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土壤侵蚀是当今世界最为普遍的生态环境问题之一。土壤侵蚀过程受到诸多因素的影响,存在较大不确定性,进而限制人们对其机理及伴随的养分淋溶流失的认识[1]。中国国土面积广阔,侵蚀类型多样,水力侵蚀占比较高[2]。南方红壤区多丘陵和山地,地势崎岖不平,且属亚热带季风气候,年降雨量充沛,为水力侵蚀提供了有效发生条件[3]。土壤中的有机碳、全氮、全磷是植物生长的关键养分,影响着陆地生态系统的稳定性[4]。水力侵蚀通过雨水冲刷和水流下渗破坏土壤结构,导致土壤表层被剥离,土壤稳定性降低,同时土壤中的碳、氮、磷等养分也随水土流失而迁移损失[5]。养分流失会导致土壤质量退化,威胁粮食安全和生态系统稳定[2]。植被恢复可以减缓水流入渗速度和冲刷强度,是改善土壤理化结构、提高土壤肥力及增强生态系统功能的有效措施,也是应对水力侵蚀的有效手段[6]。但众多植被恢复区缺乏灌草层,地表裸露,致使浅沟侵蚀发育强烈,诸多区域存在“远看青山在,近看水土流”的现象[7]。此外,南方红壤区土壤产流机制主要为蓄满产流,降雨形成的土壤渗透水会携带大量的营养元素迁移到深层土壤,发生淋溶侵蚀[8];或离开陆地生态系统进入水中,使得植物的生长发育受到养分限制,并引发水体富营养化等一系列生态环境问题[9]。因此,明确不同植被恢复条件下水-土-养分淋溶规律,可为红壤区生态修复策略优化提供理论依据。
相关学者针对中国南方红壤区降雨特征[10]、立地类型[11]、地貌条件[12]、植被结构[13]等开展了大量研究。结果表明:雨强越大、坡度越陡峭、植被覆盖度越少,越容易发生严重的水土流失;侵蚀区红壤团聚体被大量侵蚀,以泥沙颗粒形式被径流搬运到沉积区,导致侵蚀区泥沙颗粒的组成与沉积区团聚体颗粒密切相关[14]。表层土壤在水力的作用下发生破碎、迁移,并伴随着土壤养分的横向移动;在红壤区,诸多植被恢复人工林中,植被的截留作用使得地表径流大量减少,水流通过植物根系大量下渗到深层土壤中,在破坏土壤结构的同时将土壤表层及养分带到地下水中,造成非点源污染[15]。最近的研究表明:亚热带红壤区农田氮素淋溶对地下水质量造成了严重威胁[16],亚热带森林土壤表层氮的过量输出发生在上层土壤,而深层土壤是氮的“净汇”[17]。RASHMI等[18]研究表明:红壤中的可溶性磷随着淋溶次数的增加而逐渐减少。然而,目前对淋溶侵蚀和养分淋失机制的研究较少,特别是在大规模植被恢复背景下,亚热带红壤区的养分纵向迁移过程仍需深入研究。
江西省吉安市泰和县于1991年开展了大规模的植被恢复[19],栽种10余种针、阔叶树种,为进一步研究植被恢复不同淋溶侵蚀强度下的水-土-养分迁移规律提供了试验基础。本研究以不同植被恢复模式下的表层土壤为对象,通过模拟淋溶实验分析退化红壤在植被恢复条件下的淋溶过程,探讨养分淋失对不同恢复模式、淋溶条件及土壤性质的响应,研究淋溶过程中的径流、泥沙和养分流失规律及成因,以期为该地区水土流失和养分管理及植被恢复模式的优化提供理论支持。
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研究区位于江西省吉安市泰和县 (26°27′~26°58′N,114°17′~115°20′E),多山地、丘陵,平均海拔为90 m,第四纪红土母质;属亚热带季风气候,年平均日照时数为1 756.4 h,年平均气温为18.7 ℃,年平均降水量为1 580.6 mm,50%以上全年降水量集中在4—7月上旬。20世纪80年代以前,由于特殊的地理环境和人为破坏,当地土壤侵蚀严重,土地贫瘠[20]。20世纪90年代在该区进行了植被恢复,所选树种有马尾松Pinus massoniana、湿地松P. elliottii、枫香Liquidambar formosana、木荷Schima superba等[21]。
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于2019年7月进行样地选取及样品采集。选取该地区马尾松纯林(PM)、湿地松纯林(PE)、马尾松-木荷混交林(RMS)、湿地松-木荷混交林(RES)等4种植被恢复模式为研究对象。每种植被恢复模式选取5个样地作为重复,各样地设置20 m×20 m样方,去除表层凋落物后,按5点取样法采取0~10、10~20、20~40 cm原状土,共采集60个样品。所有样品均装在铝制样品盒中,并在冷却器中运输至实验室。每个样品的一部分被保留用于土柱淋溶实验。将剩余土样除去根和石块后,风干,并过2 mm筛,用于土壤理化性质测定。使用100 cm3的环刀采集土壤样品,用于测定土壤容重(BD)和含水率。各植被恢复模式土壤基本状况如表1。
表 1 研究区不同植被恢复模式红壤基本理化性质
Table 1. Basic physical and chemical properties of red soil under different vegetation restoration modes in the study area
