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当年生枝条是木本植物进行种群空间扩展、结实和光合作用的主要部位,与种群的生长、繁殖、存活等密切相关。探讨当年生枝条的茎、叶构件之间的异速生长规律是揭示植物种群适应机制的有效途径之一[1−3]。迄今有关这方面的研究已经有很多积累,主要是通过对茎和叶回归方程斜率的显著性检验和大小的比较,开展当年生枝条茎和叶异速生长规律随环境梯度[4−6]、种间亲缘关系[7−10]或植物生活型[11−12]变化的对比研究,以验证茎对叶片光合生产的支持能力[13−17]和构件生物量的分配规律[18−19]。此类研究大多在种间水平上比较茎、叶的生长关系,进而分析其生态、生理的联系性,隐含的前提是物种的差异性和特殊性可以忽略。
对于温带落叶木本植物,难以忽略的是枝条功能的种内分化现象[20],或者称为枝条的二态性。不同类型枝条(长枝、短枝)的叶型[21]、生理生化特征[22−25]、生长特性等都可能存在差异,由此必然引起枝条不同构件间的异速生长关系发生变化,因此,不同类型枝条的茎、叶生长规律的异同,携带着进化和适应调节等重要信息。根据以往的认识,长枝功能侧重种群生长空间扩展,短枝功能侧重光合生产[26−27],具体到构件生长层面则是长枝侧重茎的生长,短枝侧重叶片的生长。但是,木本植物枝条功能分化与光照条件[28−29]以及有性繁殖过程有关,长枝、短枝的生长特征及其在种群调节中的作用可能存在环境差异性或者物种特异性,针对不同的植物种群仍需验证。
小叶白蜡Fraxinus sogdiana又名天山梣,是木樨科Oleaceae梣属Fraxinus落叶乔木,为第三纪温带阔叶林残遗树种,被2021年《国家重点保护野生植物名录》列为Ⅱ级,具有重要的科学价值和园林应用价值,目前仅在伊犁河谷喀什河河岸带尚有大面积集中分布。小叶白蜡枝条生长的独特性在于同一分枝上长枝、短枝等不同类型枝条交替发育,并且长枝和短枝都可能发育为生殖枝,呈现非常明显的枝条分化以及生长调节特征。张维等[30]和努尔买买提等[31]对小叶白蜡复叶生物量分配和表型可塑性方面进行过研究。但对小叶白蜡枝条如何发生分化、不同类型枝条的生长特征及其功能、构件生物量分配权衡等问题了解甚少。本研究分析小叶白蜡3种不同类型枝条(长枝、中枝和短枝)各构件之间的异速生长关系,通过比较异速生长方程的斜率了解不同类型枝条功能的差异性,以期为小叶白蜡种群生长调节、适应与进化等研究提供科学依据。
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由表1和图1所示:3种类型枝条的茎生物量与总叶面积均存在显著相关性(P<0.05),长枝和中枝均为同速生长关系,斜率分别为1.170和1.135,经检验无显著差异(P>0.05),而在短枝上为异速生长关系,斜率为0.657,显著小于长枝和中枝(P<0.05)。但是,长枝和中枝与单个小叶面积无相关性(P>0.05),与复叶片数存在异速生长关系(P<0.05),而短枝则与单个小叶面积和复叶片数均存在显著的异速生长关系(P<0.05)。
表 1 小叶白蜡当年生枝条的茎与叶片回归方程参数及显著性检验
Table 1. Parameters and significance test of stem-leaf regression equations of F. sogdiana shoot
茎与叶片 变量 斜率 截距 R2 回归方程
P值异速生长
检验P值复叶片数-
茎生物量长枝 0.879 a 0.858 0.617 0.000 0.014 中枝 0.750 a 1.083 0.661 0.000 0.013 短枝 0.330 b 1.236 0.708 0.000 0.000 单个小叶面
积-茎生物量长枝 0.836 a 0.411 0.003 0.771 − 中枝 0.735 a 0.688 0.077 0.138 − 短枝 0.397 b 0.938 0.326 0.001 0.000 总叶面积-
茎生物量长枝 1.170 a 1.601 0.398 0.000 0.922 中枝 1.135 a 1.903 0.513 0.000 0.343 短枝 0.657 b 2.174 0.591 0.000 0.001 说明:斜率后不同字母表示同一指标在不同类型枝条间差异显著(P<0.05)。–表示回归方程不显著,不进行异速生长检验 -
表2和图2所示:3种类型枝条总叶面积与叶轴生物量均存在显著相关性(P<0.05),其中长枝和中枝为同速生长关系(P>0.05),而短枝为异速生长关系(P<0.05)。但是,长枝和中枝的叶轴生物量与单个小叶面积并不存在相关性,而与复叶片数存在异速生长关系(P<0.05),表明长枝和中枝叶轴主要通过复叶片数增加总叶面积。短枝的叶轴与复叶片数和单个小叶面积均存在异速生长关系(P<0.05),表明短枝叶轴主要通过单个小叶面积和复叶片数增加总叶面积。
表 2 小叶白蜡当年生枝条的叶轴与叶片回归方程参数及显著性检验
Table 2. Parameters and significance test of rachis-leaf regression equations of F. sogdiana shoot
叶轴与叶片 变量 斜率 截距 R2 回归方
程P值异速生长
检验P值复叶片数-
叶轴生物量长枝 0.601 a 1.403 0.436 0.000 0.000 中枝 0.829 a 1.395 0.389 0.000 0.002 短枝 0.353 b 1.368 0.468 0.000 0.000 单个小叶面积-
叶轴生物量长枝 0.571 ab 0.929 0.024 0.423 − 中枝 0.812 a 0.994 0.002 0.154 − 短枝 0.424 b 1.097 0.273 0.003 0.000 总叶面积-
叶轴生物量长枝 0.800 b 2.326 0.368 0.000 0.107 中枝 1.255 a 2.376 0.431 0.000 0.119 短枝 0.701 b 2.437 0.436 0.000 0.016 说明:斜率后不同字母表示同一指标在不同类型枝条间差异显著(P<0.05)。−表示回归方程不显著,不进行异速生长检验 图 2 小叶白蜡当年生枝条的叶轴和叶片异速生长分析
Figure 2. Allometric growth analysis of rachis-leaf and leaf of F. sogdiana shoot
另外,在3种类型枝条之间叶的各项指标与叶轴生物量的斜率均以中枝最高,尤其总叶面积和叶轴的斜率达1.255,显著高于长枝和短枝(P<0.05),显示出最大的叶面积支持效率。
