-
施肥不仅可以提高土壤生产力,还可以提高土壤肥力。土壤有机碳是有机质的组分之一,含量高低直接影响阳离子交换量、团聚体的形成、容重、微生物活性、耕性等土壤物理、化学及生物学性质,是衡量土壤肥力高低的重要指标之一[1-2]。研究表明:长期氮、磷、钾均衡施肥比氮、磷肥配施显著增加土壤有机碳储量[3],有机无机肥配施更有利于土壤有机碳的积累[4],施肥增加土壤碳储量在于施肥增加了植物地上、地下部生物量[5]。耕作使土壤受到了强烈的人为扰动,无疑将影响有机碳的储存和损失过程,幸运的是耕作土壤碳库通过合理的土地利用和管理,在较短的时间尺度上可进行调节,传统观点认为水田较旱地更有利于有机碳的累积,但也有学者认为水田有机碳的分解速率还是分解量实质上均大于旱地土壤[6]。清楚地了解施肥对水田、旱地有机碳影响的长效作用有助于预测有机碳的变化及确保粮食安全。黑碳通常认为是化石燃料和生物质不完全燃烧的残留物[7],具有芳香环结构,很难被化学氧化、光氧化和热氧化[8-10],广泛存在于自然界,土壤中的黑碳与腐殖物共存,是土壤惰性有机碳库的重要组成部分[8],黑碳作为土壤中的长期碳库对持久性有机污染物具有很强的吸附性能[11],进入土壤的污染物随黑碳埋藏于土壤中,可有效地降低它们的环境风险[12]。因此,黑碳既是“碳汇”,又可以蔽蓄污染物,但农业生产活动,诸如施肥、土地利用方式对黑碳的影响鲜有报道[13]。本研究选择长期不同施肥的水田、旱地红壤为试验材料,研究了土壤中有机碳、黑碳质量分数的变化及相关性,以期了解土壤有机碳、黑碳的变化及不同施肥处理之间的差异,进而有效利用土地资源及制定合理的施肥方案,实现优质生产和环境友好。
-
供试土壤采自江西省红壤研究所的长期定位试验地。该地区属于中亚热带湿润季风气候区,平均海拔高度为26.0 m,月平均最高气温与最低气温分别为29.9 ℃和5.5 ℃,年平均气温17.6 ℃,年均降水量1 400.0 mm,无霜期269.0 d。土壤母质为第四纪红黏土。试验前水田、旱地土壤的基本性质见表 1。
表 1 试验前水田、旱地土壤的理化性状
Table 1. Physical and chemical traits of paddy soil and upland soil before experiment
试验地 pH值
(1:2.5)有机碳/
(g·kg-1)全氮/
(g·kg-1)全磷/
(g·kg-1)全钾/
(g·kg-1)碱解氮/
(mg·kg-1)速效磷/
(mg·kg-1)速效钾/
(mg·kg-1)水田 6.58 16.30 1.49 0.44 10.39 144.00 9.52 81.22 旱地 6.41 9.39 0.98 1.42 15.83 60.31 12.91 102.00 水田、旱地肥料试验分别开始于1981年和1986年,耕作制度分别为早稻-晚稻-休闲、早玉米-晚玉米-休闲制。水田、旱地分布于整个试验场地的不同区域,不同施肥处理各小区随机区组排列,旱地面积22.5 m2(长6.4 m,宽3.5 m),水田面积44.6 m2(长8.1 m,宽5.5 m),重复3次。施肥处理及肥料用量见表2,施肥处理中对照(ck)指不施肥,N为单施氮肥,K为单施钾肥,NK为氮钾肥配施,NPK为氮磷钾肥配施,2NPK指施用的氮磷钾肥量是NPK处理的2倍,OM为单施有机肥,NPKM为氮磷钾肥配施有机肥处理。
-
2011年6月采集0~20 cm的耕层土壤,各小区按梅花形5点法用土钻采样并混匀,采集土样1.0 kg·处理-1。将土壤样品中的根系、石块等挑出,自然风干后,过0.25 mm筛,测定土壤有机碳和黑碳。
表 2 施肥处理
Table 2. Fertilization treatments
施肥 肥料施用量(kg·hm-2·a-1) ck N K NK NPK 2NPK OM NPKM 氮肥(以尿素N计) - 90 - 90 90 180 - 90 磷肥(以P2O5计) - - - - 45 90 - 45 钾肥(以K2O计) - - 75 75 75 150 - 75 有机肥 - - - - - - 22 500 22 500 说明: -表示不施肥。有机肥:早玉米,早稻施紫云英Astragalus sinicus;晚稻,晚玉米施猪粪。 采用重铬酸钾-硫酸消化法[14]测定土壤中的有机碳,消化温度控制在170~180℃。有机碳的值记为M。黑碳的测定采用刘兆云等[15]介绍的方法。基本过程:称取0.5 g过0.149 mm筛的土样于50 mL离心管中;向加有土样的离心管中加入25 mL重铬酸钾-硫酸混合液(浓度分别为0.02和2.00 mol·L-1);盖上管盖,放入水浴锅中55 ℃下加热60 h(在超声波分散器中分散30 min后放入水浴锅中(55±1)℃反应12 h,再置于超声分散器中分散30 min,继续放入水浴锅中反应12 h,整个过程重复5次,氧化时间共60 h),用标准硫酸亚铁滴定法测定残余的重铬酸钾量;计算出被氧化的有机碳量,该有机碳量记为N;则黑碳质量分数就是M-N的差值。
-
数据采用Excel 2003和最小显著差法(Fisher’s LSD)进行统计分析。
Organic carbon and black carbon with fertilization in paddy and upland soils
-
