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土地沙漠化是全球性的环境问题。土壤沙化不但使生态环境恶化,而且对社会经济的可持续发展也产生深远影响[1]。根据《第5次全国荒漠化和沙化状况公报》,截至2014年,全国沙化土地总面积172.12 万km2,占国土总面积的17.93%。对比《第4次全国荒漠化和沙化状况公报》,虽然土壤沙化总体呈现被遏制的态势,但沙化治理形势依然严峻,引起的生态负效益仍不容忽视[2-3]。四川省阿坝州红原县位于青藏高原东南部四川省阿坝州,海拔平均3 552 m,地势起伏平坦。主要为沼泽、草甸、灌丛、森林四大植被类型,主要土壤类型为沼泽土、亚高山草甸土、风沙土[4]。根据当地政府统计数据,红原县沙化土地面积为4 450 hm2,轻度沙化面积为378 hm2,其余为中度沙化土壤;过度放牧是引起当地土壤沙化的主要成因。该地区年均降水为754 mm,80%是集中在5−9月,而且多为雷阵雨和暴雨[5]。土壤及养分流失的隐患较为突出。红原发达的畜牧业导致每年产生的牲畜粪便数量惊人,特别是牦牛Bos grunniens粪,仅仅红原县瓦切乡年产生量就高达59万t·a−1。然而,当地以焚烧作为牦牛粪的主要处理方式,效率较低。如何充分利用当地丰富的牦牛粪资源开展沙化土壤治理是本研究关注的重点。传统的畜禽粪便就是良好的有机肥料,含有大量的有机质、矿物质等[6-7]。此外,生物质炭是当前废弃物资源化利用的研究热点之一,国内外学者已经对牛粪热解制备生物质炭以及牛粪生物质炭改良土壤进行了初步的探索。施加适量的生物质炭可改善土壤结构,增加土壤有机质含量和提高土壤微生物活性,有利于作物生长发育,增加产量和农业收益[8];DUAN等[9]探讨在牛粪堆肥过程中,生物质炭单独与菌群改良剂联合使用对改善土壤微生物群落和增强土壤酶活性有积极作用。另有研究表明:聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)可以改善土壤的物理性状[10],保持土壤良好的透气性和保水性,还可以防治水土流失,与分散的土壤颗粒形成大团聚体,增强表层的抗冲蚀能力[11]。目前基于牦牛粪制备生物质炭或者堆肥对土壤改良的研究报道较少。同时,考虑到红原县沙化土壤特性,PAM可以有效改变沙化土壤粒径组成,因此,本研究以红原县当地丰富的牦牛粪为基质,制备生物质炭和堆肥产品,通过实验室模拟研究,验证炭肥产品的混施以及添加PAM来进行沙化土壤改良、以减少渗流造成的土壤养分流失的可行性。
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土样采自红原县瓦切乡野外沙化草甸的0~40 cm土层,混合均匀后备用。牦牛粪生物质炭、牦牛粪堆肥产品是向当地牧民处购买新鲜牦牛粪进行制备。牦牛粪生物质炭的制备依照丁黎等[12]的生物质炭制备方法,在热解炉中以600 ℃高温热解。牦牛粪堆肥环境为40 ℃恒温大棚。牦牛粪堆肥基本理化性质为有机质128.30 g·kg−1,全氮33.79 g·kg−1,总磷7.97 g·kg−1,全钾14.35 g·kg−1。牦牛粪基生物质炭基本理化性质为有机碳357.32 g·kg−1,全氮11.85 g·kg−1。PAM购自山东宝莫生物化工股份有限公司。
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从2016年9−11月,周期为60 d。淋溶土柱为聚丙烯(PP)圆柱体(图1),内径为9.7 cm,高为48.3 cm。用钻孔机在土柱上从下往上每10 cm钻1个孔,共4个孔,以此模拟40 cm深的土层。每个小孔安装1个土壤溶液采集器,收集土壤浸出液,模拟水分流失。共设置4个处理:单施堆肥处理(H1),炭肥混施(1∶1)处理(H2),以及单施生物质炭处理(H3),此外,另设定不添加炭肥的空白处理(H0)。同时,在上述同样处理的基础上再对应地添加PAM,构成添加PAM区组(分别记为h0、h1、h2、h3),共计8个处理(表1),每个处理设3个重复,供试土壤有机质质量分数为19.20 g·kg−1,全氮1.71 g·kg−1,总磷0.38 g·kg−1,速效磷7.7 mg·kg−1。制作土柱时,首先在土柱20~40 cm处加入沙化土壤,经称量为1 500 g,再将改良材料和同质量的1 500 g土壤混合均匀后再加入0~20 cm土柱,加入炭肥改良材料的质量为土壤质量的3%,为45 g。根据红原县当地降雨量,模拟降水注入超纯水,2 d加1次水,每周收集1次土壤溶液采集器中的水样。
表 1 实验设置
Table 1. Experimental treatments
编号 生物质炭/g 牛粪堆肥/g 聚丙烯酰胺/g 原土/kg H0 3.0 H1 45.0 3.0 H2 22.5 22.5 3.0 H3 45.0 3.0 h0 15.0 3.0 h1 45.0 15.0 3.0 h2 22.5 22.5 15.0 3.0 h3 45.0 15.0 3.0 -
土壤样品的采集时间分别是第1、15、30、45、60天,共5次。每次分层采集土柱中的土壤。每次采集用特制的细孔径取土钻取土20 g。装入自封袋扎孔后放入冻干机中冻干。冻干后用研钵磨细分别过60目筛和100目筛备用。
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参照参考文献[13]测定分析土壤样品养分,测定的土壤养分为:全氮、硝态氮、铵态氮、有机质、土壤pH、总磷、有效磷。为有效评价PAM的添加对外源物质(牦牛粪炭和堆肥)中养分淋溶的影响,用以下公式计算外源养分淋溶率:
$$ R = \left( {{w_{\rm{T2}}} - {w_{{\rm{ck2}}}}} \right)/\left( {{w_{\rm{T1}}} - {w_{{\rm{ck1}}}}} \right) \times 100\% \text{。} $$ 其中:wT1和wT2为处理组,ck为空白对照组,1代表0~20 cm土壤上层养分质量分数,2代表20~40 cm土壤下层养分质量分数,外源养分淋溶率值越小表示养分淋溶率越低。(wT2−wck2)为处理组和对照组下层土壤养分质量分数之差,(wT1−wck1)为处理组和对照组上层养分质量分数之差。
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利用Excel 2003进行数据处理,采用Sigma Plot 13.0软件制图,运用SPASS 22.0并选择Brown-Forsythe和Tamhane’s T2方法对结果进行方差分析。
