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土壤酸化是中国耕地面临的主要障碍之一,近30 a来,中国耕地土壤pH平均降低了0.5[1]。南方红壤地区高温多雨,集约化经营程度高,化肥施用量大,土壤酸化状况尤为突出。土壤酸化不仅降低土壤养分有效性、抑制作物根系生长和养分吸收,而且对土壤生物多样性和农业生态环境造成负面影响[2]。阻控土壤酸化、改良酸性土壤肥力、提高土壤生物学活性对促进区域农业绿色可持续发展具有重要意义。
土壤微生物及其胞外酶是土壤有机质分解和养分转化的直接驱动者,两者对土壤环境变化极为灵敏,是衡量土壤肥力和健康状况的重要指标[3-4]。近年来,土壤酶生态化学计量特征被广泛应用于衡量土壤微生物能量和养分资源限制状况,表征土壤微生物代谢需求与土壤养分供应之间的生物化学平衡[5]。土壤酶生态化学计量主要以参与碳循环相关的β-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)、纤维二糖水解酶(CB),参与氮循环相关的亮氨酸氨基肽酶(LAP)和β-1,4-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)以及参与磷循环相关的酸性磷酸酶(PHOS)的比值为研究对象。土壤酶碳∶氮∶磷(C∶N∶P)在全球尺度上相对稳定,当比值偏离时表明微生物受到C、N或者P的限制[6]。酶化学计量的向量长度(vector length)和向量角度(vector angle)可以较好地表征微生物的能量和养分限制状况[3]。土壤酸碱性影响土壤酶活性,当土壤pH过低时,土壤微生物与胞外酶活性受到抑制,进而影响土壤酶生态化学计量特征[7]。探明不同改良措施引起的土壤酸碱度、养分变化与土壤微生物养分限制状况之间的关系对促进土壤肥力和作物生长具有重要意义。
天目小香薯Ipomoea batatas是浙江省杭州市临安区的特色农产品[8]。随着天目小香薯市场需求日益扩大,一些丘陵山地被开垦用于番薯种植。然而,丘陵红壤往往立地条件差,水分养分蓄纳功能弱,土壤酸化程度高,需要进行合理的土壤质量管理。施用土壤调理剂是改善红壤结构、酸碱性和养分有效性的重要手段之一。其中,矿物型土壤调理剂在均衡土壤肥力、提高作物抗逆性及优化土壤生态环境质量等方面均发挥着积极作用[9]。研究表明:利用石灰石、钾长石等制成的矿物调理剂可有效调节土壤pH、改善土壤酸化、提高土壤微生物和酶活性[10-11]。尽管丘陵红壤施用石灰等矿物型土壤调理剂已有较多研究[9],然而目前研究集中在改善农田土壤酸化、增加土壤养分和提升产量等方面,其如何影响土壤酶活性及微生物养分限制状况尚缺乏报道。并且,矿物调理剂类型多样,不同调理剂效果差异大,亟待开发适合不同土壤和作物的土壤调理剂产品。为此,本研究通过田间试验研究矿物调理剂施用对天目小香薯产量、土壤养分、微生物生物量、土壤酶活性及生态化学计量特征的短期影响,探明影响土壤酶活性和微生物代谢限制的主要因素,从土壤酶生态化学计量角度评估矿物调理剂的施用效果,旨在为改善丘陵红壤质量提供理论依据。
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由表1可知:相比ck,W2处理显著提高了土壤pH、AN和AP,提高幅度分别为17.7%、48.3%和 40.7%(P<0.05)。 W1和W2处理显著降低了土壤交换性酸(57.0%和67.1%)、交换性H+ (57.7%和69.2%)和交换性Al3+(57.1%和60.7%,P<0.05)。W1和W2处理对SOC、TP、DOC、DN、AK、C/N、C/P、N/P均无显著影响。由表2可知:与ck相比,W1和W2处理显著提高了天目小香薯藤长38.5%和39.7%(P<0.05),但对天目小香薯产量、地上生物量、地上部与产量的比值均无显著影响。
表 1 不同处理土壤化学性质指标
Table 1. Soil chemical properties under different treatments
处理 pH SOC/
(g·kg−1)TP/
(g·kg−1)TN/
(g·kg−1)DOC/
(mg·kg−1)DN/
(mg·kg−1)AK/
(mg·kg−1)AP
(mg·kg−1)ck 5.42±0.06 b 6.90±1.34 a 0.60±0.07 a 0.77±0.01 ab 201.07±8.74 a 93.53±5.85 a 105.26±22.54 a 2.53±0.44 b W1 6.10±0.22 ab 8.86±1.92 a 0.63±0.11 a 0.84±0.03 a 216.33±15.28 a 91.53±5.05 a 79.49±12.94 a 2.92±0.10 ab W2 6.38±0.46 a 8.07±1.03 a 0.57±0.07 a 0.76±0.04 b 202.67±27.78 a 93.20±4.91 a 81.45±16.41 a 3.56±0.42 a 处理 AN /
(mg·kg−1)C/N C/P N/P 交换性酸/
(cmol·kg−1)交换性H+/
(cmol·kg−1)交换性Al3+/
(cmol·kg−1)ck 162.45±26.22 b 9.14±1.72 a 11.85±2.39 a 1.30±0.15 a 0.79±0.19 a 0.52±0.16 a 0.28±0.05 a W1 202.10±12.25 ab 9.97±2.08 a 13.04±0.74 a 1.36±0.24 a 0.34±0.15 b 0.22±0.08 b 0.12±0.07 b W2 240.86±20.28 a 10.80±1.02 a 14.97±3.41 a 1.37±0.21 a 0.26±0.06 b 0.16±0.01 b 0.11±0.07 b 说明:SOC为土壤有机碳;TP为全磷;TN为全氮;DOC为可溶性有机碳;DN为可溶性氮;AK为速效钾;AP为有效磷;AN为碱解氮; C/N表示SOC/TN;C/P表示SOC/TP;N/P表示TN/TP;同列不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。 表 2 不同处理天目小香薯产量和地上部生物量
Table 2. Sweet potato yield and aboveground biomass under different treatments
