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研究植物与其环境之间的相互关系是目前林业研究的热点问题之一[1]。植物在个体水平上表现出的生理、形态或物候等方面的属性,被称为植物功能性状[2]。植物的功能性状是植物不断适应环境条件的变化而演化的结果,可以直观地反映植物对环境变化的适应能力[3]。植物叶性状与植物个体、群落、生态系统功能的基本行为和功能具有密切相关性, 可反映植物适应环境变化所形成的生存对策[4]。植物叶功能性状指标中的叶面积与氮、磷、钾元素质量分数是植物功能性状的重要表征指标[5],氮磷比可以指示植物的氮、磷限制[6],而比叶面积和干鲜比能够综合反映植物利用资源的能力[7−8]。
生活型是植物在长期适应环境中,所表现出的外部形态、结构、性状的分类类型。不同生活型的植物对光合作用的需求和利用效率存在差异,这一差异与物种自身的生物学特性及生态适应能力有关[9]。如落叶和常绿植物中,落叶物种具有喜光不耐阴的特性,而常绿物种具有较高的耐阴性,因此落叶物种更容易受到光资源的限制[10]。相关研究表明,落叶树种的叶面积、比叶面积大于常绿树种,但叶干物质质量小于常绿树种[11]。与灌木相比,乔木对环境中氮、磷、钾等养分的吸收和储存能力更强[12]。乔木和灌木之间的叶氮质量分数和比叶面积存在显著差异。通常情况下,乔木的叶氮质量分数、比叶面积均高于灌木[13],但也有研究发现,灌木的比叶面积大于乔木[14]。影响植物功能性状的因素还包括环境因素(气候、纬度、海拔、水热条件等)和自身因素(生长情况、健康程度、寿命等)[15]。上述研究有助于理解不同生活型植物适应其所处的生态环境的规律,以及所处森林生态系统的健康状况和对环境变化的响应。然而,随着气候变化的加剧,特殊生存环境内不同生活型树种的叶功能性状特征及其差异规律尚不清楚,因此,研究气候过渡区不同生活型树种叶功能性状及其耦合关系尤为重要。
河南省连康山国家级自然保护区位于大别山北麓,属于中国北亚热带北缘过渡区。该保护区的主要保护对象为北亚热带森林生态系统以及亚热带北部边缘常绿阔叶植被类型。大别山北缘森林群落呈现复杂的结构和丰富的物种多样性,其林冠郁闭度较高。因此,研究该生态系统中叶功能性状之间的关系具有重要意义。本研究旨在通过对连康山国家级自然保护区森林群落木本植物叶功能性状的测定,分析其功能性状之间的关系,揭示大别山北缘森林植物叶功能性状的变化规律,以更好地解释植物对所处环境的响应机制,并为连康山国家自然保护区森林的保护和管理提供科学依据。
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样地设置于连康山国家级自然保护区常绿次生林分布区,位于连康河两岸,其中河岸北侧的群落主要分布在阳坡,河岸南侧的群落主要分布在阴坡。利用全站仪(南方测绘)在河岸南侧连续建立34个监测样地,在河岸北侧连续建立16个监测样地。利用全站仪,采用等角测量的方式构建50个20 m×20 m样地,通过网格法将样地划分为4个10 m×10 m的样方和16个5 m×5 m的小样方,对每个10 m×10 m小样方中胸径≥1 cm且树高≥1.3 m的木本植物进行记录调查,记录植物名称、胸径、树高,相对坐标(X, Y)以及样地中心点全球定位系统(GPS)坐标。
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样地内共30种木本植物(表1)。对样地内所有木本植物进行样品采集和处理,同时分为常绿树种(9种)和落叶树种(21种)、乔木树种(26种)和灌木树种(4种)等不同生活型。利用高枝剪和测高仪分别进行叶片取样和树高测量,并在植株冠层采集5~10枚完整且无病虫害的成熟叶片样本,然后选取2枚完整、健康且大小相似的叶片,擦拭叶片表面的灰尘和污渍后装入密封袋,以便进行相关指标的测定。
表 1 样地内的木本植物种类
Table 1. Species of woody plants in the sample plots
植物种 科名 生活型 缩写 植物种 科名 生活型 缩写 白蜡树Fraxinus chinensis 木樨科Oleaceae 落叶乔木 Frc 柃木Eurya japonica 五列木科Pentaphylacaceae 常绿灌木 Euj 白檀Symplocos paniculata 山矾科Symplocaceae 落叶乔木 Syp 毛八角枫Alangium kurzii 八角枫科Cornaceae 落叶乔木 Alk 豹皮樟Litsea coreana var. sinensis 樟科Lauraceae 常绿乔木 Lis 毛樱桃Cerasus tomentosa 蔷薇科Rosaceae 落叶灌木 Cet 冬青Ilex chinensis 冬青科Aquifoliaceae 常绿乔木 Ilc 茅栗Castanea seguinii 壳斗科Fagaceae 落叶乔木 Cas 杜鹃Rhododendron simsii 杜鹃花科Ericaceae 落叶灌木 Rhs 南烛Vaccinium bracteatum 杜鹃花科Ericaceae 常绿乔木 Vab 短柄枹栎Quercus serrata 