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近年来,随着工农业的发展及人类的活动,重金属对土壤的污染越来越严重。2014年发布的《全国土壤污染状况调查公报》显示,全国土壤重金属总的超标率为16.1%。土壤污染防治需要的资金量非常大,“土壤污染防治行动计划”的发布预计带动5.7万亿元投资。针对中国及世界上严重的土壤重金属污染问题,有着众多的研究方法,如物理化学和生物方法[1]。生物方法又分为动物修复、植物修复和微生物修复[2],其中植物修复是新兴的一种绿色环保的修复技术[3]。近年来,在植物修复过程中对于超累积植物的研究比较多[4],而速生林木相对比较少[5]。速生林木相对超累积植物,生物量大、生长迅速,且不与食物链相连,但对重金属的吸收能力相对较弱。针对速生林木的优缺点,如果在吸收量上得到有效强化,将大大提升植物修复的效率。因此,展开对速生林木的强化研究具有重要的研究意义。
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国外运用速生林木修复重金属污染土壤起步相对较早。瑞典在镉污染的耕地中种植大面积的柳树来修复,并将收获的柳树作为能源来利用[14];SLYCKEN等[15]在被冶炼厂所导致的铅、锌、镉等重金属污染的农田土壤中种植柳树,镉、锌的去除能力达到69 g·hm-2·a-1和1 911 g·hm-2·a-1。在中国,利用速生林木修复重金属污染土壤大多还在试验阶段。赖发英等[16]在A和B不同实验区的重金属污染的土壤中种植杨树,B土壤中的铜、铅、锌、镉含量分别下降了22.15%,19.61%,36.64%,2.03%。李金花等[17]对受到铅、锌、铜、镉重金属污染的土壤种植杨树,其中对镉的富集系数最大,其值达到16,具有良好的去除镉的能力。
在植物修复重金属污染土壤的过程中采用的试验方法一般有水培试验、土培试验以及田间试验,如表 1所示。在水培和土培试验中,研究材料主要是速生林木的种子或幼苗,且研究重点在重金属胁迫下的生理生化影响,抗性和富集以及快速初步地进行筛选植物修复材料,而田间试验则是进一步的验证修复土壤重金属材料的筛选。
表 1 在不同研究方法及处理水平上对重金属污染土壤研究情况
Table 1. Research of heavy metal contaminated soil in different research methods and treatment levels
Research progress of heavy metal phytoremediation technology of fast-growing forest trees in soil
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摘要: 植物修复技术是目前国际上常用的一种用于修复重金属污染土壤的绿色环保技术。目前研究的修复材料主要集中在重金属超积累植物上面,而对速生林木方面的研究相对较少,且研究重点主要侧重于对修复材料的筛选。一般超积累植物主要集中在草本植物,它们对重金属具有吸收和转运能力, 但其生物量小,生长缓慢,根系不发达等因素限制了在植物修复中的运用。速生林木相比超积累植物,具有生物量大,生长迅速等特点,将其应用在植物修复中可为大面积修复重金属污染土壤提供选择。综述了速生林木用于重金属土壤修复的特点,从对重金属的胁迫耐性、吸收转运、累积分布、强化技术及修复材料的回收利用方面进行论述,并为今后速生林木修复土壤重金属污染提供了新的研究思路。Abstract: Phytoremediation is a green and environmental technology used for heavy metal contaminated soil remediation which is commonly used in the world currently. However, the research materials are mainly concentrated on hyperaccumulating plants especially for the screening of remediation species, and less research focus on the fast-growing trees. Hyperaccumulators mainly concentrated in herbaceous plants and had strong ability of absorption and transport of heavy metals because of their ability, but due to the reason of smaller size, low biomass, slow growth rate and undeveloped root the application was limited. Compared with the hyperaccumulators, the fast-growing trees have the advantages of high biomass and rapid growth, etc. The application of fast-growing trees in phytoremediation provides a choice for remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil of large area. This paper reviews the characteristics of fast-growing trees used for heavy metal contaminated soil remediation. At the same times, the tolerance, absorption, transportation, accumulation, distribution, strengthening technology and recycling of fast-growing trees as a remediation materials are also discussed in this paper, which could provides a new research viewpoint in the future.
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Key words:
- soil biology /
- phytoremediation /
- heavy metal /
- soil /
- fast-growing forest trees /
- review
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表 1 在不同研究方法及处理水平上对重金属污染土壤研究情况
Table 1. Research of heavy metal contaminated soil in different research methods and treatment levels
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