处理 产量/(t·hm−2) 地上部生物量/(t·hm−2) 藤长/m 地上部/产量 ck 25.77±1.78 a 2.94±1.15 a 1.56±0.06 b 0.12±0.05 a W1 28.67±0.96 a 3.19±0.11 a 2.16±0.31 a 0.11±0.01 a W2 28.46±2.21 a 2.55±0.89 a 2.18±0.17 a 0.09±0.04 a 说明:同列不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。 -
由图1可知:与ck相比,W1处理显著提高了MBN (91.1%)、MBN/MBP (148.2%) (P<0.05)。 W2处理显著提高了MBC (67.1%)、 MBC/MBP (168.2%)和MBN/MBP (131.8%) (P<0.05)。 W1和W2处理对MBP和MBC/MBN均无显著影响。
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由图2可知:W1处理显著降低了PHOS活性(31.9%,P<0.05),而对BG、CB、 NAG、LAP活性、酶C/N、酶C/P、酶N/P、向量长度、向量角度均无显著影响。 W2处理显著降低了PHOS活性(45.4%)、 LAP活性(52.4%),提高了酶C/P(96.7%)、向量长度(19.7%)、向量角度(10.5%)(P<0.05),而对其他指标无影响,表明高量矿物调理剂施用提高了微生物碳限制,而缓解了微生物磷限制。
冗余分析(图3)表明:土壤化学性质对土壤酶活性及生态化学计量比的总解释率为98.3%,其中第1轴解释了变量的96.1%,第2轴解释了变量的2.2%。 AN(F=18.05,P=0.002), pH (F=7.87,P=0.016), MBN (F=6.211,P=0.048),MBP (F=5.61,P=0.044)是显著影响土壤酶活性及化学计量比的主要因子,解释率分别为72.0%、53.0%、47.0%、45.0%。
Effects of mineral conditioner on the yield of sweet potato and ecoenzymatic stoichiometry in a hilly red soil
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摘要:
目的 采用田间小区试验研究施用矿物调理剂对天目小香薯Ipomoea batatas产量、土壤微生物生物量、酶活性及生态化学计量特征的短期影响,探明影响土壤微生物养分限制的主要因素,为改善南方丘陵红壤肥力提供理论依据。 方法 设置空白对照(ck),以白云石、钾长石为主要原料制备的矿物调理剂3 (W1)和6 t·hm−2(W2) 2个处理。于天目小香薯收获期测定产量和地上部生物量、土壤化学性质及碳、氮、磷循环相关酶活性。 结果 与ck相比,矿物调理剂显著降低了土壤交换性酸(P<0.05),且W2处理显著提高了土壤pH、碱解氮和有效磷质量分数(P<0.05),但对天目小香薯产量无显著影响。相比ck,W1处理显著提高了土壤微生物生物量氮(MBN)质量分数91.1%(P<0.05),W2处理提高了微生物生物量碳(MBC)质量分数67.1%(P<0.05),且两者均显著提高了微生物生物量氮磷比(MBN/MBP) (P<0.05),分别提高了148.2%和131.8%。相比ck,W1和W2处理均显著降低了酸性磷酸酶活性(P<0.05),分别降低了31.9%和45.4%,且W2处理显著降低了亮氨酸氨基肽酶活性(52.4%,P<0.05)。但两者对β-葡萄糖苷酶、纤维二糖水解酶和β-1,4-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)无显著影响。土壤酶生态化学计量特征分析发现:W2处理显著提高了酶化学计量的向量长度(19.7%,P<0.05),显著降低了向量角度(10.5%,P<0.05),表明施用高量矿物调理剂提高了MBC限制,而缓解了MBP限制。冗余分析表明:土壤pH、碱解氮、MBC、MBN是影响土壤酶活性及其化学计量特征的主要因子。 结论 施用矿物调理剂短期内可有效降低土壤酸度,增加速效养分含量,缓解土壤微生物磷限制,从而有助于降低南方丘陵红壤磷限制对作物生长的影响。图3表2参32 Abstract:Objective With a field survey, this study is aimed to investigate the responses of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) yield, soil microbial biomass, enzyme activity and stoichiometry to mineral conditioner application and determine the main factors affecting the status of soil microbial nutrient limitation so as to provide a theoretical basis for improving the fertility of hilly red soil in Southern China. Method With a non-amended control (ck), a mineral conditioner amendment which was prepared from a mixture of dolomite and potassium feldspar, was applied at 3 (W1) and 6 t·hm−2 (W2), respectively. Result Compared with ck, the application of mineral conditioner significantly decreased soil exchangeable acid content (P<0.05); The W2 treatment significantly increased soil pH, available nitrogen (N) and available phosphorus (P) contents(P<0.05), but had no significant effect on the yield of sweet potato; Compared with ck, W1 and W2 significantly increased soil microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) and carbon (MBC) (91.1% and 