壳斗科Fagaceae 落叶乔木 Qub 青冈Cyclobalanopsis glauca 壳斗科Fagaceae 常绿乔木 Cyg 枫香Liquidambar formosana 蕈树科Altingiaceae 落叶乔木 Lif 青皮木Schoepfia chinensis 青皮木科Schoepfiaceae 落叶乔木 Scc 海桐Pittosporum tobira 海桐科Pittosporaceae 常绿乔木 Pit 山矾Symplocos sumuntia 山矾科Symplocaceae 常绿乔木 Sys 合欢Albizia julibrissin 豆科Fabaceae 落叶乔木 Alj 山胡椒Lindera glauca 樟科Lauraceae 落叶乔木 Lig 化香树Platycarya strobilacea 胡桃科Juglandaceae 落叶乔木 Pls 石栎Lithocarpus glaber 壳斗科Fagaceae 常绿乔木 Litg 黄连木Pistacia chinensis 漆树科Anacardiaceae 落叶乔木 Pic 五角枫Acer pictum 无患子科Sapindaceae 落叶乔木 Acp 黄檀Dalbergia hupeana 豆科Fabaceae 落叶乔木 Dah 杨桐Adinandra millettii 五列木科Pentaphylacaceae 常绿乔木 Adm 檵木Loropetalum chinense 金缕梅科Hamamelidaceae 落叶灌木 Loc 野茉莉Styrax japonicus 安息香科Styracaceae 落叶乔木 Stj 君迁子Diospyros lotus 柿科Ebenaceae 落叶乔木 Dil 野桐Mallotus japonicuss 大戟科Euphorbiaceae 落叶乔木 Maj 苦木Picrasma quassioides 苦木科Simaroubaceae 落叶乔木 Piq 野鸦椿Euscaphis japonica 省沽油科Staphyleaceae 落叶乔木 Euj -
选取与植物生长、光合、养分留存等特征有关的8项叶功能性状进行测定,包括比叶面积(m2·kg−1)、叶面积(mm2)、干鲜比、叶绿素含量、氮质量分数(g·kg−1)、磷质量分数(g·kg−1)、钾质量分数(g·kg−1)和氮磷比。比叶面积是单叶面积与其干质量的比值,干鲜比为叶干质量与鲜质量的比值[16]。因为植物叶片叶绿素含量与SPAD值呈正相关,故采用叶片SPAD值表示叶绿素含量。
对采摘的新鲜叶片用剪刀除去叶柄后,用电子天平称取叶片鲜质量(精度0.000 1 g),用叶面积仪(Yaxin-
1241 )测量叶片的长度、宽度以及叶面积,用叶绿素计(SPAD-502 Plus)测定SPAD值。将叶片放置于80 ℃烘箱中经48 h烘干至恒量后,用电子天平称其干质量,叶片烘干后进行氮、磷、钾的测定。氮由半微量凯氏定氮仪测定,磷通过钼锑抗比色法测定,钾通过火焰分光光度法测定[17]。 -
使用Excel 2022对原始数据进行对数转换的预处理,使其符合数据的正态性。对转换后的数据使用单因素方差分析和最小显著差异法(LSD),分析不同生活型木本植物叶功能性状指标的差异;采用Pearson相关系数检验叶功能性状之间的相关关系;采用主成分分析法(PCA)分析不同生活型木本植物叶功能性状的主成分。所有统计分析均在Origin 2022和SPSS 27.0中完成。
Leaf functional traits and their coupling relationships of woody plants with different life forms in the northern Dabie Mountains
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摘要:
目的 探讨大别山北缘不同生活型木本植物叶功能性状变异,研究叶功能性状指标之间的耦合关系,为解析植物对气候变化的响应机制提供依据。 方法 采集大别山北缘连康山国家级自然保护区30种常见的不同生活型木本植物(常绿、落叶、乔木、灌木)的叶片,测定其叶绿素含量(以SPAD表示)、干鲜比、氮质量分数、磷质量分数、钾质量分数、氮磷比、叶面积、比叶面积共8个叶功能性状指标,分析了不同生活型木本植物叶功能性状及其相关性。 结果 不同生活型木本植物叶功能性状指标具有一定的差异性,其中常绿和落叶树种的叶片SPAD、氮质量分数、磷质量分数、钾质量分数、叶面积和比叶面积之间差异显著(P<0.05);乔木与灌木树种的叶面积、氮质量分数、磷质量分数、钾质量分数、干鲜比与氮磷比差异显著(P<0.05)。部分叶功能性状指标之间存在一定的相关性,叶片氮、磷质量分数与钾质量分数呈显著正相关(P<0.05),叶片氮质量分数与磷质量分数呈显著正相关(P<0.05);叶面积与叶片氮、磷、钾质量分数呈显著正相关(P<0.05),比叶面积与叶片氮、磷、钾质量分数呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。