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酸雨已经成为全球十大环境问题之一[1]。欧洲、北美东部和东南亚,以及中国南方地区是世界上受酸雨危害最为严重的地区,而且酸雨区域还在不断扩大[2]。大量研究表明:酸雨对森林土壤的理化性质[3]、养分组成[4]、土壤微生物[5]以及土壤酶活性[6]等均具有明显的影响。张萍华等[7]研究发现,模拟酸雨对白术Atractylodes macrocephala根际土壤脱氢酶、过氧化氢酶、脲酶和蛋白酶等活性具有明显的抑制作用,对磷酸酶活性有一定的促进作用;模拟酸雨对砖红壤中淀粉酶、过氧化氢酶、酸性磷酸酶、脲酶等的活性有不利影响[8]。土壤-凋落物界面是植被对土壤生态系统产生直接和间接影响的最为重要的生态过程之一,也是生态系统内物质循环最为活跃的场所[9]。凋落物分解产物能够提高土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和脱氢酶活性[10];新鲜凋落物可以通过调节土壤pH值来改变土壤酶活性[11];也有研究显示凋落物分解过程与土壤酚氧化酶、木聚糖酶、纤维素分解酶、过氧化物酶活性密切相关[12-13]。酸雨除了直接影响土壤生态系统外,还会影响森林凋落物分解和化感物质的释放[14],间接对土壤酶活性产生影响[6]。模拟酸雨加快了南美蟛蜞菊Wedelia trilobata凋落物的分解,提高了其周围土壤中凋落物层的化感潜力[15];模拟酸雨能够降低青冈Cyclobalanopsis glauca,木荷Schima superba和马尾松Pinus massoniana等植物凋落物的分解速率[16];水榆花楸Sorbus alnifolia叶凋落物早期分解速率和脱氢酶活性受酸雨的抑制[17];酸雨会降低凋落物的分解速率,并抑制大多数酶的活性[6]。关于酸雨和凋落物复合作用对植物根际土壤酶活性的研究鲜见报道。柳杉Cryptomeria fortunei是中国特有用材树种,浙江省临安市天目山国家级自然保护区为柳杉分布的中心之一[18]。一些学者对天目山柳杉液流特征[19]、自毒作用[20]和病虫害[21]等方面进行了研究。目前,天目山柳杉长势逐渐减弱,林内幼苗极为稀少,天然更新困难,其种群结构和景观生态功能逐渐衰退。天目山地处重酸雨区[22],且柳杉林地有凋落物覆盖,酸雨胁迫和凋落物分解导致土壤环境的改变是否是柳杉长势减弱和幼苗建立失败的原因?本研究以柳杉幼苗根际土壤为研究对象,分析了模拟酸雨胁迫和柳杉凋落物分解的情况下柳杉幼苗根际土壤酶活性的变化,旨在为研究酸雨和凋落物分解对天目山柳杉林地土壤环境以及柳杉苗木生长的影响提供理论依据。
Enzyme activity in rhizosphere soil of Cryptomeria fortunei seedlings with simulated acid rain and litter
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摘要: 为了探讨酸雨和凋落物对柳杉Cryptomeria fortunei林地土壤酶活性的影响,以柳杉幼苗根际土壤为材料,采用酸雨(pH 4.0),凋落物(500 g·m-2)和酸雨与凋落物复合等3种处理,测定了短时间(30 d)和长时间(90 d)处理后土壤氧化还原酶和水解酶活性的变化。结果表明:酸雨和凋落物处理对土壤氧化还原酶活性具有不同的影响,酸雨对土壤硝酸还原酶活性无显著影响,凋落物极显著地提高其酶活性,复合处理极显著地降低其酶活性(P<0.01);3种处理均显著提高了土壤多酚氧化酶活性(P<0.05);复合处理对土壤过氧化物酶活性无显著影响,短时间酸雨和凋落物处理均对其具有抑制作用,长时间处理具有促进作用(P<0.05);凋落物处理对土壤过氧化氢酶活性表现为抑制作用,复合处理对其具有极显著促进作用(P<0.01)。在水解酶中,短时间3种处理和长时间复合处理均对土壤脲酶活性具有极显著促进作用(P<0.01);酸雨、长时间凋落物和复合处理对土壤酸性磷酸酶活性具有显著地抑制作用(P<0.05);酸雨和凋落物处理以及长时间复合处理均使土壤蛋白酶活性降低(P<0.05);长时间酸雨处理对土壤蔗糖酶活性具有显著抑制作用,复合处理和短时间凋落物处理具有促进作用(P<0.05)。酸雨和凋落物复合处理柳杉幼苗根际土壤,显著改变了两者对土壤酶活性的影响,说明酸雨和林地凋落物长时间并存,能够缓解两者对除土壤蛋白酶外其他土壤酶活性的不利影响,有助于改善土壤条件。Abstract: To determine the effects of acid rain and litter on enzyme activities of Cryptomeria forestry soils on Mount Tianmu,rhizosphere soil from Cryptomeria fortunei seedlings was treated with Tr1:simulated acid rain(pH 4.0),Tr2:litter(500 g·m-2),and Tr3:Tr1 and Tr2 combined,to determine soil oxidoreductase and hydrolase activities in rhizosphere soil after short-term(30 d) and a long-term(90 d) processing. Results showed that for soil nitrate reductase activity,Tr1 had no significant effect,but Tr2 significantly increased(P<0.01)and Tr3 significantly reduced(P<0.01)activity. All three treatments significantly improved soil polyphenol oxidase activity(P<0.05). For soil peroxidase activity,Tr3 had no significant effect,but Tr1 and Tr2 were inhibited after 30 d and promoted after 90 d(P<0.05). For soil catalase enzyme activity,Tr2 inhibited and Tr3 promoted activity(P<0.01). Soil urease activity after 30 d was highly significant(P<0.01) for all three treatments. Soil acid phosphatase activity significantly decreased(P<0.05) with Tr1 as well as with Tr2 and Tr3 over 90 d(P<0.05). Soil protease activity was inhibited with Tr3 for 90 d(P<0.05) and with Tr1 and Tr2(P<0.05). Tr1 after 90 d inhibited(P<0.05) soil invertase activity, but after 30 d Tr2 and Tr3 had a catalytic role on soil invertase activity(P<0.05). Thus,long term coexistence of acid rain and woodland litter were able to mitigate,except for protease,the adverse effects of each other on soil enzyme activities,and contributed to improved soil conditions.
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Key words:
- forest soil science /
- Cryptomeria fortunei /
- acid rain /
- litter /
- soil enzyme activity /
- Mount Tianmu
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https://zlxb.zafu.edu.cn/article/doi/10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2014.03.007