而直接或间接影响邻近或下茬植物萌发或生长的效应[1]。在自然条件下,水溶性的化感物质主要随着雨水等的冲刷从凋落物淋溶进入土壤中,对周围植物生长产生影响。凋落物的化感作用是影响林木自然更新的一个重要因子,凋落物产生的化感物质对种子萌发和胚生长具有重要影响[2]。刺槐Robinia pseudoacacia为落叶乔木,具有适应性强、耐干旱贫瘠、易繁殖、生长快、固氮等特性,是中国广泛栽培的阔叶乔木树种之一。伐后萌蘖更新是刺槐人工林的主要更新方式[3],利用刺槐具有根系发达、萌蘖能力强等特性,快速更新成为林分。但随着皆伐后萌蘖再皆伐再萌蘖的多代连作,在三代、四代及以后刺槐萌生形成的次生林中出现生产力逐代下降、生长迟缓以及树干弯曲等连栽障碍[4],影响刺槐林的生产效率,因此刺槐的实生更新问题受到人们关注。有研究表明,在近自然条件下,刺槐实生更新困难,林下种子天然萌发率及胚生长存活率均较低[5]。森林内的林木种子主要分布在凋落物以及腐殖质层[6],刺槐的凋落物层会加速种子损失率[6],凋落物分解过程中会产生一些次生代谢产物[7],对刺槐种子的萌发和胚生长可能会产生影响。因此,本研究主要探讨连栽刺槐人工林下凋落物是否具有化感作用影响自身种子萌发。研究表明杨树Populus的化感作用随着连栽代数的增加而增加[8],随着马尾松Pinus massoniana连栽代数以及林龄的增加,浸提液中化感物质的种类增加[9]。
刺槐化感作用的研究集中在刺槐凋落物与根际土壤对其他的植物生长的影响。已有研究表明:刺槐凋落叶的浸提液对绿豆Vigna radiata具有较强的抑制作用,对甜瓜Cucumis melo具有较弱的促进作用[10];随刺槐凋落物浸提液质量浓度的升高,对马尾松生长的促进作用转变为抑制作用,刺槐凋落物的浸提液对马尾松胚的地径、苗高、主根长、地上部鲜质量和地下部鲜质量均表现为促进效应[11−12];刺槐根际土壤的水浸提液对5种园林植物的生长表现为抑制作用[13],刺槐叶片混合土壤对食用植物以及杂草生长具有抑制作用[14];刺槐根际土壤以及刺槐凋落物的浸提液对刺槐种子萌发呈低促进高抑制的趋势,刺槐根际土的浸提液对刺槐苗木生长也呈现低促高抑的趋势[15];在黄土地区,刺槐凋落物的浸提液对刺槐自身种子萌发和胚生长具有抑制作用,刺槐根系、根际土壤的浸提液对刺槐的生长呈现低促进高抑制的化感作用,并检测出37种化感物质[16−17]。
不同经营世代和不同林龄刺槐凋落物对自身种子萌发的影响研究极少。本研究针对不同刺槐林下凋落物的浸提液,研究其对种子萌发及胚生长的影响,以期揭示刺槐多代连作培育经营下实生更新困难与刺槐自身化感效应关系,为刺槐人工林高效培育与可持续经营提供科学依据。
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刺槐人工林位于河南省洛阳市洛宁县马店镇国有吕村林场(34°06′~34°38′N,111°08′~111°50′E),选取刺槐一代幼龄林(F1-1)、一代中龄林(F1-2)、一代成熟林(F1-3)、二代幼龄林(F2-1)、二代中龄林(F2-1)、二代成熟林(F2-3)、三代幼龄林(F3-1)、三代中龄林(F3-2)、三代成熟林(F3-3)进行设置样地(表1),样地面积为20 m×20 m,每种林分设置3个重复样地,共计27块刺槐样地。对样地进行基本林分调查,包括海拔、坡度、胸径、树高、活枝下高、郁闭度、植被等。刺槐一代林是实生苗,二代林和三代林分别是一代林经过1次和2次皆伐后萌蘖形成的林分,幼龄林、中龄林、成熟林分别为6~7 a、12~15 a、15 a以上的林分。林下植被主要包括荆条Vitex negundo、夏至草Lagipsis supina、堇菜Viola verecunda、求米草Oplismenus undulatifolius、白屈菜Chelidonium majus、葎草Humulus scandens等。
表 1 样地基本情况
Table 1. Basic situation of the sample plots
林分 海拔/
m坡度/
(°)胸径/
cm树高/
m活枝
下高/m密度/
(株·hm−2)郁闭度 F1-1 611 24 6.55 8.17 5.24 2258 0.57 F1-2 665 18 9.71 10.11 5.59 1558 0.47 F1-3 712 15 20.50 11.13 6.44 625 0.33 F2-1 817 16 6.78 8.17 5.56 2517 0.53 F2-2 646 14 10.02 9.86 4.51 1267 0.37 F2-3 644 25 14.92 10.35 6.16 983 0.37 F3-1 656 22 4.84 6.46 3.87 4250 0.53 F3-2 671 15 6.80 8.47 5.93 3742 0.43 F3-3 677 22 7.25 8.61 4.65 3292 0.53 -
2020年11月在不同林分的刺槐样地中收集林下凋落物(当年新鲜凋落的叶片和小枝,外表轮廓完整,可以辨认出叶片和小枝的形态和质地),在每块样地随机设立3个1 m×1 m的小样方收集样品,放入密封袋带回实验室,去除杂质,自然风干。供试种子为当地刺槐种子。
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刺槐林下凋落物浸提液质量浓度设置需考虑凋落物与降雨量比例[18]。根据调查,刺槐人工林凋落物的现存量为80~220 g·m−2,该地区年平均降水量为570 mm,换算得凋落物浸提液质量浓度为1.0∶2.5~1.0∶10.0。将自然风干的凋落物按质量浓度1.0∶2.5加入适量蒸馏水,在180 r·min−1回旋式震荡1 h,使用滤纸进行过滤,得原液。考虑野外在非雨季时,凋落物处于干燥未被浸提的状态[19],将原液稀释2、4、8、16倍,得0.400、0.200、0.100、0.050、0.025 kg·L−1的浸提液,分别标记为C1~C5,将浸提液放入4 ℃冰箱保存备用。
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种子萌发实验采用培养皿滤纸法。选取大小均匀一致、颗粒饱满的刺槐种子,用质量浓度为0.5%的高锰酸钾溶液浸泡消毒2 h后,使用蒸馏水冲洗干净,再用75~80 ℃的热水至自然冷却浸泡24 h,以破除种子硬实。发芽床由直径9 cm的双层定性滤纸和培养皿构成。取5 mL不同处理的浸提液,加入培养皿中,每个培养皿整齐均匀放置50粒处理后的刺槐种子,每个处理设置3个重复,加入等量蒸馏水为对照(ck)。将培养皿放置于人工培养箱,设置光周期为16 h光/8 h暗,温度为25 ℃,相对湿度为80%。每天定量补充相应处理浸提液使滤纸保持湿润。