67.1%, respectively, P<0.05), while both of them increased the ratio of microbial biomass nitrogen/phosphorus ratio (MBN/MBP) (148.2% and 131.8%, respectively, P<0.05); Compared with ck, W1 and W2 significantly reduced the activity of acid phosphatase (by 31.9% and 45.4%, respectively, P<0.05), and W2 treatment significantly reduced the activity of leucine aminopeptidase (by 52.4%, P<0.05), but they had no significant effect on the activities of β-glucosidase, cellobiohydrolase and β-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminidase; Soil enzymatic stoichiometry showed that W2 significantly increased the vector length (by 19.7%, P<0.05) and reduced the vector angle (by 10.5%, P<0.05), indicating that the high amendment rate of mineral conditioner increased microbial C limitation and alleviated their P limitation. As was shown by redundant analysis, soil pH, available N, MBC and MBN were the main factors affecting soil enzyme activity and its stoichiometry. Conclusion The application of mineral conditioner can effectively reduce soil acidity, increase the available nutrient content, and alleviate soil microbial P limitation, thereby helping to potentially reduce the P limitation to crop growth in hilly red soils from Southern China. [Ch, 3 fig. 2 tab. 32 ref.] -
Key words:
- mineral conditioner /
- red soil /
- soil microorganisms /
- soil enzymes /
- Ipomoea batatas
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表 1 不同处理土壤化学性质指标
Table 1. Soil chemical properties under different treatments
处理 pH SOC/
(g·kg−1)TP/
(g·kg−1)TN/
(g·kg−1)DOC/
(mg·kg−1)DN/
(mg·kg−1)AK/
(mg·kg−1)AP
(mg·kg−1)ck 5.42±0.06 b 6.90±1.34 a 0.60±0.07 a 0.77±0.01 ab 201.07±8.74 a 93.53±5.85 a 105.26±22.54 a 2.53±0.44 b W1 6.10±0.22 ab 8.86±1.92 a 0.63±0.11 a 0.84±0.03 a 216.33±15.28 a 91.53±5.05 a 79.49±12.94 a 2.92±0.10 ab W2 6.38±0.46 a 8.07±1.03 a 0.57±0.07 a 0.76±0.04 b 202.67±27.78 a 93.20±4.91 a 81.45±16.41 a 3.56±0.42 a 处理 AN /
(mg·kg−1)C/N C/P N/P 交换性酸/
(cmol·kg−1)交换性H+/
(cmol·kg−1)交换性Al3+/
(cmol·kg−1)ck 162.45±26.22 b 9.14±1.72 a 11.85±2.39 a 1.30±0.15 a 0.79±0.19 a 0.52±0.16 a 0.28±0.05 a W1 202.10±12.25 ab 9.97±2.08 a 13.04±0.74 a 1.36±0.24 a 0.34±0.15 b 0.22±0.08 b 0.12±0.07 b W2 240.86±20.28 a 10.80±1.02 a 14.97±3.41 a 1.37±0.21 a 0.26±0.06 b 0.16±0.01 b 0.11±0.07 b 说明:SOC为土壤有机碳;TP为全磷;TN为全氮;DOC为可溶性有机碳;DN为可溶性氮;AK为速效钾;AP为有效磷;AN为碱解氮; C/N表示SOC/TN;C/P表示SOC/TP;N/P表示TN/TP;同列不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。 表 2 不同处理天目小香薯产量和地上部生物量
Table 2. Sweet potato yield and aboveground biomass under different treatments
处理 产量/(t·hm−2) 地上部生物量/(t·hm−2) 藤长/m 地上部/产量 ck 25.77±1.78 a 2.94±1.15 a 1.56±0.06 b 0.12±0.05 a W1 28.67±0.96 a 3.19±0.11 a 2.16±0.31 a 0.11±0.01 a W2 28.46±2.21 a 2.55±0.89 a 2.18±0.17 a 0.09±0.04 a 说明:同列不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。 -
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