摘要: 在30多年的长期肥料试验区, 研究了水田、旱地等2种利用方式下, 有机肥、化肥, 及有机肥和化肥混合施用对耕层土壤有机碳和黑碳质量分数的影响。结果表明:经过30多年稻Oryza sativa-稻-休闲耕作(水田), 早玉米Zea mays-晚玉米-冬闲制耕作(旱地)后, 无论水田、旱地氮磷钾化肥配施有机肥处理, 耕作层(0~20 cm)有机碳质量分数均高于单施化肥、不同化学肥料配施、单施有机肥以及不施肥, 说明相对于其他施肥处理, 有机无机肥配施为最佳施肥措施。黑碳质量分数红壤旱地集中在2.72~5.33 g·kg-1, 水田集中在9.01~10.60 g·kg-1, 旱地单施钾肥与单施有机肥处理, 氮与氮磷钾处理无显著差异, 其他各处理间黑碳质量分数差异显著(P < 0.05), 水田各处理黑碳质量分数差异不显著。旱地有机碳与黑碳显著相关(P < 0.05), 而水田有机碳黑碳相关不显著, 说明除施肥措施外, 土壤黑碳质量分数还可能受到土地利用方式、种植作物的影响。相同施肥措施下, 水田有机碳和黑碳质量分数均高于旱地, 说明水田更有利于有机碳、黑碳的累积。Abstract: Soil organic carbon is a vital soil component that affects the physical, chemical and biological properties of soils. The soil organic carbon pool is mainly composed of two components, that is, the inert or recalcitrant component and the labile or active fraction. Black carbon (BC), the main form of the inert or recalcitrant component of soil organic carbon pool. Maintenance of their contents in the soil has been the important measure for improving productivity and stabilizing ecosystems. In this paper, the impact of fertilization on organic carbon and black carbon was studied in subtropical China by sampling in field. Soils were collected from sites where a long-term fertility experiment had been carried out for over 30 years in Jinxian County, Jiangxi Province. A fully randomized plot design was used in the experiment with eight treatments. They were designed and laid out:(Tr1) no fertilizer (ck); (Tr2) N fertilizer alone (N); (Tr3) K fertilizer alone (K); (Tr4) NK; (Tr5) NPK; (Tr6) 2(NPK) (twice treatment); (Tr7) organic manure (OM); and (Tr8) NPK+OM. Each treatment was carried out in three plots. Except for the 2NPK and ck treatments, the same amounts of NPK chemical fertilizer were applied in each treatment:N, 90 kg urea-N·hm-2·a-1; P, 45 kg triple superphosphate-P·hm-2·a-1; K, 75 kg potassium chloride-K·hm-2·a-1; or pig manure at 22 500·kg·hm-2·a-1.The results showed that organic carbon of Tr8 was significantly greater (P=0.05) in the 0-20 cm topsoil of both upland and paddy soils than Tr1, Tr2, Tr3, Tr4, Tr5, Tr6, and Tr7. Black carbon ranged from 2.72 to 5.33 g·kg-1 in upland soil and from 9.01 to 10.60 g·kg-1 in paddy soil. In the upland soil Tr3 and Tr7 as well as Tr2 and Tr5 were not significantly different (P=0.05); whereas in paddy soil no treatments were significantly different (P=0.05). A significant correlation (P=0.05, r=0.72) in upland soil existed for organic carbon and black carbon, but in not paddy soil. Thus, co-application of organic and inorganic fertilizer was best for organic carbon in upland and paddy soils, and accumulation of organic carbon and black carbon was more favorable in paddy soil than upland soil.