植被恢复模式 含水率/% 容重/(g·cm−3) pH 胸径/m 树高/m 马尾松纯林 11.21±0.96 b 1.41±0.04 a 5.08±0.04 a 11.40±0.75 b 7.39±0.26 a 湿地松纯林 13.10±1.88 b 1.44±0.08 a 5.06±0.05 a 17.32±2.05 a 8.98±0.74 a 马尾松-木荷混交林 20.99±3.16 a 1.37±0.33 a 5.05±0.06 a 14.08±0.36 b 8.39±0.33 a 湿地松-木荷混交林 11.23±0.86 b 1.46±0.07 a 5.15±0.04 a 13.64±0.47 b 8.33±0.63 a 植被恢复模式 林下植被盖度/% 凋落物密度/(kg·m−2) 林分密度/(株·hm−2) 郁闭度/% 马尾松纯林 51.00±13.00 b 0.84±0.08 b 1 650±77 a 0.50±0.16 c 湿地松纯林 38.00±5.00 c 1.06±0.08 ab 825±159 d 0.56±0.04 bc 马尾松-木荷混交林 71.00±7.00 a 1.01±0.06 ab 1 312±169 b 0.73±0.08 a 湿地松-木荷混交林 68.00±6.00 a 1.16±0.86 a 1 068±146 c 0.59±0.07 b 说明:不同小写字母表示不同植被恢复模式的土壤理化性质差异显著(P<0.05)。 -
实验装置如图1所示。实验土柱由内径为10 cm、高为50 cm的聚氯乙烯圆形管制成。在土柱底部放置1块3 cm厚的多孔板,并使用250 g·m−2的土工布作为过滤层,以防止土壤颗粒损失。在过滤层下方设置出水软管。在正式填充之前,将凡士林涂布在管道内壁上,以避免土层与管壁之间的间隙效应,并防止贴壁优先流的发生。采用分层填筑的方法填筑土层。在填筑过程中向每层土层加水,以达到田间自然容重,最终形成40 cm厚的模拟基质土柱。为了使水分均匀分布,减少水分对土柱的干扰,填充后再填充1层直径为3 mm的干净玻璃珠,并在基底与玻璃珠的接触面上布置1层150目尼龙网。基于马氏瓶原理,为了保证入口流速均匀,防止水压变化对入口流速的影响,在立柱上方固定1个入口装置。在土柱的10 cm处,有1个圆形开口,用于收集径流和泥沙[22]。
根据当地普通侵蚀性暴雨(>72.5 mm·d−1)产生>60 mm径流状况[23],设计4种淋溶强度:60 mm·d−1(低淋溶强度)、90 mm·d−1(中低淋溶强度)、120 mm·d−1(中高淋溶强度)、150 mm·d−1(高淋溶强度),分别代表普通、大、强、超强侵蚀性降雨。在2 h的淋溶实验中,将出口放置在采样软管下,在第5、10、20、30、45、60、90、120 分钟分别收集1次含泥沙的径流样品。静置后,分别分离径流泥沙于量筒和铝盒中,测量径流量和烘干后土样质量。用干筛法和湿筛法测定泥沙颗粒组成;根据Elliott方法将泥沙颗粒筛分为>2.000、2.000~0.250、0.250~0.053和≤0.053 mm (下限排除法)等 4个粒级[24]。
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土壤有机碳(SOC)采用重铬酸钾-外加热容量法测定;土壤全氮(TN)采用凯氏定氮法测定;土壤全磷(TP)采用钼锑抗法测定;土壤容重(BD)采用环刀法测定;用Phoenix 8000型总有机碳分析仪测定径流中的有机碳、全氮、全磷[25]。采用平均质量直径(DMW,mm)和 >0.250 mm泥沙颗粒质量分数(R0.25)表征泥沙颗粒稳定性。分别采用以下公式计算[26]:${D}_{\mathrm{M}\mathrm{W}}=\displaystyle\sum _{i=1}^{n}\left({x}_{i}{W}_{i}\right) $;${R}_{0.25}=\dfrac{{W}_{R > 0.25}}{{M}_{\mathrm{T}}} $。其中:xi表示粒级颗粒的平均直径(mm);Wi表示粒级颗粒质量所占样品总质量的百分比(%);WR>0.25代表泥沙>0.250 mm泥沙颗粒质量之和;R0.25为>0.250 mm泥沙颗粒质量分数;MT为颗粒的总质量,n代表标准筛数量。
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运用Excel 2021初步整理数据, SPSS 27.0进行数据处理, Origin 2023b软件制图。所有图表中显示的数据均为平均值±标准误。运用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)进行不同数据的差异比较。采用Pearson相关性分析研究不同植被恢复条件下红壤的养分淋溶流失特征与径流泥沙的关系。通过R语言rf Permute包进行随机森林(random forest)分析,计算径流、泥沙及泥沙颗粒组成等因子对土壤养分淋溶流失的影响程度。
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由图2A可知:淋溶初期各植被恢复模式土壤产流率快速上升,达到峰值后呈波动性稳定;土壤产流率、总产流量在不同淋溶强度下存在显著差异(P<0.05),而相同淋溶强度下植被恢复类型对土壤产流率及总产流量没有显著影响(表2)。150 mm·h−1淋溶下,5 min内即有土壤初始产流,快于其他淋溶强度,说明高淋溶强度会减少土壤产流滞后时间。