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从表3可见:3种类型枝条的茎生物量和叶轴生物量之间均具有显著的相关性(P<0.05),其中,在长枝上表现为异速生长关系(P<0.05),斜率为0.683,在中枝和短枝上表现为同速生长关系(P>0.05),斜率分别为1.105和1.067,且均显著高于长枝(P<0.05)。
表 3 小叶白蜡当年生枝条生物量分配的回归方程参数及显著性检验
Table 3. Parameters and significance test of regression equations for biomass allocation of F. sogdiana shoot
生物量分配 变量 斜率 截距 R2 回归方程
P值异速生长
检验P值茎生物量-
叶轴生物量长枝 0.683 b 0.620 0.508 0.000 0.007 中枝 1.105 a 0.417 0.748 0.000 0.299 短枝 1.067 a 0.400 0.643 0.000 0.570 叶总生物量-
茎生物量长枝 1.459 a −0.303 0.512 0.000 0.008 中枝 0.908 b 0.243 0.817 0.000 0.242 短枝 0.840 b 0.327 0.799 0.000 0.048 说明:斜率后不同字母表示同一指标在不同类型枝条间差异显著(P<0.05) 在伊犁河谷小叶白蜡当年生枝条的生物量分配关系(图3)中发现:叶片总生物量和茎生物量之间的关系在不同类型枝条上不同。其中,在长枝上斜率为1.459,显著大于1 (P<0.05),表现为异速生长关系;在中枝上斜率为0.908 (P>0.05),表现为同速生长关系;在短枝上斜率为0.840,显著小于1 (P<0.05),表现为异速生长关系。
Growth regulation characteristics of current-year shoots of Fraxinus sogdiana in Yili River Valley
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摘要:
目的 当年生枝条是木本植物进行种群空间扩展、结实和光合作用的主要部位,反映种群进化和适应调节等重要生态学特征。研究当年生枝条的生长调节特征,可揭示植物种群的适应机制。 方法 通过分析国家Ⅱ级保护植物小叶白蜡Fraxinus sogdiana的长枝、中枝和短枝3种不同类型枝条各构件之间的异速生长关系,对不同类型枝条功能的差异性及其在种群适应调节中的作用进行研究。 结果 不同类型枝条的叶片和茎之间具有不同的生长规律,其中在总叶面积和茎生物量关系上,长枝和中枝上均为同速生长关系(斜率分别为1.170和1.135),而在短枝上为异速生长关系(斜率为0.657);在叶片生物量和茎生物量分配关系上,长枝、中枝和短枝分别表现为异速、同速、异速生长关系,回归方程的斜率依次为1.460、0.908和0.840。共同表明长枝和中枝具有更高的叶片生长能力,功能上侧重于扩展空间和光合生产,短枝的功能与有性繁殖过程有关。叶轴对叶片生长也有调节作用,在中枝和短枝上能够弥补茎对叶面积支持效率的不足,但在长枝上作用不明显。 结论 小叶白蜡的长枝和中枝具有更高的叶片支持效率,其功能不仅体现在扩展种群生长空间方面,同样也体现在较高的光合生产能力方面,当年生枝条具有更为复杂的功能分化,在种群适应调节中的作用更加多样化,建议在研究具有二态性枝条的植物生长调节特征时,应考虑枝条类型的差异性。图3表3参37 Abstract:Objective The current-year shoots, as the main parts of woody plants for population spatial expansion, fruiting and photosynthesis, are the most vigorous modulars and reflect the important ecological characteristics of population evolution and adaptive regulation. Therefore, this study, with an investigation into the growth regulation characteristics of current year branches, is aimed to reveal the adaptive mechanism of plant population. Method An analysis was conducted of the allometric growth relationships among the modulars of three types of shoots (long shoot, medium shoot and short shoot) of Fraxinus sogdiana, a plant of second-class protection in China, so as to explore the functional differences of different types of branches and their roles in population adaptation and regulation. Result Leaves and stems of different types of shoots are featured with different growth rules with allometric growth on long shoot and medium shoot (slope was 1.170 and 1.135 respectively), and isokinetic growth on short shoot (slope was 0.657) in terms of total leaf area and stem biomass. Isokinetic, allometric and isokinetic growth rules apply on long shoot, medium shoot and short shoot when it comes to the relationship between leaf biomass and stem biomass with the slope