-
Key words:
- soil science /
- paddy soil /
- upland soil /
- fertilization /
- organic carbon /
- black carbon
-
表 1 试验前水田、旱地土壤的理化性状
Table 1. Physical and chemical traits of paddy soil and upland soil before experiment
试验地 pH值
(1:2.5)有机碳/
(g·kg-1)全氮/
(g·kg-1)全磷/
(g·kg-1)全钾/
(g·kg-1)碱解氮/
(mg·kg-1)速效磷/
(mg·kg-1)速效钾/
(mg·kg-1)水田 6.58 16.30 1.49 0.44 10.39 144.00 9.52 81.22 旱地 6.41 9.39 0.98 1.42 15.83 60.31 12.91 102.00 表 2 施肥处理
Table 2. Fertilization treatments
施肥 肥料施用量(kg·hm-2·a-1) ck N K NK NPK 2NPK OM NPKM 氮肥(以尿素N计) - 90 - 90 90 180 - 90 磷肥(以P2O5计) - - - - 45 90 - 45 钾肥(以K2O计) - - 75 75 75 150 - 75 有机肥 - - - - - - 22 500 22 500 说明: -表示不施肥。有机肥:早玉米,早稻施紫云英Astragalus sinicus;晚稻,晚玉米施猪粪。 -
[1] 张璐, 张文菊, 徐明岗, 等.长期施肥对中国3种典型农田土壤活性有机碳库变化的影响[J].中国农业科学, 2009, 42(5):1646-1655. ZHANG Lu, ZHANG Wenju, XU Minggang, et al. Effects of long-term fertilization on change of labile organic carbon in three typical upland soils of China[J]. Sci Agric Sin, 2009, 42(5):1645-1655. [2] COULTER J A, NAFZIGER E D, WANDER M M. Soil organic matter response to cropping system and nitrogen fertilization[J]. Agron J, 2009, 101(3):592-599. [3] 赵广帅, 李发东, 李运生, 等.长期施肥对土壤有机质积累的影响[J].生态环境学报, 2012, 21(5):840-847. ZHAO Guangshuai, LI Fadong, LI Yunsheng, et al. Effects of long-term fertilization on soil organic matter accumulation[J]. Ecol Environ Sci, 2012, 21(5):840-847. [4] 邵兴华, 徐金仁, 张建忠, 等.长期施肥对旱地红壤肥力和酶活性的影响[J].生态环境学报, 2011, 20(2):266-269. SHAO Xinghua, XU Jinren, ZHANG Jianzhong, et al. Effects of long-term fertilizer on soil fertility and soil enzyme activities in upland red soils[J]. Ecol Environ Sci, 2011, 20(2):266-269. [5] LAL R, KIMBLE J M. Conservation tillage for carbon sequestration[J]. Nutr Cycl Agroecosys, 1997, 49(1/3):243-253. [6] 黄东迈, 朱培立, 王志明, 等.旱地和水田有机碳分解速率的探讨与质疑[J].土壤学报, 1998, 35(4):482-492. HUANG Dongmai, ZHU Peili, WANG Zhiming, et al. A study and question on the decomposition rate of organic carbon under upland and submerged soil conditions[J]. Acta Pedol Sin, 1998, 35(4):482-492. [7] LIANG Biqing, LEHMANN J, SOLOMON D, et al. Stability of biomass derived black carbon in soils[J]. Geochimi Cosmochim Acta, 2008, 72(24):6069-6078. [8] SKJEMSTAD J O, CLARKE P, TAYLOR J A, et al. The chemistry and nature of protected carbon in soil[J]. Aust J Soil Res, 1996, 34(2):251-271. [9] WU Qinglan, BLUME H-P, BEYER L, et al. Method for characterization of inert organic carbon in Urbic Anthrosols[J]. Communic Soil Sci Plant Anal, 1999, 30(9/10):1497-1506. [10] 刘兆云, 章明奎.林地土壤中黑碳的出现及分布特点[J].浙江林学院学报, 2009, 26(3):341-345. LIU Zhaoyun, ZHANG Mingkui. Black carbon occurrence and distribution in forest soils in Zhejiang Province, China[J]. J Zhejiang For Coll, 2009, 26(3):341-345. [11] 杨基峰, 应光国, 赵建亮, 等.