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云锦杜鹃Rhododendron fortunei为杜鹃花科Ericaceae常绿小乔木或灌木,主要分布于中国长江流域,生长在海拔600 m以上的沟谷阔叶林或山顶灌草丛中,为中国丘陵山地较高海拔地区常见的观赏价值较高的木本花卉[1],以“苍干如松柏,花姿若牡丹”著称。
近年来,中国关于云锦杜鹃的研究较多。不同地区的云锦杜鹃群落物种组成差异较大。陈艳华等[2]对湖南阳明山云锦杜鹃纯林和混交林的比较发现:无论是纯林还是混交林,物种组成均不丰富,群落垂直结构单一。邓贤兰等[3]对江西井冈山、袁丛军等[4]对贵州雷公山调查发现:不同海拔的云锦杜鹃样地物种多样性较高。在种群结构方面,赵丽娟等[5]对湖南平江幕阜山、黄川腾等[6]对广东天井山、付剑等[7]对湖北大别山的云锦杜鹃种群调查均发现:云锦杜鹃种群结构稳定,但幼苗较少,从而导致其种群更新不良。管康林等[8]分析了浙江华顶山云锦杜鹃林衰退的原因,认为可能系上层树种黄山松Pinus taiwanensis和柳杉Cryptomeria fortunei不断扩大和低灌层箬竹Indocalamus tessellatus的入侵蔓延所致。
边才苗等[9]研究发现:云锦杜鹃的种子不适合在过于湿润的土壤环境中萌发,但其种子对干旱胁迫比较敏感。杨华等[10]测定了2种光照条件下低海拔引种的云锦杜鹃的光合作用日变化,发现栽培的云锦杜鹃喜光特性并不会因为气温高而改变。此外,云锦杜鹃的扦插繁育[11]、花期的挥发物质成分分析[12]、转录组分析[13]及分子标记开发研究[14]等也有涉及。
尽管云锦杜鹃群落特征、种群结构、种子萌发特性、光合生理等已有研究报道,但针对其种群及群落动态变化的研究仍显不足。此外,当前针对云锦杜鹃的研究方法通常是选取有限的小型样地进行静态分析,这种方法虽然有助于了解特定时间点的物种丰富度和群落组成,但未能充分反映种群动态变化的复杂性,而样地面积大小影响群落物种多样性及种群结构。本研究基于浙江大盘山国家级自然保护区1 hm2固定监测样地的长期监测和调查资料,分析该区云锦杜鹃群落的基本特征、种群结构的动态变化,为资源保护、管理和利用等提供理论依据,同时也为大盘山国家级保护区较高海拔的地带性植被恢复与林相改造提出参考建议。
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云锦杜鹃群落1 hm2固定监测样地于2018年调查并记录4 773株DBH≥1.0 cm的木本植物,分属于35科55属90种。其中,常绿树种只有16种,但个体数占调查总数的67%。样地中,云锦杜鹃的重要值最高,其次为黄山松(表1),因此该样地为常绿针阔混交林。从乔木层科的组成来看,含属数最多的为壳斗科Fagaceae (4属)、蝶形花科Fabaceae (4属)等。从属的组成来看,含有种数最多的为山胡椒属Lindera (4种)、槭属Acer (4种)和李属Prunus (4种)等。样地内常见种33种,其中个体数≥1 000株的仅有云锦杜鹃1种,个体数≥100株的常见种有黄山松、水马桑Weigela japonica var. sinica、红果钓樟Lindera erythrocarpa等6种;偶见种共35种,包括茅栗Castanea seguinii、盐肤木Rhus chinensis等;稀有种22种。2023年复查记录了5 018株DBH≥1.0 cm的木本植物,共计35科53属87种。间隔5 a后,有3种稀有种植物在样地消失,分别是接骨木Sambucus williamsii、圆叶鼠李Rhamnus globosa和隔药柃Eurya muricata。此外,样地中DBH≥1.0 cm的个体年死亡率为1.38%,年补员率为2.38%,种群大小变化率为1.00%。
表 1 大盘山1 hm2固定监测样地重要值排名前10的树种
Table 1. Top ten species with the highest importance values in the 1 hm2 forest dynamics plot in Mount Dapanshan
树种 个体数/株 重要值/% 生活型 2018年 2023年 2018年 2023年 云锦杜鹃Rhododendron fortunei 2 341 2 380 36.21 36.43 常绿小乔木 黄山松Pinus taiwanensis 359 336 15.61 13.71 常绿乔木 红果钓樟Lindera erythrocarpa 228 254 5.30 5.53 落叶灌/小乔木 水马桑Weigela japonica var. sinica 243 197 4.72 3.86 落叶灌木 朝鲜白檀Symplocos coreana 208 289 4.59 5.41 落叶乔木 杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata 112 101 4.11 3.87 常绿乔木 尖连蕊茶Camellia cuspidata 219 312 3.44 4.56 常绿灌木 灯台树Bothrocaryum controversum 98 97 2.77 2.63 落叶乔木 短柄榛Corylus heterophylla var. brevipes 90 103 1.88 1.95 落叶灌/小乔木 合轴荚蒾Viburnum sympodiale 93 134 1.84 2.51 落叶灌木 样地内群落的垂直结构分层明显。根据高度和生长型划分群落的垂直结构,树高(H)≥15.0 m的林冠层包括黄山松、杉木、灯台树等;H≥5.0 m的亚乔木层主要有云锦杜鹃、红果钓樟等;H<5.0 m的灌木层主要有尖连蕊茶、合轴荚蒾等。样地中优势度明显,重要值前10位的物种个体数占总个体数的80.45%,这10个物种的相对多度总和为83.62%,相对显著度总和为89.09%。2023年复查结果显示:样地内重要值前10位的物种未发生变化,但黄山松的重要值降幅最大,尖连蕊茶的重要值增幅最大。
