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雷竹Phyllostachys violascens又称早园竹,属禾本科Poaceae刚竹属Phyllostachys,具有出笋早、笋期长、产量高、笋味美等特点,是优良的笋用竹种[1]。自20世纪90年代以来,许多雷竹产区利用砻糠等有机材料进行覆盖栽培,使雷竹出笋提前至春节前,极大提高了雷竹的经济效益[2]。但随着雷竹覆盖栽培年限的增加,雷竹林出现了退化现象,从而限制了雷竹林的可持续发展[3]。因此,为了寻找一种新的方法或优化现有的覆盖增温技术,需要充分了解雷竹笋芽休眠解除的进程。
温度对植物休眠的诱导和解除具有重要的作用,不同植物的休眠解除对温度的需求不同[4]。如百合属Lilium植物休眠解除需要在2 ℃冷藏6~8周[5];李属Prunus植物休眠解除和恢复生长需要6~9 ℃的冷量积累1 000 h[6]。目前,对植物休眠的研究集中在落叶树种。这些植物与竹子不同,它们的芽直接暴露在低温环境下感受低温对其休眠解除带来的影响。雷竹主要通过地下抽鞭发芽,并生长繁殖成林。因此雷竹的侧芽其实是在土壤中完成发育生长,并最终出土成笋,而同时期的土壤和环境温度存在较大差异。因此,雷竹是像落叶树一样由环境低温诱导芽休眠解除,还是由直接接触鞭侧芽的土温诱导尚不清楚。
为了探究笋芽休眠解除过程中雷竹对低温的主要感应部位是地上部分还是地下部分,本研究通过对雷竹盆栽苗不同部位(地下和地上部分)的低温处理,比较各个处理雷竹笋芽休眠进程中相关生理指标的变化规律和差异,探究不同部位低温处理对雷竹笋芽休眠解除的影响,为提高雷竹林经营效率和优化雷竹林覆盖栽培技术提供理论参考。
Effect of low temperature treatment of different parts on dormancy release of Phyllostachys violascens shoots
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摘要:
目的 探讨不同部位低温处理对雷竹Phyllostachys violascens笋芽休眠的影响,揭示笋芽休眠解除的生物学机制及感应低温的主要部位。 方法 以2年生雷竹盆栽苗为研究对象,分别于2021和2022年10月至翌年3月设置T1 (地上、地下部分18 ℃),T2 (地上部分18 ℃,地下部分自然低温),T3 (地上部分自然低温,地下部分18 ℃),T4 (地下、地上部分自然低温)共4种温度处理。观测笋芽母竹之间的维管束连接状态、淀粉和蛋白质分布及笋芽细胞的增殖情况,测定笋芽的可溶性糖、淀粉、脱落酸、赤霉素质量分数和抗氧化酶活性,明确不同部位的低温处理对雷竹笋芽休眠解除的影响。 结果 在雷竹笋芽休眠解除过程中,与T1处理相比,T2、T3和T4处理显著增加了笋芽的可溶性糖质量分数(P<0.05),显著降低了笋芽的淀粉质量分数(P<0.05)。根据淀粉切片观察和质量分数拟合,T4处理休眠解除的时间最早,其次为T2和T3处理,2个处理解除时间相同,分别比T1处理提前了37和29 d。T2、T3、T4处理笋芽的脱落酸(ABA)质量分数在120 d时的下降幅度分别是T1处理的1.68、2.18和3.40倍。T2、T3和T4处理笋芽的赤霉素(GA3)质量分数在80 d时分别比T1处理高17.55%、3.27%和10.91%,且T2、T3、T4处理笋芽的GA3/ABA在120 d时的增量分别是T1处理的1.11、3.46、2.67倍;T3处理的笋芽导管和茎尖分生组织均在1月观察到水分运输恢复和细胞增殖的信号,而T1、T2和T4处理则分别在3、2和3月才能观察到此现象。 结论 低温处理尤其是地下部分低温可以促进雷竹休眠笋芽中淀粉水解为可溶性糖,并通过降低ABA质量分数、提高GA3质量分数、增强抗氧化酶(过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶)活性、促进笋芽维管束的连通和分生组织细胞的快速分裂增殖等来影响雷竹笋芽休眠的解除。综合分析认为:在笋芽休眠期间雷竹对低温的感知部位主要为地下部分。图7参40 Abstract:Objective This study, with an investigation into the effect of low temperature treatment of different parts on dormancy of Phyllostachys violascens shoots, is aimed to reveal the biological mechanism of shoot dormancy relief and the main parts of low temperature induction. Method With two-year-old Ph. violascens potted plants used as the research subject, four treatments were set, namely, T1 (18 ℃ in above-ground parts), T2 (18 ℃ in above-ground parts, natural low temperature in underground parts), T3 (natural low temperature in above-ground parts, 18 ℃ in underground parts) and T4 (natural low temperature in above-ground parts) lasting from October 2021 to March 2022 and October 2022 to March 2023. Then the content of soluble sugar, starch, ablative acid, gibberellin and antioxidant enzyme activity of bamboo shoots were determined by observing the vascular bundle connection between bamboo shoots and mother bamboo, the distribution of starch and protein, and the proliferation of bamboo shoots. Result Compared with T1 treatment, T2, T3 and T4 treatments could significantly increase the content of soluble sugar(P<0.05) and significantly decrease the content of starch (P<0.05) in bamboo shoots during dormancy release. According to starch slice observation and content fitting, the dormancy release date of shoots treated with T4 was the earliest, followed by T2 and T3 treatments, which were 37 and 29 days earlier than T1 treatment, respectively. The decrease of abscisic acid (ABA) content in shoots treated with T2, T3 and T4 at day 120 was 1.68, 2.18 and 3.40 times of that of T1 in the same period, respectively. The content of GA3 in shoots treated with T2, T3 and T4 at day 80 was 17.55%, 3.27% and 10.91% higher than that treated with T1, respectively, and the increment of GA3/ABA in shoots treated with T2, T3 and T4 at day 120 was 1.11, 3.46 and 2.67 times that of T1, respectively and the signals of water transport recovery and cell proliferation were observed in T3 treated shoot ducts and stem tip meristem in January, while T1, T2 and T4 treated were observed in March, February and March, respectively. Conclusion Low temperature treatment, especially low temperature in the underground part, can promote the hydrolysis of starch to soluble sugar in the dormant shoots of bamboo shoots, and affect the release of dormancy of bamboo shoots by reducing ABA content, increasing GA3 content, enhancing the activities of CAT and POD antioxidant enzymes, promoting the connectivity of vascular bundle and the rapid division and proliferation of meristem cells. Also, with a comprehensive analysis, it was confirmed that the underground part of bamboo was mainly the part that senses low temperature during dormancy. [Ch, 7 fig. 40 ref.] -
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