黑碳对污染物环境地球化学过程的影响[J].生态环境, 2008, 17(4):1685-1689. YANG Jifeng, YING Guangguo, ZHAO Jianliang, et al. Advance in research on the influence of black carbon on the environmental geochemistry processes of environmental contaminants[J]. Ecol Environ, 2008, 17(4):1685-1689. [12] GHOSH U, ZIMMERMAN J R, LUTHY R G. PCB and PAH speciation among particle types in contaminated harbor sediments and effects on PAH bioavailability[J]. Environ Sci & Technol, 2003, 37(10):2209-2217. [13] YANG Z, SINGH B R, SITAULA B K. Fractions of organic carbon in soils under different crop rotations, cover crops and fertilization practices[J]. Nut Cycl Agroecosys, 2004, 70(2):161-166. [14] 鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社, 1999. [15] 刘兆云, 章明奎.浙江省几种人为土壤中黑碳的含量[J].浙江大学学报:农业与生命科学版, 2010, 36(5):542-546. LIU Zhaoyun, ZHANG Mingkui. Contents of black carbon in some anthrosols from Zhejiang Province[J]. J Zhejiang Univ Agric & Life Sci, 2010, 36(5):542-546. [16] HALVORSON A D, REULE C A, FOLLETT R F. Nitrogen fertilization effects on soil carbon nitrogen in dryland cropping system[J]. Soil Sci Soc Am J, 1999, 63(4):912-917. [17] 李新爱, 童成立, 蒋平, 等.长期不同施肥对稻田土壤有机质和全氮的影响[J].土壤, 2006, 38(3):298-303. LI Xin'ai, TONG Chengli, JIANG Ping, et al. Effects of long-term fertilization on soil organic matter and total nitrogen in paddy soil[J]. Soils, 2006, 38(3):298-303. [18] 李忠佩, 张桃林, 陈碧云, 等.红壤稻田土壤有机质的积累过程特征分析[J].土壤学报, 2003, 40(3):344-352. LI Zhongpei, ZHANG Taolin, CHEN Biyun, et al. Soil organic matter dynamics in a cultivation chronosequence of paddy fields in subtropical China[J]. Acta Pedol Sin, 2003, 40(3):344-352. [19] CAMPBELL C A, BOWREN K E, SCHNITZER M, et al. Effect of crop rotations and fertilization on soil organic matter and some biochemical properties of a thick Black Cherokee[J]. Can J Soil Sci, 1991, 71:377-387. [20] 王嫒华, 苏以荣, 李杨, 等.稻草还田条件下水田与旱地土壤有机碳矿化特征与差异[J].土壤学报, 2011, 48(5):979-987. WANG Aihua, SU Yirong, LI Yang, et al. Characteristics of mineralization of soil organic carbon in paddy and upland with rice straw incorporated and differences between the two[J]. Acta Pedol Sin, 2011, 48(5):979-987. [21] KUZYAKOV Y, SUBBOTINA I, CHEN Haiqing, et al. Black carbon decomposition and incorporation into soil microbial biomass estimated by 14C labeling[J]. Soil Biol Biochem, 2009, 41(2):210-219. [22] FORBES M S, RAISON R J, SKJEMSTAD J O. Formation, transformation and transport of black carbon (charcoal) in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems[J]. Sci Tot Environ, 2006, 370(1):190-206. -
链接本文:
https://zlxb.zafu.edu.cn/article/doi/10.11833/j.issn.2095-0756.2014.04.010