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样地内所有木本植物(DBH≥1.0 cm)的径级分布呈现倒J型(图2)。2018年所有木本植物的平均径级为7.5 cm,其中1.0 cm≤DBH <5.0 cm的个体有1 655株,占总个体数的34.67%;5.0 cm≤DBH <20.0 cm的个体有2 928株,占总个体数的61.36%;DBH≥20.0 cm的个体有190株,占总个体数的3.98%。2023年所有木本植物的平均径级为8.3 cm,5 a间该样地平均径级增长了0.8 cm,径级分布依然为倒J型,其中1.0 cm≤DBH <5.0 cm的个体减少了169株;5.0 cm≤DBH <20.0 cm的个体增加了358株,DBH≥20.0 cm的个体增加了56株。样地重要值排名前9位的径级结构如图3。云锦杜鹃的径级分布表现为金字塔型,2018年小树和老树个体数较少,中树个体数占总个体数的21.66%,大树个体数占总个体数的72.32%;2023年大树的比例有所增加。黄山松小树和中树的储备较少,大树和老树的数量较多,2023年老树的比例上升。红果钓樟、朝鲜白檀、尖连蕊茶的径级分布总体呈现L型。杉木集中在大径级个体,并且径级分布不连续,有多个不同的峰;水马桑、灯台树和合轴荚蒾在样地内的种群数量少,且集中在小径级范围内。
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样地沿南北方向存在1条纵向沟谷,且北部的平均海拔高于南部,整体坡度为10°~30°。优势种云锦杜鹃(图4A)在样地内的分布与地形表现出明显的相关性,集中分布在山沟的两侧,山沟处有极少数分布。黄山松(图4B)在样地内分布较分散,且老树和大树的比例偏高。红果钓樟(图4C)和朝鲜白檀(图4D)在整个样地内均有分布。灌木树种尖连蕊茶(图4E)主要聚集在样地南部海拔相对较低的位置,大树占比为73%。杉木(图4F)聚集于样地西北角,位于海拔较高的地方,其中大树73株,占比为70%,老树19株,占比为20%,这意味着杉木以大树为主。灌木树种水马桑(图4G)多见于样地北部,南部稀疏分布。灯台树(图4H)在样地内共有97株,表现为零星分布。灌木树种合轴荚蒾(图4I)聚集分布在样地南部海拔较低的地方,北部零星分布,且以大树为主,占比为80%。
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2018年云锦杜鹃个体数为2 341株,占样地内总个体数的49.00%;2023年为2 380株,占比为47.43%。云锦杜鹃的年龄结构总体表现为金字塔结构(图5),即集中在Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ龄级,Ⅰ、Ⅵ、Ⅶ龄级的个体数很少。2023年Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ龄级的个体数相比2018年明显增多,说明其5 a间对自然环境变化适应较好,龄级生长发育良好。根据云锦杜鹃种群存活曲线判断,2018、2023年均为Ⅰ型(凸型)(图6),表现为绝大多数个体都能活到生理年龄,早期死亡率极低,但是达到一定生理年龄时,短期内几乎全部死亡。云锦杜鹃死亡率在2018、2023年都表现出随着龄级逐渐增加,存活数逐渐减少,说明幼龄个体数较多(表2)。2018年调查时显示:Ⅰ~Ⅳ龄级个体死亡率较低,Ⅴ、Ⅵ龄级个体死亡率较高,分别为0.9和0.8;2023年死亡率随着龄级的增加而逐渐增大,Ⅵ龄级的个体死亡率最高,为0.9 (表2)。2018和2023年的个体平均寿命随着龄级的增加而降低,在Ⅰ龄级最高,说明该阶段种群生存能力强。
表 2 云锦杜鹃种群静态生命表
Table 2. Static life table of R. fortunei population
调查年份 龄级 Ax ax lx lnlx dx qx Lx Tx ex Kx 2018 Ⅰ 43 888 1 000.0 6.9 208.3 0.2 895.8 2 554.1 2.6 0.2 Ⅱ 572 703 791.7 6.7 209.5 0.3 686.9 1 658.2 2.1 0.3 Ⅲ 854 517 582.2 6.4 208.3 0.4 478.0 968.5 1.7 0.4 Ⅳ 600 332 373.9 5.9 104.7 0.3 321.5 493.2 1.3 0.3 Ⅴ 239 239 269.1 5.6 237.6 0.9 150.3 171.7 0.6 2.1 Ⅵ 28 28 31.5 3.5 25.9 0.8 18.6 21.4 0.7 1.7 Ⅶ 5 5 5.6 1.7 - - 2.8 2.8 0.5 - 2023 Ⅰ 14 665 1 000.0 6.9 159.4 0.2 920.3 3 079.0 3.1 0.2 Ⅱ 422 559 840.6 6.7 157.9 0.2 761.7 2 158.7 2.6 0.2 Ⅲ 739 454 682.7 6.5 159.4 0.2 603.0 1 397.0 2.1 0.3 Ⅳ 658 348 523.3 6.3 157.9 0.3 444.4 787.2 1.5 0.4 Ⅴ 436 243 365.4 5.9 212.0 0.6 259.4 349.6 1.0 0.9 Ⅵ 102 102 153.4 5.0 139.9 0.9 83.5 90.2 0.6 2.4 Ⅶ 9 9 13.5 2.6 - - 6.8 6.8 0.5 - 说明:Ax表示龄级内现有存活数。由于缺少下一龄级数据,dx、qx和Kx值无法计算,用-表示。