主成分分析结果表明:叶片磷、氮、钾质量分数是较为重要的叶功能性状指示指标,可将30种木本植物归为4个功能组,且第1和第2主成分对植物叶功能性状变异的贡献率分别为55.2%和12.8%。 结论 叶功能性状指标在不同生活型木本植物之间存在一定差异,其中叶磷、氮、钾质量分数是指示性指标,且与叶面积显著正相关。图4表1参28 Abstract:Objective This study aim to explore the variation of leaf functional traits among different life forms of woody plants on the northern edge of the Dabie Mountains, investigate the coupling relationship between indicators of leaf functional traits, and provide a basis for deciphering the response mechanisms of plants to climate change. Method Leaf functional traits of 30 common woody plants with different life forms (evergreen, deciduous, arbor, shrub) in Liankangshan National Nature Reserve on the northern edge of the Dabie Mountains were collected, and eight leaf functional traits including chlorophyll content, dry/fresh ratio, nitrogen content, phosphorus content, potassium content, nitrogen/phosphorus ratio, leaf area, and specific leaf area were determined. The leaf functional traits and their correlations of different life forms of woody plants were analyzed. Result There were certain differences in leaf functional traits among different life forms of woody plants, among which the average chlorophyll content, nitrogen content, phosphorus content, potassium content, leaf area, and specific leaf area of evergreen and deciduous trees showed significant differences (P<0.05). The average leaf area, nitrogen content, phosphorus content, potassium content, dry/fresh ratio, and nitrogen/phosphorus ratio of arbor and shrub showed significant differences (P< 0.05). There were certain correlations between some leaf functional traits, such as positive correlation between leaf nitrogen and phosphorus content and potassium content (P< 0.05), significant positive correlation between leaf nitrogen content and phosphorus content (P<0.05), positive correlation between leaf area and leaf nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium content (P<0.05), and positive correlation between specific leaf area and leaf nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium content (P< 0.05). The principal component analysis results showed that the leaf phosphorus, nitrogen, and potassium contents were important indicators of leaf functional traits, and