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单核细胞增生性李斯特菌Listeria monocytogenes(以下简称单增李斯特菌)是一种重要的食源性人畜共患病原菌,人类的感染能够引发脑膜炎、败血症和流产等疾病。李斯特菌病因其较高的致死率使其成为仅次于沙门氏菌Salmonella感染的致命食源性疾病,尤其对孕妇、婴儿、老人等免疫力低下人群风险极高[1-2]。单增李斯特菌的危险性目前已引起了世界各国的关注,中国与其他许多国家将其列为进出口食品的必检项目。根据美国食品网的调查显示[3],美国每年约2 600人感染单增李斯特菌,造成约260人死亡,在所有食源性疾病引起的死亡中,李斯特菌病占30%。据报道,中国大部分省市每年均有人和动物感染单增李斯特菌[4]。单增李斯特菌广泛存在于自然界中,主要以食物为传播媒介,特别在食品储运及加工过程中极易受单增李斯特菌污染。人类的李斯特菌病大多是通过食用受污染的肉类、蛋类、禽类、海产品、速冻食品、乳制品和蔬菜等多种食品所致[5]。单增李斯特菌的致病力与其血清型密切相关。目前,在食物和环境中发现的单增李斯特菌血清型有16种,与人类疾病相关的血清型主要有4b,1/2a和1/2b[6],但不同来源的分离株其毒力、致病性、耐药性等也存在较大差异[7]。鉴于李斯特菌病对人类健康构成极大的威胁,预防和控制这类疾病需要建立一个长期的追踪和调查方案,采用细菌溯源技术,通过亚种分型,能够准确、迅速地确定单增李斯特菌分离株的来源,鉴定比较致病菌株间的差别,为致病菌的溯源和疾病防控提供明晰可靠的科学资料[8-9]。近年来,食源性致病菌分子溯源分型技术发展较快,主要分为3类:①基于酶切技术的分型方法,包括脉冲场凝胶电泳(pulsed-field gel electrophoresis,PFGE)分型;②基于DNA测序技术的分型方法,包括多位点序列分型(multi-locus sequence typing,MLST)和全基因组测序(whole-genome sequencing,WGS);③基于聚合酶链式反应(PCR)扩增技术的分型方法,包括多位点可变数串联重复序列分析(multi-locus variable-number of tandem repeats analysis,MLVA),DiversiLab系统和CRISPR-Cas(clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-CRISPR-associated proteins)系统。本文就以上述3类基因分型方法在单增李斯特菌监测溯源中的应用做一综述。
Application of genotyping methods to monitoring and source-tracking of Listeria monocytogenes
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摘要: 单核细胞增生性李斯特菌Listeria monocytogenes是一种重要的食源性人畜共患病原菌,能引起人和多种动物流产、脑膜炎、肠胃炎、败血症、死胎等病症。与传统基于表型的分型方法相比,基因分型方法具有简单快速、分辨率高、敏感性强、重复性好等特点,在李斯特菌病病原菌的监测和溯源中具有重要的应用价值。对单核细胞增生性李斯特菌的3类基因分型方法:酶切技术,DNA测序技术和聚合酶链式反应(PCR)扩增技术进行了概述,从分型成本、样本通量、分辨力、灵敏度、重复性、快捷性和普及性等方面比较了3类基因分型方法的主要特点,重点评述了这些方法在单核细胞增生性李斯特菌暴发监测和溯源上的应用案例,为研究不同基因分型方法在单核细胞增生性李斯特菌暴发诊断、分型检测及感染溯源等方面的应用提供参考。
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关键词:
- 动物细胞学 /
- 单核细胞增生性李斯特菌 /
- 基因分型 /
- 监测溯源 /
- 综述
Abstract: As an important food-borne zoonotic pathogen, Listeria monocytogenes could cause people and various animals abortion, meningitis, gastroenteritis, sepsis, stillbirth and other diseases of listeriosis. Compared with the traditional phenotypic typing methods, the genotyping methods were characterized by simplicity and rapidity, high resolution, strong sensitivity and good reproducibility, thus having important application value in the monitoring and source-tracking of L. monocytogenes. In this research, three types of genotyping methods for L. monocytogenes, namely, enzyme digestion, DNA sequencing and PCR amplification were reviewed. The main features of these methods were compared in terms of the genotyping cost, sample throughput, resolution, sensitivity, reproducibility, rapidity and popularity, especially focusing on the application of these methods to the monitoring and source-tracking of L. monocytogenes. The research provided reference for the study of applying different genotyping methods to the diagnosis, typing and source-tracking of L. monocytogenes.-
Key words:
- zoocytology /
- Listeria monocytogenes /
- genotyping /
- monitoring and source-tracking /
- review
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