Community structure and population dynamics of Rhododendron fortunei in Mount Dapanshan, Zhejiang Province
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摘要:
目的 研究浙江大盘山国家级自然保护区较高海拔区域针阔混交林群落结构及群落中云锦杜鹃Rhododendron fortunei种群动态,预测未来的演替趋势。 方法 2018年7月建立1 hm2固定监测样地,对样地内胸径(DBH)≥1.0 cm的木本植物挂牌、鉴定并测量胸径,每5 a复查1次。根据样地内物种的重要值和优势种等,分析群落物种组成和优势种径级结构。利用云锦杜鹃种群年龄结构图和种群生命表等分析云锦杜鹃种群动态。 结果 2018年共记录木本植物4 773株,分属于35科55属90种;2023年有3个物种在样地内消失,个体死亡率为1.38%,更新率为2.38%。样地林层结构清晰,其中亚乔木层云锦杜鹃数量占主要优势。2018、2023年所有乔木树种的总体径级结构皆为倒J型,且2023年乔木树种中5.0 cm≤DBH≤20.0 cm的个体数量明显增多。云锦杜鹃种群径级结构为金字塔型,集中在Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ龄级,Ⅰ、Ⅵ、Ⅶ龄级个体数量很少。从存活曲线看,种群内大多数个体能够存活到生理寿命,呈现出稳定增长的动态特征。 结论 云锦杜鹃群落物种丰富,5 a间物种组成和结构比较稳定,低龄级个体比例高,更新较好。云锦杜鹃种群为增长型,但Ⅰ龄级植株数量储备不足。图6表2参38 Abstract:Objective The objective is to study the community structure and population dynamics of Rhododendron fortunei in the high-altitude coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest in Dapanshan National Nature Reserve in Zhejiang Province, and predict its future successional trends. Method A 1 hm2 fixed monitoring plot was established in July 2018, and woody plants with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 1.0 cm were tagged, identified, and measured for DBH, and re-examined every 5 years. Based on species importance and dominance, the composition of community species and DBH structure of dominant species were analyzed. The population dynamics of R. fortunei were analyzed using age structure diagrams and population life tables. Result In 2018, a total of 4 773 woody plants were recorded, belonging to 90 species in 55 genera of 35 families. In 2023, three species disappeared from the plot, with an individual mortality rate of 1.38% and a renewal rate of 2.38%. The forest layer structure of the plot was clear, with the sub-canopy dominated by R. fortunei species. The overall diameter class structure of all tree species in 2018 and 2023 exhibited a reversed J pattern, and the number of individuals with 5.0 cm ≤ DBH ≤ 20.0 