图 2 不同淋溶强度下红壤产流、产沙过程
Figure 2. Runoff and sediment production processes of red soil under different leaching intensities
表 2 不同植被恢复模式红壤产流率、产沙率特征
Table 2. The characteristics of runoff and sediment yield rates under different vegetation restoration models on red soil
项目 植被恢复模式 不同淋溶强度下的产流率/(mL·min−1)和产沙率/(g·min−1) 60 mm·h−1 90 mm·h−1 120 mm·h−1 150 mm·h−1 产流率/(mL·min−1) 马尾松纯林 1.25±0.10 Ad 1.89±0.15 Ac 2.66±0.23 Ab 3.35±0.18 Aa 湿地松纯林 1.27±0.10 Ad 1.82±0.16 Ac 2.60±0.23 Ab 3.46±0.20Aa 马尾松-木荷混交林 1.25±0.10 Ad 1.86±0.16 Ac 2.53±0.23 Ab 3.33±0.14Aa 湿地松-木荷混交林 1.29±0.11 Ad 1.86±0.17 Ac 2.63±0.23 Ab 3.46±0.16Aa 产沙率/(g·min−1) 马尾松纯林 1.53±0.19 Ad 2.17±0.31 Ac 2.71±0.35 Ab 3.78±0.45Aa 湿地松纯林 1.48±0.17 Ad 2.11±0.29 Ac 2.88±0.37 Ab 3.60±0.41Aa 马尾松-木荷混交林 1.51±0.19 Ad 2.14±0.29 Ac 2.58±0.31 Ab 3.78±0.45Aa 湿地松-木荷混交林 1.47±0.17 Ad 1.96±0.27 Ac 2.90±0.26 Ab 3.58±0.39Aa 说明:不同小写字母表示同一植被恢复模式下,不同淋溶强度产流产沙特征差异显著(P<0.05);不同大写字母表示同一淋溶强度下,不同植被恢复模式产流产沙特征差异显著(P<0.05)。 土壤产沙特征与产流特征类似(图2B)。土壤产流率在第10 分钟达到峰值随后降低,而产沙率在5~10 min内快速上升,于第30 分钟达到峰值。120、150 mm·h−1淋溶下产流率无显著差异,分别为1.85、2.68 mL·min−1;但产沙率表现为150 mm·h−1显著高于120 mm·h−1,分别为2.27、1.63 g·min−1(P<0.05),这说明在不同淋溶强度下,土壤产沙时间滞后于产流时间。本研究中各淋溶强度(从低到高) 下土壤总产流量分别为169.4、257.4、382.1、430.5 mL;总产沙量分别为110.9、163.8、206.7、287.4 g。
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淋溶强度变化影响产流产沙的同时,也影响泥沙颗粒组成。淋溶强度增大,红壤各土层团聚体更易以大颗粒形式从原始土层中剥离,各植被恢复模式流失泥沙中>2.000 mm颗粒质量分数平均增加25.45%、≤0.053 mm颗粒质量分数平均减少31.79 %,而2.000~0.250 mm和0.250~0.053 mm泥沙颗粒质量分数变化不显著(图3)。马尾松纯林>2.000 mm泥沙颗粒质量分数(11.24%)在150 mm·h−1淋溶显著低于其他植被恢复模式(P<0.05)(图4A),而马尾松纯林其他粒级颗粒质量分数在150 mm·h−1淋溶与另外3种植被恢复模式无显著差异,这说明马尾松纯林>2.000 mm团聚体在高强度淋溶侵蚀下较其他林地更易周转为其他粒径颗粒。
图 3 4种植被恢复模式在不同淋溶强度下泥沙颗粒粒级变化
Figure 3. Changes in particle size distribution of sediment in red soil under different leaching intensities under 4 vegetation restoration modes
图 4 4种植被恢复模式不同淋溶强度下泥沙颗粒稳定性指标
Figure 4. Stability of sediment particles in 4 vegetation restoration modes under different leaching intensities
淋溶强度增加,泥沙颗粒DMW、R0.25升高,即泥沙颗粒稳定性随淋溶强度的增加而提高,但在单一淋溶强度下,不同植被恢复模式泥沙颗粒稳定性指标存在差异(图4)。
马尾松-木荷混交林在150 mm·h−1淋溶强度下DMW为2.07 mm,R0.25在60、150 mm·h−1分别为72.51%、85.38%,均显著高于其他植被恢复模式(P<0.05,图4),说明马尾松-木荷混交林在60和150 mm·h−1淋溶下,流失的泥沙颗粒较其他植被恢复模式更为稳定。马尾松纯林泥沙颗粒DMW、R0.25在150 mm·h−1淋溶强度下分别为1.49 min,77.24 %,显著低于其他植被恢复模式(P<0.05),这说明马尾松纯林团聚体在应对高强度淋溶侵蚀时稳定性较差。各植被恢复模式红壤泥沙颗粒指标在90、120 mm·h−1淋溶无显著差异。