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种子置床当天为第1天,之后每天同一时间观察记录发芽种子数,以胚根露出种皮1~2 mm为发芽标准,大部分处理连续3 d无种子萌发时,结束发芽试验,记录腐烂种子和硬实种子的数量。计算发芽率、发芽势、发芽速度指数、活力指数,并使用精度0.01 cm的游标卡尺测量胚根长和胚芽长,用精度0.0001 g的电子天平称量每皿胚根和胚芽的鲜质量和干质量。发芽率=(发芽种子数/供试种子总数)×100%;发芽势=(日发芽种子数达到最高峰/供试种子总数)×100%;发芽速度指数I=2×(6x1+5x2+4x3+3x4+2x5+x6)[20],x指每天发芽的种子数,解释化感物质对种子发芽的延缓作用,高于对照表示促进作用。活力指数=发芽指数×苗长,其中,发芽指数=
$ \displaystyle\sum \dfrac{\mathrm{每}\mathrm{天}\mathrm{的}\mathrm{发}\mathrm{芽}\mathrm{数}}{\mathrm{相}\mathrm{应}\mathrm{的}\mathrm{发}\mathrm{芽}\mathrm{天}\mathrm{数}} $ ,种子活力指数是衡量种子发芽期长短,胚是否健壮的重要指标,其值越大,表示胚越健壮,生长越好。化感综合效应指数反映化感效应的强弱,指同一处理下对同一受体各测试项目化感效应指数的算术平均值。种子萌发化感综合效应指数指发芽率、发芽势、发芽速度指数、活力指数等指标的化感效应指数的平均值。胚生长化感综合效应指数指胚根长、胚芽长、胚根鲜质量、胚芽鲜质量、胚根干质量、胚芽干质量等指标的化感效应指数的平均值。化感效应指数(IR)[21]:IR=1−Ick/ IT(IT≥Ick);IR= IT/Ick−1(IT<Ick)。其中,Ick为对照值,IT为凋落物浸提液的处理值。当IR>0时,表示促进作用;当IR<0时,表示抑制作用。IR绝对值越大,化感效应强度也越大。
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用Excel 2019对数据进行基本汇总和处理,用SPSS 23软件进行分析,采用方差分析和多重比较分析不同处理之间的差异性,各林分之间的多重比较结果是同一质量浓度下多重比较的平均值。所有图使用Origin 2017进行绘制。数据均为平均值±标准误。
Allelopathy of the litter extracts from Robinia pseudoacacia forest on its seed germination and embryo growth
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摘要:
目的 探究不同世代和不同林龄刺槐Robinia pseudoacacia林下凋落物浸提液对自身种子萌发和胚生长的化感作用,旨在阐明刺槐林实生更新困难的原因。 方法 以刺槐人工林凋落物浸提液为化感物质来源,以刺槐种子为研究对象,采用培养皿滤纸法,分析不同经营世代及不同林龄的刺槐林下凋落物浸提液对刺槐种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽速度指数、活力指数以及胚生长的影响。 结果 刺槐林下凋落物浸提液抑制刺槐自身种子萌发和胚生长,且凋落物浸提液对胚根生长的抑制作用强于胚芽,不同林分以及不同质量浓度浸提液之间差异显著。在二代林和三代林中,随着林龄的增加,刺槐凋落物浸提液对种子萌发和胚生长的抑制作用呈减弱的趋势;在一代林中,中龄林凋落物浸提液对种子萌发具有促进作用,对胚生长的抑制作用较弱,化感综合效应指数分别为0.006和−0.032。随着经营世代的增加,幼龄林和中龄林下,刺槐凋落物浸提液对种子萌发和胚生长的抑制作用增强;成熟林下,随着经营世代的增加,其凋落物浸提液对种子萌发的抑制作用呈增加趋势,化感综合效应指数从0.044增加至0.097,对胚生长的抑制作用呈下降趋势,化感综合效应指数从0.124下降至0.050。部分林分下的凋落物浸提液具有质量浓度效应,对种子萌发和胚生长的抑制作用随着质量浓度的降低而减弱。 结论 不同林分刺槐林下凋落物浸提液对自身种子萌发和胚生长呈抑制作用;在二代和三代林下,凋落物浸提液随着林分年龄的增加,对刺槐种子萌发和胚生长的抑制作用呈减弱趋势;在幼龄林和中龄林下,凋落物浸提液随着经营世代的增加,对刺槐种子萌发和胚生长的抑制作用呈上升趋势。综上所述,连栽阻碍了刺槐实生苗的天然更新,但随着林龄的增加,对实生苗更新的阻碍作用会减弱。图3表1参38 Abstract:Objective This study, with an exploration of the allelopathic effects of understory litter extracts from different stand types of Robinia pseudoacacia on seed germination and embryo growth, is aimed to clarify causes of the difficulty in seedling regeneration under R. pseudoacacia forest. Method With the litter extracts of R. pseudoacacia plantation used as the source of allelochemicals and the seeds of R. pseudoacacia being the subjects of study, the Petri dish filter paper method was emoloyed to analyze the effects of the understory litter extracts of different management generations and different stand ages on the germination rate, germination potential, germination speed index, vigor index and embryo growth of R. pseudoacacia. Result (1) The litter extracts under the R. pseudoacacia forest