the 30 woody plants could be classified into four functional groups based on the first and second principal components, with the contribution rates of 55.2% and 12.8% to the variation of plant leaf functional traits respectively. Conclusion There exists a certain pattern of variation in leaf functional trait indicators among different life forms of woody plants. Among them, leaf phosphorus, nitrogen, and potassium mass fractions are indicative indicators, and they are significantly positively correlated with leaf area. [Ch, 4 fig. 1 tab. 28 ref.] -
Key words:
- woody plants /
- leaf functional traits /
- life form /
- northern Dabie Mountains
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表 1 样地内的木本植物种类
Table 1. Species of woody plants in the sample plots
植物种 科名 生活型 缩写 植物种 科名 生活型 缩写 白蜡树Fraxinus chinensis 木樨科Oleaceae 落叶乔木 Frc 柃木Eurya japonica 五列木科Pentaphylacaceae 常绿灌木 Euj 白檀Symplocos paniculata 山矾科Symplocaceae 落叶乔木 Syp 毛八角枫Alangium kurzii 八角枫科Cornaceae 落叶乔木 Alk 豹皮樟Litsea coreana var. sinensis 樟科Lauraceae 常绿乔木 Lis 毛樱桃Cerasus tomentosa 蔷薇科Rosaceae 落叶灌木 Cet 冬青Ilex chinensis 冬青科Aquifoliaceae 常绿乔木 Ilc 茅栗Castanea seguinii 壳斗科Fagaceae 落叶乔木 Cas 杜鹃Rhododendron simsii 杜鹃花科Ericaceae 落叶灌木 Rhs 南烛Vaccinium bracteatum 杜鹃花科Ericaceae 常绿乔木 Vab 短柄枹栎Quercus serrata 壳斗科Fagaceae 落叶乔木 Qub 青冈Cyclobalanopsis glauca 壳斗科Fagaceae 常绿乔木 Cyg 枫香Liquidambar formosana 蕈树科Altingiaceae 落叶乔木 Lif 青皮木Schoepfia chinensis 青皮木科Schoepfiaceae 落叶乔木 Scc 海桐Pittosporum tobira 海桐科Pittosporaceae 常绿乔木 Pit 山矾Symplocos sumuntia 山矾科Symplocaceae 常绿乔木 Sys 合欢Albizia julibrissin 豆科Fabaceae 落叶乔木 Alj 山胡椒Lindera glauca 樟科Lauraceae 落叶乔木 Lig 化香树Platycarya strobilacea 胡桃科Juglandaceae 落叶乔木 Pls 石栎Lithocarpus glaber 壳斗科Fagaceae 常绿乔木 Litg 黄连木Pistacia chinensis 漆树科Anacardiaceae 落叶乔木 Pic 五角枫Acer pictum 无患子科Sapindaceae 落叶乔木 Acp 黄檀Dalbergia hupeana 豆科Fabaceae 落叶乔木 Dah 杨桐Adinandra millettii 五列木科Pentaphylacaceae 常绿乔木 Adm 檵木Loropetalum chinense 金缕梅科Hamamelidaceae 落叶灌木 Loc 野茉莉Styrax japonicus 安息香科Styracaceae 落叶乔木 Stj 君迁子Diospyros lotus 柿科Ebenaceae 落叶乔木 Dil 野桐Mallotus japonicuss 大戟科Euphorbiaceae 落叶乔木 Maj 苦木Picrasma quassioides 苦木科Simaroubaceae 落叶乔木 Piq 野鸦椿Euscaphis japonica 省沽油科Staphyleaceae 落叶乔木 Euj -
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