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淋溶侵蚀破坏土壤结构,产生径流泥沙,同时伴随着养分迁移。高淋溶强度(150 mm·h−1) 下4种植被恢复模式径流携带的有机碳、全氮、全磷分别为16.13、11.53、0.15 mg·L−1,而低淋溶强度(60 mm·h−1)中径流流失养分对应为5.45、7.69、0.061 mg·L−1。150 mm·h−1淋溶强度下径流携带养分显著高于60 mm·h−1(P<0.05);90、120 mm·h−1淋溶强度径流携带养分无显著差异(图5A1、5B1、5C1)。不同淋溶强度下泥沙携带的养分特征与径流类似(图5A2、5B2、5C2)。
图 5 不同淋溶强度下径流(左)和泥沙(右)养分变化
Figure 5. Nutrient changes in runoff (left) and sediment (right) under different leaching intensities
本研究泥沙有机碳、全氮、全磷流失量占径流泥沙流失总养分的比例分别为99.92%、98.22%、99.95%,说明这3种养分的主要流失介质是泥沙。此外,各植被恢复模式泥沙有机碳、全氮、全磷在90、120 mm·h−1淋溶强度均无显著差异(图5)。这与泥沙颗粒稳定特征类似。
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表层土壤在应对不同淋溶强度时产生径流泥沙,进而影响养分迁移,因此分析了表层土壤养分淋溶的主要影响因子的相关性(图6)。结果表明:产流率和产沙率是影响颗粒粒径质量分数及相关稳定性的重要指标,而产流量和产沙量对泥沙不同粒径颗粒质量分数影响不显著。其中,≤0.053 mm颗粒质量分数与产流率和产沙率呈现显著负相关(P<0.05),而R0.25、DMW与产流率和产沙率呈现极显著正相关(P<0.01)。此外,径流泥沙均与土壤养分淋溶流失呈现极显著正相关(P<0.001)。
图 6 红壤养分淋溶流失与径流、泥沙相关性
Figure 6. Correlation analysis between nutrient loss and runoff and sediment in red soil
泥沙颗粒及其稳定性指标亦会影响养分淋失。≤0.053、>2.000 mm颗粒质量分数及R0.25、DMW是径流有机碳、径流全磷及泥沙有机碳的主要影响因子。径流全氮、泥沙全氮、泥沙全磷与泥沙颗粒的相关指标无显著性影响。
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利用随机森林模型评估各变量对红壤养分淋溶流失的重要性,结果如图7所示。产流率、泥沙量、产沙率及淋溶强度是影响红壤养分淋溶流失的主要因子。产流率是影响泥沙养分淋溶流失的最主要影响因子,其对泥沙有机碳、泥沙全磷和泥沙全氮的重要性分别为13.94%、18.86%、16.18%,对泥沙中养分淋失的贡献度均值为16.33%;而淋溶强度是影响径流养分淋溶流失的最主要影响因子,对径流有机碳、径流全磷、径流全氮的贡献分别为21.00%、21.98%、19.76%,总体上淋溶强度径流中养分流淋溶流失贡献达20.91%。径流和R0.25也是影响径流全磷流失的另外2个重要影响因子,其重要性分别为14.17%和12.21%。
Characterization and attribution of water-soil-nutrient leaching from red soil under vegetation restoration conditions
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摘要:
目的 探明退化红壤区不同植被恢复模式下土壤养分在淋溶过程中的变化规律,阐明土壤水-土-养分淋溶流失规律及影响机制。 方法 以江西省泰和县植被恢复区马尾松Pinus massoniana纯林(PM)、湿地松P. elliottii纯林(PE)、马尾松-木荷Schima superba混交林(RMS)、湿地松-木荷混交林(RES)等4种不同植被恢复模式表层土壤为研究对象,研究60、90、120、150 mm·h−1等4种淋溶强度下,土壤产流、产沙、泥沙颗粒变化特征及养分在淋溶过程中的流失规律。 结果 ①随着淋溶强度增加,产流量和产沙量也增加,泥沙颗粒质量分数及稳定性发生了显著变化,泥沙颗粒平均质量直径(DMW)、>0.250 mm泥沙颗粒质量分数(R0.25)显著升高(P<0.05)。在淋溶侵蚀下,低林下植被覆盖度的马尾松纯林团聚体稳定性低,高植被覆盖度的湿地松-木荷混交林土壤团聚体稳定性高(P<0.05)。②在150 mm·h−1的淋溶强度下,养分淋失显著高于60 mm·h−1 (P<0.05),但在90和120 mm·h−1下,养分淋溶流失没有显著差异。泥沙是养分迁移流失的主要介质。③养分淋失与淋溶强度、产流率、产沙率、>0.250 mm泥沙颗粒质量分数呈正相关,与≤0.053 mm泥沙颗粒质量分数呈现负相关(P<0.05)。