inhibited the germination and embryo growth of R. seudoacacia and the inhibitory effect of the litter extract on the growth of the radicle was stronger than that of the embryo. (2) There were significant differences between different forest types and different concentrations in the second-generation forest and the third-generation forest, the inhibitory effect of R. pseudoacacia litter extract on seed germination and embryo growth decreased with the increase of forest age. (3) In the first-generation forest, the litter extracts of middle-aged forests could promote seed germination, but had a weak inhibitory effect on embryo growth with the allelopathic effect composite index being 0.006 and −0.032 respectively. (4) In middle-age forests, the inhibitory effect of R. pseudoacacia litter extract on seed germination and embryo growth increased with the increase of forest generations. (5) In mature forests, with the increase of forest generations, the inhibitory effect of the litter extract on seed germination showed an increasing trend with the allelopathy composite index increased from 0.044 to 0.097, whereas the inhibitory effect on embryo growth showed a decreasing trend, with the allelopathy composite index falling from 0.124 to 0.050. (6) The litter extract in some forest types had a concentration effect, and its inhibitory effect on seed germination and embryo growth weakened as the concentration decreased. Conclusion The litter extracts of different stand types of R. pseudoacacia undergrowth have an inhibitory effect on their own seed germination and embryo growth. In the second and third generation stands, the litter extract showed a weakening effect on the seed germination and embryo growth of R. pseudoacacia with the increase of stand age. In young-aged and middle-aged forests, the inhibitory effect of litter extract on seed germination and embryo growth of R. pseudoacacia increased with the increase of forest generation. In other words, continuous planting hinders the natural regeneration of seedlings of R. pseudoacacia, but as the forest age increases, the hindering effect on the regeneration of seedlings will be weakened. [Ch, 3 fig. 1 tab. 38 ref.] -
Key words:
- Robinia pseudoacacia /
- litter /
- seed germination /
- embryo growth /
- allelopathy
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表 1 样地基本情况
Table 1. Basic situation of the sample plots
林分 海拔/
m坡度/
(°)胸径/
cm树高/
m活枝
下高/m密度/
(株·hm−2)郁闭度 F1-1 611 24 6.55 8.17 5.24 2258 0.57 F1-2 665 18 9.71 10.11 5.59 1558 0.47 F1-3 712 15 20.50 11.13 6.44 625 0.33 F2-1 817 16 6.78 8.17 5.56 2517 0.53 F2-2 646 14 10.02 9.86 4.51 1267 0.37 F2-3 644 25 14.92 10.35 6.16 983 0.37 F3-1 656 22 4.84 6.46 3.87 4250 0.53 F3-2 671 15 6.80 8.47 5.93 3742 0.43 F3-3 677 22 7.25 8.61 4.65 3292 0.53 -
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