cm in tree species significantly increased in 2023. The population structure of R. fortunei was pyramid-shaped, mainly concentrated in age classes Ⅱ, Ⅲ, and Ⅳ, with very few individuals in age classes Ⅰ, Ⅵ, and Ⅶ. The survival curve showed that most individuals within the population could survive to their physiological lifespan, exhibiting a dynamic characteristic of stable growth. Conclusion The R. fortunei community has a richness of species, with a relatively stable species composition and structure in the past 5 years, characterized by a high proportion of young individuals and good regeneration. The population of R. fortunei is growing, but there is insufficient reserve of individuals in age class Ⅰ. [Ch, 6 fig. 2 tab. 38 ref.] -
表 1 大盘山1 hm2固定监测样地重要值排名前10的树种
Table 1. Top ten species with the highest importance values in the 1 hm2 forest dynamics plot in Mount Dapanshan
树种 个体数/株 重要值/% 生活型 2018年 2023年 2018年 2023年 云锦杜鹃Rhododendron fortunei 2 341 2 380 36.21 36.43 常绿小乔木 黄山松Pinus taiwanensis 359 336 15.61 13.71 常绿乔木 红果钓樟Lindera erythrocarpa 228 254 5.30 5.53 落叶灌/小乔木 水马桑Weigela japonica var. sinica 243 197 4.72 3.86 落叶灌木 朝鲜白檀Symplocos coreana 208 289 4.59 5.41 落叶乔木 杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata 112 101 4.11 3.87 常绿乔木 尖连蕊茶Camellia cuspidata 219 312 3.44 4.56 常绿灌木 灯台树Bothrocaryum controversum 98 97 2.77 2.63 落叶乔木 短柄榛Corylus heterophylla var. brevipes 90 103 1.88 1.95 落叶灌/小乔木 合轴荚蒾Viburnum sympodiale 93 134 1.84 2.51 落叶灌木 表 2 云锦杜鹃种群静态生命表
Table 2. Static life table of R. fortunei population
调查年份 龄级 Ax ax lx lnlx dx qx Lx Tx ex Kx 2018 Ⅰ 43 888 1 000.0 6.9 208.3 0.2 895.8 2 554.1 2.6 0.2 Ⅱ 572 703 791.7 6.7 209.5 0.3 686.9 1 658.2 2.1 0.3 Ⅲ 854 517 582.2 6.4 208.3 0.4 478.0 968.5 1.7 0.4 Ⅳ 600 332 373.9 5.9 104.7 0.3 321.5 493.2 1.3 0.3 Ⅴ 239 239 269.1 5.6 237.6 0.9 150.3 171.7 0.6 2.1 Ⅵ 28 28 31.5 3.5 25.9 0.8 18.6 21.4 0.7 1.7 Ⅶ 5 5 5.6 1.7 - - 2.8 2.8 0.5 - 2023 Ⅰ 14 665 1 000.0 6.9 159.4 0.2 920.3 3 079.0 3.1 0.2 Ⅱ 422 559 840.6 6.7 157.9 0.2 761.7 2 158.7 2.6 0.2 Ⅲ 739 454 682.7 6.5 159.4 0.2 603.0 1 397.0 2.1 0.3 Ⅳ 658 348 523.3 6.3 157.9 0.3 444.4 787.2 1.5 0.4 Ⅴ 436 243 365.4 5.9 212.0 0.6 259.4 349.6 1.0 0.9 Ⅵ 102 102 153.4 5.0 139.9 0.9 83.5 90.2 0.6 2.4 Ⅶ 9 9 13.5 2.6 - - 6.8 6.8 0.5 - 说明:Ax表示龄级内现有存活数。由于缺少下一龄级数据,dx、qx和Kx值无法计算,用-表示。 -
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