④随机森林分析表明:淋溶强度和产流率是影响养分淋溶流失的主要因素,贡献率分别达16.33%、20.91%。 结论 随着淋溶强度的增加,产流量和产沙量显著提升,泥沙颗粒的组成和稳定性发生变化,且淋溶强度和产流率是影响养分流失的主要因素。在中国亚热带退化红壤区生态建设中,应注重增强植被恢复区林下植被丰富度,以改善林分结构并巩固治理成果。图7表2参44 Abstract:Objective This study aims to investigate the variations of soil nutrients during leaching processes under different vegetation restoration modes in degraded red soil regions and to enrich the understanding of water-soil-nutrient loss patterns and their influencing mechanism. Method 4 different vegetation restoration modes, named Pinus massoniana pure forest (PM), P. elliottii pure forest (PE), mixed P. massoniana and Schima superba forest (RMS), and mixed P. elliottii and S. superba forest (RES), were taken as the objects of the study. The characteristics of the soil runoff, sediment production, sediment particle changes and nutrient loss during the process of leaching were investigated in four leaching intensities, namely, 60, 90, 120, and 150 mm·h−1 in the red soil vegetation restoration area of Taihe County, Jiangxi Province. Result (1) With the increase of leaching intensity, the flow rate and sediment yield of red soil also increased, and the composition and stability characteristics of sediment particles changed significantly. Mean weight diameter (DMW) and >0.250 mm sediment particles (R0.25) increased significantly (P<0.05). PM with low understory vegetation cover had low agglomerate stability under leaching erosion, and soil aggregates in RMS with high vegetation cover had high stability. (2) At a leaching intensity of 150 mm·h−1, the nutrient loss in red soil was significantly higher than that in 60 mm·h−1, but there was no significant difference in nutrient loss in 90 and 120 mm·h−1. Sediment was the main medium for nutrient migration and loss in this study. (3) Nutrient loss in red soil was positively correlated with leaching intensity, runoff yield rate, sediment yield, and R0.25, while negatively correlated with sediment ≤0.053 mm particles. (4) Random forest analysis showed that leaching intensity and runoff rate were the main factors affecting nutrient loss, with contribution rates of 16.33% and 20.91%, respectively. Conclusion With the increase of leaching intensity, the runoff and sediment yield significantly increase, and the