Application of Bos grunniens waste on nutrient leaching reduction for the desertified soil
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摘要:
目的 研究施用不同配比的牦牛Bos grunniens粪生物质炭和牦牛粪堆肥以及聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)对沙化土壤养分淋溶的影响。 方法 在实验室条件下,设置8个处理:单施堆肥处理,炭肥混施(1∶1)处理,以及单施生物质炭处理。另设定不添加炭肥的空白处理。同时,在上述同样处理的基础上再对应地添加PAM,构成添加PAM区组,开展为期60 d的土柱模拟淋溶实验并测定土壤养分。 结果 总体而言,施用生物质炭或者堆肥都可以增强土壤养分含量,但炭肥混施的效果要明显优于单施生物质炭或单施堆肥。与空白对照相比,占土壤质量3%的生物质炭及堆肥混施能够显著增加土壤pH值,使土壤呈弱碱性,有机质质量分数提高530%,土壤全氮质量分数提升255%、硝态氮质量分数提升24.1%,总磷质量分数提升120%,有效磷质量分数提升78%,但对铵态氮效果不显著。此外,添加PAM可以有效降低外源养分的淋溶损失;根据炭肥混施处理的结果,全氮淋溶率减少9.6%,总磷减少7.1%。 结论 混施生物质炭及堆肥产品并配合PAM可以有效提高土壤养分质量分数,同时减少养分渗流的发生。图8表1参38 Abstract:Objective This study aimed to determine the effects of different proportions of biochar and compost from Bos grunniens waste as well as the polyacrylamide (PAM) on nutrient leaching in desertified soil. Method Experiment were conducted in the laboratory by using soil column leaching method. All of treatments were divided into two groups, with and without PAM. Additionally, each group include four treatments, Bos grunniens biochar only, Bos grunniens biochar: Bos grunniens compost equal to 1∶1, bos grunniens compost only and the control treatment. Result (1) In general, the application of biochar or compost can enhance soil nutrients, and the effect of combined application of biochar fertilizer is significantly better than that of single application of biochar or compost. (2) Compared with the control group, the mixed application of biochar and compost (1∶1, w/w) with a rate of 3% of soil weight can significantly increase the soil pH and make the soil become weak alkalescent: the organic matter content increased by 530% with the addition of biochar and compost, the total nitrogen concentration increased by 255%, with the nitrate nitrogen concentration improved by 24.1% and the total and available phosphorus contents increased by 120% and 78% respectively, with no significant impact on the ammonium nitrogen content, though. (3) The addition of PAM can effectively reduce the leaching loss of exogenous nutrients with the total nitrogen leaching rate decreased by 9.6% in the presence of biochar and compost and the total phosphorus decreased by 7.1%. Conclusion The application of biochar and compost products with the addition of PAM can effectively increase the soil nutrient content while reducing nutrient seepage. [Ch, 8 fig. 1 tab. 38 ref.] -
Key words:
- Bos grunniens manure biochar /
- compost product /
- desertification soil /
- nutrient leaching
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表 1 实验设置
Table 1. Experimental treatments
编号 生物质炭/g 牛粪堆肥/g 聚丙烯酰胺/g 原土/kg H0 3.0 H1 45.0 3.0 H2 22.5 22.5 3.0 H3 45.0 3.0 h0 15.0 3.0 h1 45.0 15.0 3.0 h2 22.5 22.5 15.0 3.0 h3 45.0 15.0 3.0 -
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