of regression equation being 1.460, 0.908 and 0.840 respectively. The long shoot and the medium shoot had higher leaf growth ability and mainly functioned in the expansion of space and photosynthetic production whereas the short shoot was more involved in the sexual reproduction process. Leaf rachis can also regulate leaf growth, making up for the lack of stem support efficiency for leaf area on medium shoot and short shoots, yet with no obvious effect on long shoots. Conclusion The long and medium shoots of F. sogdiana have higher leaf support efficiency, and their functions are not only reflected in expanding the population growth space, but also in higher photosynthetic production capacity. The current year shoots of F. sogdiana demonstrate more complex functional differentiation, with their roles in population adaptation regulation being more diverse, implying that shoot types should be considered in future studies dealing with the characteristics of plant growth regulation with dimorphic shoots. [Ch, 3 fig. 3 tab. 37 ref.] -
Key words:
- Fraxinus sogdiana /
- biomass allocation /
- population regulation /
- allometric growth /
- modular /
- Yili River Valley
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表 1 小叶白蜡当年生枝条的茎与叶片回归方程参数及显著性检验
Table 1. Parameters and significance test of stem-leaf regression equations of F. sogdiana shoot
茎与叶片 变量 斜率 截距 R2 回归方程
P值异速生长
检验P值复叶片数-
茎生物量长枝 0.879 a 0.858 0.617 0.000 0.014 中枝 0.750 a 1.083 0.661 0.000 0.013 短枝 0.330 b 1.236 0.708 0.000 0.000 单个小叶面
积-茎生物量长枝 0.836 a 0.411 0.003 0.771 − 中枝 0.735 a 0.688 0.077 0.138 − 短枝 0.397 b 0.938 0.326 0.001 0.000 总叶面积-
茎生物量长枝 1.170 a 1.601 0.398 0.000 0.922 中枝 1.135 a 1.903 0.513 0.000 0.343 短枝 0.657 b 2.174 0.591 0.000 0.001 说明:斜率后不同字母表示同一指标在不同类型枝条间差异显著(P<0.05)。–表示回归方程不显著,不进行异速生长检验 表 2 小叶白蜡当年生枝条的叶轴与叶片回归方程参数及显著性检验
Table 2. Parameters and significance test of rachis-leaf regression equations of F. sogdiana shoot
叶轴与叶片 变量 斜率 截距 R2 回归方
程P值异速生长
检验P值复叶片数-
叶轴生物量长枝 0.601 a 1.403 0.436 0.000 0.000 中枝 0.829 a 1.395 0.389 0.000 0.002 短枝 0.353 b 1.368 0.468 0.000 0.000 单个小叶面积-
叶轴生物量长枝 0.571 ab 0.929 0.024 0.423 − 中枝 0.812 a 0.994 0.002 0.154 − 短枝 0.424 b 1.097 0.273 0.003 0.000 总叶面积-
叶轴生物量长枝 0.800 b 2.326 0.368 0.000 0.107 中枝 1.255 a 2.376 0.431 0.000 0.119 短枝 0.701 b 2.437 0.436 0.000 0.016 说明:斜率后不同字母表示同一指标在不同类型枝条间差异显著(P<0.05)。−表示回归方程不显著,不进行异速生长检验 表 3 小叶白蜡当年生枝条生物量分配的回归方程参数及显著性检验
Table 3. Parameters and significance test of regression equations for biomass allocation of F. sogdiana shoot
生物量分配 变量 斜率 截距 R2 回归方程
P值异速生长
检验P值茎生物量-
叶轴生物量长枝 0.683 b 0.620 0.508 0.000 0.007 中枝 1.105 a 0.417 0.748 0.000 0.299 短枝 1.067 a 0.400 0.643 0.000 0.570 叶总生物量-
茎生物量长枝 1.459 a −0.303 0.512 0.000 0.008 中枝 0.908 b 0.243 0.817 0.000 0.242 短枝 0.840 b 0.327 0.799 0.000 0.048 说明:斜率后不同字母表示同一指标在不同类型枝条间差异显著(P<0.05) -
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