composition and stability of sediment particles change. Moreover, leaching intensity and runoff rate are the main factors affecting nutrient loss. In the ecological construction of the subtropical degraded red soil zone in China, emphasis should be placed on enhancing the richness of understory vegetation in the vegetation restoration area in order to improve the structure of the forest stand and consolidate the results of management. [Ch, 7 fig. 2 tab. 44 ref.] -
Key words:
- red soil /
- vegetation restoration /
- leaching /
- nutrient loss
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表 1 研究区不同植被恢复模式红壤基本理化性质
Table 1. Basic physical and chemical properties of red soil under different vegetation restoration modes in the study area
植被恢复模式 含水率/% 容重/(g·cm−3) pH 胸径/m 树高/m 马尾松纯林 11.21±0.96 b 1.41±0.04 a 5.08±0.04 a 11.40±0.75 b 7.39±0.26 a 湿地松纯林 13.10±1.88 b 1.44±0.08 a 5.06±0.05 a 17.32±2.05 a 8.98±0.74 a 马尾松-木荷混交林 20.99±3.16 a 1.37±0.33 a 5.05±0.06 a 14.08±0.36 b 8.39±0.33 a 湿地松-木荷混交林 11.23±0.86 b 1.46±0.07 a 5.15±0.04 a 13.64±0.47 b 8.33±0.63 a 植被恢复模式 林下植被盖度/% 凋落物密度/(kg·m−2) 林分密度/(株·hm−2) 郁闭度/% 马尾松纯林 51.00±13.00 b 0.84±0.08 b 1 650±77 a 0.50±0.16 c 湿地松纯林 38.00±5.00 c 1.06±0.08 ab 825±159 d 0.56±0.04 bc 马尾松-木荷混交林 71.00±7.00 a 1.01±0.06 ab 1 312±169 b 0.73±0.08 a 湿地松-木荷混交林 68.00±6.00 a 1.16±0.86 a 1 068±146 c 0.59±0.07 b 说明:不同小写字母表示不同植被恢复模式的土壤理化性质差异显著(P<0.05)。 表 2 不同植被恢复模式红壤产流率、产沙率特征
Table 2. The characteristics of runoff and sediment yield rates under different vegetation restoration models on red soil
项目 植被恢复模式 不同淋溶强度下的产流率/(mL·min−1)和产沙率/(g·min−1) 60 mm·h−1 90 mm·h−1 120 mm·h−1 150 mm·h−1 产流率/(mL·min−1) 马尾松纯林 1.25±0.10 Ad 1.89±0.15 Ac 2.66±0.23 Ab 3.35±0.18 Aa 湿地松纯林 1.27±0.10 Ad 1.82±0.16 Ac 2.60±0.23 Ab 3.46±0.20Aa 马尾松-木荷混交林 1.25±0.10 Ad 1.86±0.16 Ac 2.53±0.23 Ab 3.33±0.14Aa 湿地松-木荷混交林 1.29±0.11 Ad 1.86±0.17 Ac 2.63±0.23 Ab 3.46±0.16Aa 产沙率/(g·min−1) 马尾松纯林 1.53±0.19 Ad 2.17±0.31 Ac 2.71±0.35 Ab 3.78±0.45Aa 湿地松纯林 1.48±0.17 Ad 2.11±0.29 Ac 2.88±0.37 Ab 3.60±0.41Aa 马尾松-木荷混交林 1.51±0.19 Ad 2.14±0.29 Ac 2.58±0.31 Ab 3.78±0.45Aa 湿地松-木荷混交林 1.47±0.17 Ad 1.96±0.27 Ac 2.90±0.26 Ab 3.58±0.39Aa 说明:不同小写字母表示同一植被恢复模式下,不同淋溶强度产流产沙特征差异显著(P<0.05);不同大写字母表示同一淋溶强度下,不同植被恢复模式产流产沙特征差异显著(P<0.05)。 -
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